Polymer-based materials show to be of increasing interest in replacing metal based materials in tribological applications due to their low weight, cost and easy manufacturability. To further reduce the environmental impact of these bearing materials recyclability is becoming more crucial, stimulating the need for high performing thermoplastic materials. In this study, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites were prepared in an effort to enhance its tribological properties. Short carbon fibres (SCFs), graphene oxide (GO) and nano diamonds (NDs) as well as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were used as micro and nano reinforcements. The addition of SCFs especially decreased the linear coefficient of thermal expansions while enhancing the micro hardness and wettability of the polymer. Under water lubricated conditions, a decrease in friction up to 56% and a reduction of wear rate in the order of 10³ was observed by the addition of SCF. The reduction in friction and wear was further enhanced by the addition of NDs, providing a synergistic effect of the reinforcements in micro and nano scale. By testing the individual reinforcements under dry conditions, PTFE and SCFs were especially effective in reducing friction while the release and consequent abrasion of NDs and SCFs increased the wear under a higher contact pressure.

Control of processes is one of the important problems in today's industries. In this context, PID controllers have found wide acceptance and applications in the industries. Liquid level control of 3-Tank system is one such application. Design of PID controller by evolutionary algorithm such as PSO and GA do not give optimum controlled response. As in PSO, controller parameter converges at faster rate and if system is complex it may prematurely converge. Similarly in GA crossover and mutation steps may subtly affect its convergence. To overcome this limitations hybrid of PSO and GA is proposed having merits of both GA and PSO. This paper presents a design of PID controller for 3-Tank system using Hybrid GA-PSO algorithm, to control liquid level.

In this study, a simulation‐based analysis of environmentally friendly, lead‐free perovskite (PVK) solar cells (PSC) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE), is presented. Various PVK materials, including lead‐, tin‐, germanium‐, and tin–germanium‐based compounds, are evaluated through simulations to explore their impact on device performance. Among these, CsSn_0.5Ge_0.5I₃ demonstrates the highest simulated efficiency, with a rectangular cell architecture of 0.45 × 0.9 mm. Key parameters such as thickness, temperature, doping concentration, and bandgap are systematically varied in the simulations to study their effects on device performance. The optimized architecture is found to be Au/Spiro‐MeOTAD (hole‐transport layer)/CsSn_0.5Ge_0.5I₃/TiO₂ (electron‐transport layer)/FTO, achieving a simulated PCE of 21.61%, with an open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.2 V, short‐circuit current density (J_sc) of 21.32 mA cm⁻², and fill factor of 84.43%. Furthermore, in this study, detailed electrical simulations (electric field distribution, Shockley–Read–Hall recombination, and electron and hole concentrations) and thermal simulations (nonradiative recombination heating, joule heating) of the device are included. In this work, the potential of lead‐free PSCs is underscored and the importance of continuous simulation studies to design eco‐friendly, high‐efficiency photovoltaic devices is highlighted.