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Dr. Steven Van Winden
Farm Animal Health and Production, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom

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0 Epidemiology
0 Pathophysiology
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Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Animals
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Biosecurity advice is an important way veterinarians can help farmers to reduce disease burdens on their farms. Many different factors are at play when delivering this advice, one being veterinary competence and their communication skills. This study looked at the private veterinary practitioners’ perceptions of their own competence to deliver biosecurity advice as part of a longitudinal biosecurity project. Their responses were collected in the form of a telephone questionnaire. The results showed significant increases in private veterinary practitioners’ responses to comfort (p = 0.022), capability (p = 0.002), and consistency (p = 0.006) as well as an increase of uptake of advice (p = 0.015) as the project progressed. The mean time spent delivering biosecurity advice increased and dropped subsequently, suggesting an initially more thorough and later on a more efficient process. The overall perceptions of the veterinarians of the study were also assessed. The results suggest development of the participating veterinarians following the conscious-competence learning model showing a need to improve the knowledge and training of future generations of private veterinary practitioners in the area of biosecurity with, in particular, an increased focus on the importance of the veterinarian–farmer relationship.

ACS Style

Barnaby Howarth; Steven van Winden. Changing Veterinary Attitudes towards Delivering Biosecurity Advice to Beef Farmers. Animals 2021, 11, 1969 .

AMA Style

Barnaby Howarth, Steven van Winden. Changing Veterinary Attitudes towards Delivering Biosecurity Advice to Beef Farmers. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):1969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barnaby Howarth; Steven van Winden. 2021. "Changing Veterinary Attitudes towards Delivering Biosecurity Advice to Beef Farmers." Animals 11, no. 7: 1969.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Animals
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are used to screen cows for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infections, informing Johne’s disease (JD) management practices in dairy herds. The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), Mycobacterium bovis, and MAP share multiple antigens. Moreover, Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium is used in the single intradermal cervical comparative tests (SICCT) that are routinely used in early detection of cows infected with bTB. Although these are different types of immune responses, potentially the SICCT may interfere with the levels of MAP antibodies. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the SICCT-MAP milk ELISA testing interval and apparent prevalence of JD risk statuses. Data from 51 herds were used, totalling 46,738 cow observations. The Poisson models showed that MAP milk ELISA testing at 14 day intervals post-SICCT statistically significantly increased the odds of detecting JD-positive cows compared to JD testing 85+ days post-SICCT. The odds ratio (OR) started at 2.5 in the first 14 day interval post-SICCT, increasing each two-week period to an OR of 4.0 at 57–70 days, to subsequently drop. Additionally, a herd history of bTB increased the odds of detecting JD-positive cows (OR = 1.2); this was relatively limited compared to the magnitude of the post-SICCT effect.

ACS Style

Nicole Bridges; Steven van Winden. The Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Positive Milk Antibody ELISA Results in Dairy Cattle under Varying Time Periods after Skin Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis. Animals 2021, 11, 1224 .

AMA Style

Nicole Bridges, Steven van Winden. The Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Positive Milk Antibody ELISA Results in Dairy Cattle under Varying Time Periods after Skin Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicole Bridges; Steven van Winden. 2021. "The Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Positive Milk Antibody ELISA Results in Dairy Cattle under Varying Time Periods after Skin Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis." Animals 11, no. 5: 1224.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Animals
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In autumn calving dairy herds, treatment of cattle not observed in estrus prior to the breeding season is common. Routinely, a single prostaglandin or a modified Ovsynch (MOFT) protocol are used—without evidence of their relative effectiveness. This study compares the effects on conception, associated timing, and profitability of administering cows with prostaglandin or MOFT treatment. A hundred and ninety-two Holstein-Friesian cows from three herds without an observed estrus within 28-days before mating start date were randomly treated with d-cloprostenol (PGOD) or an 8-day MOFT protocol. The association of treatment and calving-breeding start-date interval (CBSI) on the risk of conception were investigated. Partial budget, sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess economic performance, identify critical input variables, and explore the effects of input uncertainties on model output. There was a significant association between MOFT treatment and conception during 21 and 84 days after mating start date, compared to PGOD. MOFT treatment was associated with a mean net benefit of £58.21 (sd £19.42) and £27.29 (sd £17.75) per cow for herds with a fixed or variable dry-off date, respectively. The relative profitability of an MOFT protocol is dependent on its effects on barren rate and herd dry-off strategy.

ACS Style

George Lindley; Jim Willshire; Steven Van Winden. Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds. Animals 2021, 11, 1031 .

AMA Style

George Lindley, Jim Willshire, Steven Van Winden. Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1031.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Lindley; Jim Willshire; Steven Van Winden. 2021. "Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds." Animals 11, no. 4: 1031.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2020 in Animals
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Anaemia caused by iron deficiency has long been reported in dairy calves. This study investigated iron deficiency anaemia on UK dairy farms feeding whole milk and evaluated the effect of iron supplementation on the daily weight gain (DG) and haemoglobin (Hb) levels of these calves. Two-hundred-and-thirty-seven calves were enrolled across six farms. At enrolment, calves were randomly allocated to either receive treatment with iron injection (INJ; n = 120) consisting of 5 mL (1 g iron) of iron dextran (Uniferon 20% Injection, Pharmacosmos) or no injection, control (CON; n = 117). Calves were blood-sampled for Hb and total proteins and weighed at weeks one, six and 12 of age. Iron had a significant effect on DG from one to six weeks, with an average 78 g/d (SD 18 g/d, n = 188, 95% Confidence interval: 44–112 g/d, p < 0.001) DG increase in the INJ calves. Iron had a significant effect on Hb concentration at six weeks between the INJ group and CON group (110.7 (SD 12.4) versus 94.9 g/L (SD 13.2), respectively). Calves with a higher growth rate from one to six weeks were more likely to have low Hb levels at six weeks. There was farm variation in both Hb levels and DG, however, despite this, there was an effect of iron across all farms.

ACS Style

Jennifer Allan; Peter Plate; Steven Van Winden. The Effect of Iron Dextran Injection on Daily Weight Gain and Haemoglobin Values in Whole Milk Fed Calves. Animals 2020, 10, 853 .

AMA Style

Jennifer Allan, Peter Plate, Steven Van Winden. The Effect of Iron Dextran Injection on Daily Weight Gain and Haemoglobin Values in Whole Milk Fed Calves. Animals. 2020; 10 (5):853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer Allan; Peter Plate; Steven Van Winden. 2020. "The Effect of Iron Dextran Injection on Daily Weight Gain and Haemoglobin Values in Whole Milk Fed Calves." Animals 10, no. 5: 853.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2020 in Animals
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Automatic milking systems (AMS) are a low-labour alternative to conventional parlours, with previous studies demonstrating that cows vary in their ability to cope with the change to AMS. Cortisol expression can be combined with other measures to assess stress: saliva and hair have the advantage of requiring minimally invasive sampling. No work has investigated the long-term impact of introduction of AMS. The aims of the study were to assess short-term and chronic stress associated with a change in milking system by measuring salivary and hair cortisol levels and to assess the impact on health and production parameters. Cows from one farm changing their milking system were recruited to the study and sampled for saliva (n = 10) and hair (n = 12) before and after installation. Cortisol levels were measured using a salivary cortisol enzyme immunoassay kit. Body condition, lameness and milk parameters of the whole herd were regularly assessed. Salivary cortisol showed no diurnal pattern but was affected by lameness and gestation. Non-lame cows showed a reduction in salivary cortisol after AMS introduction (p < 0.001). Hair cortisol levels increased after AMS, but it was unclear if this change was seasonal. Milk yield increased by 13% and somatic cell count reduced by 28%. Body condition score was consistently good, but lameness remained high throughout the study. Production values alone do not represent high welfare. The high lameness and associated cortisol levels suggest that cow stress requires consideration when changing milking systems.

ACS Style

Lucy J. Jerram; Steven Van Winden; Robert C. Fowkes. Minimally Invasive Markers of Stress and Production Parameters in Dairy Cows before and after the Installation of a Voluntary Milking System. Animals 2020, 10, 589 .

AMA Style

Lucy J. Jerram, Steven Van Winden, Robert C. Fowkes. Minimally Invasive Markers of Stress and Production Parameters in Dairy Cows before and after the Installation of a Voluntary Milking System. Animals. 2020; 10 (4):589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucy J. Jerram; Steven Van Winden; Robert C. Fowkes. 2020. "Minimally Invasive Markers of Stress and Production Parameters in Dairy Cows before and after the Installation of a Voluntary Milking System." Animals 10, no. 4: 589.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2020 in Animals
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Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by the bacteria Moraxella bovis is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies causing a painful eye disease. This trial investigated the difference in number of cases of IBK between two groups of animals that were treated with two different fly control products, one a pour-on and one an impregnated ear tag. The growth rate per day was also investigated between animals with cases and those without and between the treatment groups. The trial enrolled 197 animals. Cases of IBK and growth rate were recorded over the grazing season (April–November 2018). Fifty-four cases of IBK were recorded. There was no difference in number of cases between the two treatment groups and there was no difference in growth rate between animals that had a case and animals that had not. Animals that had white faces, which in this trial were Hereford cattle and also the animals under 12 months old were found to be more likely to get a case. Overall, there was no significant difference between the two fly control preparations in preventing IBK, younger animals and white-faced breeds are significantly more likely to suffer from IBK. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by Moraxella bovis is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies. This trial investigated the difference in incidence of IBK cases from natural exposure between two groups of animals, one treated with Cypermethrin pour-on preparation (PON, n = 98) and one with Cypermethrin impregnated ear tags (TAG, n = 99). Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG) difference was investigated between animals with cases and those without and between treatment groups. A randomised positive control study, enrolled 197 animals split into two treatment groups. Cases of IBK and DLWG were recorded over the grazing season (April–November 2018). Fifty-four cases of IBK were recorded. There was no association between the two treatment groups (p = 0.362) and case status. Breed and under 12 months old were significant factors for having a case; (OR 2.3, p = 0.014 and OR 3.5, p < 0.001 respectively). There was no difference in DLWG between animals that had a case and animals that had not (p = 0.739) or between the two treatment groups (p = 0.215). Based on our results, there is no significant difference between PON or TAG preparations in the prevention of IBK. Younger animals and white-faced breeds are significantly more likely to suffer with IBK.

ACS Style

Jennifer Allan; Steven Van Winden. Randomised Control Trial Comparing Cypermethrin-Based Preparations in the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle. Animals 2020, 10, 184 .

AMA Style

Jennifer Allan, Steven Van Winden. Randomised Control Trial Comparing Cypermethrin-Based Preparations in the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle. Animals. 2020; 10 (2):184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer Allan; Steven Van Winden. 2020. "Randomised Control Trial Comparing Cypermethrin-Based Preparations in the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle." Animals 10, no. 2: 184.

Paper
Published: 28 September 2019 in Veterinary Record
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This retrospective case–control study investigates the relationship between seroconversion to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and raised somatic cell count (SCC). The study consists of 112 case cows from three dairy farms in the UK; for each case cow with a positive antibody titre, there was a seronegative control cow for comparison. Seroconversion was monitored using milk ELISA antibody titres for MAP taken at quarterly intervals. SCCs were recorded at the time a positive antibody titre was first recorded as well as at the previous and subsequent milk recording in order to explore a temporal relationship between the two events. The previous and subsequent milk recordings were a month before and after seroconversion was identified. The results showed that cows that were infected with MAP had an increased SCC around the time that they first became seropositive, providing evidence for a temporal relationship between the two events; high SCCs were particularly prevalent before and at the time of first detecting seroconversion. The explanation is being discussed that potentially an underlying, currently not studied, factor may be predisposing both events, the progression of paratuberculosis is predisposing the host to mastitis, or indeed intramammary infections help initiate paratuberculosis progression.

ACS Style

Benjamin M Barber; Nick Bell; Steven Van Winden. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis seroconversion in dairy cattle and its association with raised somatic cell count. Veterinary Record 2019, 185, 374 -374.

AMA Style

Benjamin M Barber, Nick Bell, Steven Van Winden. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis seroconversion in dairy cattle and its association with raised somatic cell count. Veterinary Record. 2019; 185 (12):374-374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin M Barber; Nick Bell; Steven Van Winden. 2019. "Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis seroconversion in dairy cattle and its association with raised somatic cell count." Veterinary Record 185, no. 12: 374-374.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2019 in Animals
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Johne's disease (JD) is an important disease affecting the UK dairy industry, as is cattle lameness. An association between JD and lameness has been suggested; however, little evidence exists to support this. The purpose of this study was to determine if cows affected by JD were more likely to be lame and if so, what the temporal association is. Retrospective dairy cow mobility and JD status (based on milk ELISA) data were obtained from two farms of 98 JD cows (49 high and 49 medium positive) and their matched controls. We evaluated the timing and the proportion of (chronic) lameness in JD-positive cows versus controls and proportion of lameness before and after the first ELISA positive test. Compared to their controls, JD cows are lame more often (Odds Ratio = 2.7 (95% Confidence Interval = 1.2-6.0) p = 0.017) and became lame on average three months earlier (p = 0.010). High positive cows were more likely to develop lameness after seroconversion (OR = 2.8 (95% CI = 1.1-7.5), p = 0.038) versus medium positive cows. Results of this study suggest that there is a link between JD and lameness and that JD precedes lameness. The underlying mechanisms for this association remain unknown and were not the scope of this study.

ACS Style

Joshua Smith; Steven Van Winden. Risk of Lameness in Dairy Cows with Paratuberculosis Infection. Animals 2019, 9, 339 .

AMA Style

Joshua Smith, Steven Van Winden. Risk of Lameness in Dairy Cows with Paratuberculosis Infection. Animals. 2019; 9 (6):339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua Smith; Steven Van Winden. 2019. "Risk of Lameness in Dairy Cows with Paratuberculosis Infection." Animals 9, no. 6: 339.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2015 in Irish Veterinary Journal
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Cow rumination and lying behaviour are potentially useful and interrelated indicators of cow health and welfare but there is conflicting evidence about how reliable these measures are. The objective of this study was to quantify the variation of indices of cow comfort and rumen health in a herd with an automatic milking system for which husbandry was relatively constant, in order to propose an alternative approach to optimising the use of these indices when continuous monitoring is not available. During a period of 28 days, standing index, cud chewing index and rumination index were observed. The daily mean standing index ranged between 9.0 and 18.0 per cent, cud chewing index between 43.5 and 74.0 per cent, and rumination index between 49.0 and 81.0 per cent. The point of lowest variation in the indices was determined as that with the lowest coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation was lowest for data collected between 240 and 270 minutes after refreshing of the bedding material on the cubicles for both the standing index and rumination index, and for data collected between 120 and 150 minutes after refreshing of the bedding material on the cubicles for the cud chewing index. In spite of relative constant husbandry practices in a herd with an automatic milking system, the variation in the standing index, cud chewing index and rumination index was still considerable. This suggests these measures should be repeated on several consecutive days, according to population size and wanted margin of error, to be representative and useful.

ACS Style

Arne Vanhoudt; Steven Van Winden; John Fishwick; Nick Bell. Monitoring cow comfort and rumen health indices in a cubicle-housed herd with an automatic milking system: a repeated measures approach. Irish Veterinary Journal 2015, 68, 12 .

AMA Style

Arne Vanhoudt, Steven Van Winden, John Fishwick, Nick Bell. Monitoring cow comfort and rumen health indices in a cubicle-housed herd with an automatic milking system: a repeated measures approach. Irish Veterinary Journal. 2015; 68 (1):12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arne Vanhoudt; Steven Van Winden; John Fishwick; Nick Bell. 2015. "Monitoring cow comfort and rumen health indices in a cubicle-housed herd with an automatic milking system: a repeated measures approach." Irish Veterinary Journal 68, no. 1: 12.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in BMC Veterinary Research
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Various clinical protocols have been developed to aid in the clinical diagnosis of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which is confirmed by postmortem examinations based on vacuolation and accumulation of disease-associated prion protein (PrPd) in the brain. The present study investigated the occurrence and progression of sixty selected clinical signs and behaviour combinations in 513 experimentally exposed cattle subsequently categorised postmortem as confirmed or unconfirmed BSE cases. Appropriate undosed or saline inoculated controls were examined similarly and the data analysed to explore the possible occurrence of BSE-specific clinical expression in animals unconfirmed by postmortem examinations.

ACS Style

Timm Konold; A Robin Sayers; Amanda Sach; Gemma E Bone; Steven Van Winden; Gerald Ah Wells; Marion M Simmons; Michael J Stack; Angus Wear; Steve Ac Hawkins. Relationship between clinical signs and postmortem test status in cattle experimentally infected with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. BMC Veterinary Research 2010, 6, 53 -53.

AMA Style

Timm Konold, A Robin Sayers, Amanda Sach, Gemma E Bone, Steven Van Winden, Gerald Ah Wells, Marion M Simmons, Michael J Stack, Angus Wear, Steve Ac Hawkins. Relationship between clinical signs and postmortem test status in cattle experimentally infected with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. BMC Veterinary Research. 2010; 6 (1):53-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timm Konold; A Robin Sayers; Amanda Sach; Gemma E Bone; Steven Van Winden; Gerald Ah Wells; Marion M Simmons; Michael J Stack; Angus Wear; Steve Ac Hawkins. 2010. "Relationship between clinical signs and postmortem test status in cattle experimentally infected with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent." BMC Veterinary Research 6, no. 1: 53-53.