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This study was conducted to investigate the nutritive value of avocado and mango fruit wastes, and to assess the possibility of preserving the wastes into multi-nutrient blocks (MB). Both peels and a pulp:peels (PP) mixture of each fruit were analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro fermentation with goats’ ruminal fluid. Wastes had low-dry matter (DM) content (800 g/kg DM) and those from avocado high fat levels (>580 g/kg DM). Mango wastes were fermented at a greater extent and faster rate than avocado ones. The PP mixture of each fruit was included into multi-nutrient blocks (MB) formulated to have similar chemical composition. There were only subtle differences in the fermentation of MB including wastes from either avocado or mango, but fermentation of avocado-MB resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.032) greater acetate and lower propionate proportions than mango-MB. Including the PP mixture in the formulation of MB for goats feeding is a feasible option to reduce the environmental impact of avocado and mango fruit wastes, but studies on the acceptance of the MB by goats and their stability over long-time storage periods are needed.
Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro; Julia E. Fernández-Yepes; Lesly Arbesu; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Utilization of Avocado and Mango Fruit Wastes in Multi-Nutrient Blocks for Goats Feeding: In Vitro Evaluation. Animals 2020, 10, 2279 .
AMA StyleCarlos Navarro Marcos, María Dolores Carro, Julia E. Fernández-Yepes, Lesly Arbesu, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Utilization of Avocado and Mango Fruit Wastes in Multi-Nutrient Blocks for Goats Feeding: In Vitro Evaluation. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro; Julia E. Fernández-Yepes; Lesly Arbesu; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Utilization of Avocado and Mango Fruit Wastes in Multi-Nutrient Blocks for Goats Feeding: In Vitro Evaluation." Animals 10, no. 12: 2279.
Methane production was individually measured, using open-circuit respiration chambers, in Segureña wethers fed diets including two different levels of olive cake (OC) sprayed with soda solutions to attain 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 g NaOH/100 g OC. Increasing level of OC in diet reduced (P < 0.001) CH4 production (from 3.34 to 2.37 % of total ingested carbon and from 8.97 to 7.90 % of total digestible energy intake), which represent reductions in energy losses of up to 12 % of the digestible energy (DE) intake. Differences (P ≤ 0.001−0.002) in enteric CH4 production due to treatment of OC with alkali were observed. The average value for the rate of conversion of feed energy to CH4 energy (Ym) was 5.96 kJ/100 kJ GE intake or 8.97 kJ/100 kJ DE for the standard basal diets, containing 100 g OC/kg diet. Increasing OC in the basal diet to achieve 400 g/kg diet resulted in a substantial reduction of enteric CH4 production promoting a Ym value of 4.18 kJ CH4/100 kJ GE or 7.90 kJ CH4/100 kJ DE intake. A decrease (P = 0.018) in enteric CH4 production (l/kg DMI) due to the alkali treatment of OC was noticed. Accurate predictions of CH4 production were obtained by simple regressions equations relating measured values of CH4 production and diets composition and/or intake. Dry matter intake and structural carbohydrates content in the diet were accurate predicting factors of the enteric CH4 production. The best correlations were obtained when enteric CH4 yield (CH4, l/kg DMI) was the variable to be estimated.
J.F. Aguilera; E. Molina-Alcaide. Enteric methane production in adult sheep of the Segureña breed fed diets containing alkali-treated olive cake. Small Ruminant Research 2020, 194, 106295 .
AMA StyleJ.F. Aguilera, E. Molina-Alcaide. Enteric methane production in adult sheep of the Segureña breed fed diets containing alkali-treated olive cake. Small Ruminant Research. 2020; 194 ():106295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.F. Aguilera; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Enteric methane production in adult sheep of the Segureña breed fed diets containing alkali-treated olive cake." Small Ruminant Research 194, no. : 106295.
The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.
Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro Travieso; Eduarda Molina Alcaide; Mogens Larsen; Martin Riis Weisbjerg. Preserving Porphyraumbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding. Animals 2020, 10, 1957 .
AMA StyleMargarita Novoa-Garrido, Carlos Navarro Marcos, María Dolores Carro Travieso, Eduarda Molina Alcaide, Mogens Larsen, Martin Riis Weisbjerg. Preserving Porphyraumbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):1957.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargarita Novoa-Garrido; Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro Travieso; Eduarda Molina Alcaide; Mogens Larsen; Martin Riis Weisbjerg. 2020. "Preserving Porphyraumbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding." Animals 10, no. 11: 1957.
The nutritive values for ruminants of cauliflower (CAU) and Romanesco (ROM) wastes (leaves, stems and sprouts) were assessed by analyzing their chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. In addition, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of diets containing increasing amounts of CAU was studied. The dry matter (DM) content of leaves, stems and sprouts of both vegetables was lower than 10%, but they contained high crude protein (CP; 19.9 to 33.0%) and sugar (16.3 to 28.7%) levels, and low neutral detergent fiber (21.6 to 32.3%). Stems and sprouts were more rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen than leaves, but there were only minor differences the fermentation profiles of both vegetables. The estimated metabolizable energy content ranged from 9.3 (leaves) to 10.8 (sprouts) MJ/kg DM. The CP rumen degradability (12-h in situ incubations) was greater than 80.0% for all fractions, and the in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP ranged from 85.7 to 93.2%. The inclusion of up to 24% of dried CAU in the concentrate of a mixed diet (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased the in vitro rumen fermentation of the CAU diet, but did not affect methane (CH4) production, indicating the lack of antimethanogenic compounds in CAU.
Trinidad De Evan; Andrea Vintimilla; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies. Animals 2020, 10, 1247 .
AMA StyleTrinidad De Evan, Andrea Vintimilla, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, María José Ranilla, María Dolores Carro. Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrinidad De Evan; Andrea Vintimilla; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. 2020. "Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies." Animals 10, no. 8: 1247.
The use of agroindustrial by-products, such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and dried citrus pulp (DCP), has been widely investigated in dairy cows, but information on their effects in dairy goats is limited. The influence of feeding olive cake (a by-product of olive oil production) to dairy goats has been assessed in some studies, but exhausted olive cake (EOC) has been much less investigated. Twelve Murciano-Granadina goats were used in a crossover design trial with 2 periods to assess the effects of including agroindustrial by-products on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, methane production, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and milk yield and composition. In each period, 6 goats received daily a control diet comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of high-cereal concentrate, and another 6 goats received a diet (BYP) comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of a concentrate including corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC in proportions of 180, 180, and 80 g/kg of concentrate (as-fed basis), respectively. Diet had no effect on total dry matter intake, but intake of alfalfa hay, CP, and fat was greater for the BYP group than for the control group. There were no differences between diets in nutrient apparent digestibility, with the exception of fat, which was greater for the BYP diet compared with the control diet. Although fecal N tended to be greater for the BYP diet, there were no differences in N utilization. Compared with the control diet, milk yield tended to be greater and daily production of milk CP, fat, whey protein, and TS as well as milk gross energy were greater for the BYP diet. The concentration of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 fatty acids (FA) was or tended to be lower and the concentration of polyunsaturated FA was greater in the milk of BYP-fed goats compared with goats fed the control diet. Diet had no effect on ruminal parameters (pH, volatile FA, and NH3-N concentrations) and methane emissions, but urinary excretion of total purine derivatives tended to be lower in BYP-fed goats than in those fed the control diet. A mixture of corn DDGS (180 g), DCP (180 g), and EOC (80 g) could replace 44% of cereal grains and protein feeds in the concentrate for dairy goats without compromising nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, or milk yield and led to a more unsaturated FA profile in milk.
C.N. Marcos; M.D. Carro; J.E. Fernández Yepes; A. Haro; M. Romero-Huelva; E. Molina-Alcaide. Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 1472 -1483.
AMA StyleC.N. Marcos, M.D. Carro, J.E. Fernández Yepes, A. Haro, M. Romero-Huelva, E. Molina-Alcaide. Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (2):1472-1483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC.N. Marcos; M.D. Carro; J.E. Fernández Yepes; A. Haro; M. Romero-Huelva; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 2: 1472-1483.
The high and volatile prices of conventional ingredients for animal feeding has directed the attention of ruminant nutritionists toward local alternative resources such as agroindustrial by-products and fruits wastes. The inclusion of these resources in the diet might contribute to reducing feeding costs and environmental issues associated with both livestock production and by-products and wastes accumulation might be prevented. The global production and consumption of avocado have risen sharply in recent years, partly due to the recognition of its health-promoting potential in humans. The increased consumption of avocado and its derivatives is producing great amounts of wastes and by-products that might be reutilized in ruminant feeding. Our hypothesis was that avocado wastes (a mixture of pulp and peels) could be included in multinutrient blocks for dairy goats and improve the quality of the milk fatty acid profile without negatively affecting milk yield. However, the intake of multinutrient blocks containing 14.8% avocado wastes was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. No changes were observed in milk production, but feeding blocks with avocado wastes increased milk fat content with only subtle changes in the fatty acid profile of fat milk. Twelve Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were divided into two homogeneous groups, which were fed either a control diet composed of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate or a diet based on 40% alfalfa hay, 40% concentrate and 20% multinutrient blocks, including 14.8% avocado pulp and peels (APP). Total dry matter (DM) intake was similar (p = 0.709) for both diets, but APP-fed goats had lower (p = 0.024) concentrate intake and tended (p = 0.063) to have lower fat intake compared with those fed the control diet. The average intake of blocks was low (66.4 g DM/d), which was attributed to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. Neither milk yield (p = 0,921) nor the efficiency of energy and nitrogen use were affected (p = 0.909 and 0. 840, respectively) by the diet, but milk fat tended to be greater (p = 0.057) in the APP-fed goats compared with the animals fed the control diet. Other milk components were similar (p ≥ 0.110) for both diets, and only subtle changes in the milk fatty acid profile were observed. In summary, the intake of blocks containing avocado wastes by dairy goats was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation causing off-flavors and reduced palatability.
Trinidad De Evan; María Dolores Carro; Julia Eugenia Fernández Yepes; Ana Haro; Lesly Arbesú; Manuel Romero-Huelva; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition. Animals 2020, 10, 194 .
AMA StyleTrinidad De Evan, María Dolores Carro, Julia Eugenia Fernández Yepes, Ana Haro, Lesly Arbesú, Manuel Romero-Huelva, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition. Animals. 2020; 10 (2):194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrinidad De Evan; María Dolores Carro; Julia Eugenia Fernández Yepes; Ana Haro; Lesly Arbesú; Manuel Romero-Huelva; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition." Animals 10, no. 2: 194.
The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of Porphyra sp. as an alternative source of protein to soybean meal in diets for sheep. Our experimental treatments included a control diet (CON) based on grass silage and crushed oats and three diets containing protein supplements, clover silage (CLO), soybean meal (SOY) or Porphyra sp. (POR) to increase dietary crude protein concentrations. We studied its effects on rumen fermentation, growth rate and methane emissions. Ruminal fermentation characteristics, kinetics of gas production and methane production were studied in vitro by using batch cultures inoculated with rumen inoculum from sheep. There were no differences among diets in total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production or in the VFA profile in vitro. Across treatments, we measured no differences in methane production either in vitro or in vivo, and we saw no noticeable antimethanogenic effect of Porphyra sp. The present in vivo trial with lambs showed no differences in average daily weight gain when fed diets including Porphyra sp. or soybean meal diets (250 and 254 g/d, respectively). We conclude that Porphyra sp. has a protein value similar to high-quality protein sources like soybean meal.
Vibeke Lind; Martin R. Weisbjerg; Grete M. Jørgensen; Júlia E. Fernandez-Yepes; Lesly Arbesú; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Ruminal Fermentation, Growth Rate and Methane Production in Sheep Fed Diets Including White Clover, Soybean Meal or Porphyra sp. Animals 2020, 10, 79 .
AMA StyleVibeke Lind, Martin R. Weisbjerg, Grete M. Jørgensen, Júlia E. Fernandez-Yepes, Lesly Arbesú, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Ruminal Fermentation, Growth Rate and Methane Production in Sheep Fed Diets Including White Clover, Soybean Meal or Porphyra sp. Animals. 2020; 10 (1):79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVibeke Lind; Martin R. Weisbjerg; Grete M. Jørgensen; Júlia E. Fernandez-Yepes; Lesly Arbesú; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Ruminal Fermentation, Growth Rate and Methane Production in Sheep Fed Diets Including White Clover, Soybean Meal or Porphyra sp." Animals 10, no. 1: 79.
The use of seaweeds as ingredients of ruminant diets can be an alternative to conventional feedstuffs, but it is necessary to assess their nutritive value. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation of eight brown, red and green seaweed species collected in Norway during both spring and autumn. The in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of 17 diets composed of oat hay:concentrate in a 1:1 ratio, with the concentrate containing no seaweed or including one of the 16 seaweed samples, was also studied. Species and season determined differences in chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of seaweeds. Most of the tested seaweeds can be included in the diet (up to 200 g/kg concentrate) without negative effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation.
Ana De La Moneda; Maria Dolores Carro; Martin R. Weisbjerg; Michael Y. Roleda; Vibeke Lind; Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study. Animals 2019, 9, 851 .
AMA StyleAna De La Moneda, Maria Dolores Carro, Martin R. Weisbjerg, Michael Y. Roleda, Vibeke Lind, Margarita Novoa-Garrido, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):851.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna De La Moneda; Maria Dolores Carro; Martin R. Weisbjerg; Michael Y. Roleda; Vibeke Lind; Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2019. "Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study." Animals 9, no. 10: 851.
The objective of this study was to determine the variability in nutritive value for ruminants of tomato pomace (TP) samples and analyze its effect on in vitro fermentation when it was included in a high-concentrate diet. Twelve TP samples were obtained from two processing plants at weekly intervals and analyzed for chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. The chemical composition of TP did not differ between processing plants and only slight variations were observed among sampling times. Tomato pomace had a low dry matter content (
Carlos N. Marcos; Trinidad De Evan; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; M. D. Carro. Nutritive Value of Tomato Pomace for Ruminants and Its Influence on In Vitro Methane Production. Animals 2019, 9, 343 .
AMA StyleCarlos N. Marcos, Trinidad De Evan, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, M. D. Carro. Nutritive Value of Tomato Pomace for Ruminants and Its Influence on In Vitro Methane Production. Animals. 2019; 9 (6):343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos N. Marcos; Trinidad De Evan; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; M. D. Carro. 2019. "Nutritive Value of Tomato Pomace for Ruminants and Its Influence on In Vitro Methane Production." Animals 9, no. 6: 343.
An important limitation of continuous-culture fermenters is their inability of maintaining microbial populations similar to those observed in the rumen, especially protozoa numbers, which usually decrease markedly or even disappear. Two approaches (a polyurethane-sponge (SP) and a filter system (FIL) for additionally retaining protozoa were tested in continuous culture system already designed to retain protozoa (Muetzel et al., 2009), and their effects on microbial populations, fermentation parameters and microbial biomass were assessed. Two 14-day incubation runs were carried out with 6 fermenters, and in each run two fermenters were randomly assigned to each of the experimental treatments (control, SP and FIL). Total protozoa numbers assessed by microscopic counting were 1.7 and 2.1 times greater in SP and FIL fermenters than in control ones on day 14, although differences did not reach the significance level (P = 0.855). Protozoal DNA concentration on day 14 were 1.6 and 1.4 times greater in SP and FIL fermenters, respectively, than in control ones, but differences were not significant (P = 0.524). Results from protozoal DNA concentrations determined in each fermenter on the different sampling days (n = 48) were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with the numbers of total (r = 0.826), entodiniomorphid (r = 0.824) and holotrich (r = 0.675) protozoa determined by microscopic counting, indicating that both methods are valid to assess protozoa populations. The proportion of holotrich in FIL-fermenters was relatively constant over the incubation period (ranging from 10.5 to 13.3% of total protozoa), but decreased with time in control (from 10.9% at day 2 to 6.7% at day 14) and SP (from 10.9 to 6.9%) fermenters. Neither the bacterial DNA concentration nor the relative abundance of fungal and archaeal DNA were influenced by any of the modifications tested, but values changed over the sampling period (days 10–14). Bacterial DNA concentration increased (P < 0.001) from day 10 to 14 in all fermenters, whereas the relative abundance of fungal and archaeal DNA decreased (P < 0.001). The tested modifications did not affect (P > 0.05) fermentation parameters, which reached a steady-state after 6 days of incubation. Values of microbial biomass determined using purine bases as a microbial marker were significantly correlated with the amount of bacterial plus protozoal DNA (r = 0.794; P = 0.002; n = 12) in each fermenter. In conclusion, the two tested modifications increased the protozoa numbers in continuous-culture fermenters, and the FIL allowed maintaining a proportion of holotrich protozoa similar to that in the ruminal fluid used as inoculum.
I. Cabeza-Luna; Maria Dolores Carro; J. Fernández-Yepes; E. Molina-Alcaide. Effects of modifications to retain protozoa in continuous-culture fermenters on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations, and microbial biomass assessed by two different methods. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2018, 240, 117 -127.
AMA StyleI. Cabeza-Luna, Maria Dolores Carro, J. Fernández-Yepes, E. Molina-Alcaide. Effects of modifications to retain protozoa in continuous-culture fermenters on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations, and microbial biomass assessed by two different methods. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2018; 240 ():117-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI. Cabeza-Luna; Maria Dolores Carro; J. Fernández-Yepes; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2018. "Effects of modifications to retain protozoa in continuous-culture fermenters on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations, and microbial biomass assessed by two different methods." Animal Feed Science and Technology 240, no. : 117-127.
Intensive dairy goat production in the Mediterranean basin is based on imported conventional ingredients to be included in concentrates. Fourteen Murciano-Granadina goats in the middle of the third lactation were allocated into 2 groups of 7 animals each fed, respectively, a control diet based on alfalfa hay and concentrate in a 40:60 ratio, and a diet in which the concentrate included tomato fruits, citrus pulp, brewer's grain and brewer's yeast (T100CBY) to study the effect of diet on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives excretion in urine, milk yield and composition, and methane emissions. No effect of the diet on total dry matter intake was observed. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were higher for T100CBY compared with the control diet. The N in feces and urine was lower and balance and retained N were higher in animals fed T100CBY than the control diet. Milk protein N and energy were similar for both diets. Metabolizable energy per energy intake and metabolizable energy per digestible energy were higher and energy in methane was lower with diet T100CBY than with the control. Milk yield and composition were not affected by diet, with the exception of protein, casein, and total solids, which were higher for diet T100CBY than the control. Diet T100CBY promoted less saturated fatty acids and higher mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk than the control diet. Diet T100CBY produced less methane and NH3 concentration in the rumen, higher propionate, and a lower acetate-to-propionate ratio without an effect on the volatile fatty acid concentration. The concentrate with by-products did not affect urinary excretion of total purine derivatives, reduced feeding costs, and increased profit margin by 14 and 16% compared with the control. The mixture of tomato fruits, citrus pulp, brewer's grain, and brewer's yeast could replace 47% of conventional ingredients (corn, wheat bran, sunflower meal, and soy flour) in the concentrate of the dairy goat diet, reducing feeding cost and methane production, leading to a healthier fatty acids profile in milk without compromising nutrient utilization or milk yield. Intensive dairy goat production in the Mediterranean basin is based on imported conventional ingredients to be included in concentrates. Fourteen Murciano-Granadina goats in the middle of the third lactation were allocated into 2 groups of 7 animals each fed, respectively, a control diet based on alfalfa hay and concentrate in a 40:60 ratio, and a diet in which the concentrate included tomato fruits, citrus pulp, brewer's grain and brewer's yeast (T100CBY) to study the effect of diet on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives excretion in urine, milk yield and composition, and methane emissions. No effect of the diet on total dry matter intake was observed. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were higher for T100CBY compared with the control diet. The N in feces and urine was lower and balance and retained N were higher in animals fed T100CBY than the control diet. Milk protein N and energy were similar for both diets. Metabolizable energy per energy intake and metabolizable energy per digestible energy were higher and energy in methane was lower with diet T100CBY than with the control. Milk yield and composition were not affected by diet, with the exception of protein, casein, and total solids, which were higher for diet T100CBY than the control. Diet T100CBY promoted less saturated fatty acids and higher mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk than the control diet. Diet T100CBY produced less methane and NH3 concentration in the rumen, higher propionate, and a lower acetate-to-propionate ratio without an effect on the volatile fatty acid concentration. The concentrate with by-products did not affect urinary excretion of total purine derivatives, reduced feeding costs, and increased profit margin by 14 and 16% compared with the control. The mixture of tomato fruits, citrus pulp, brewer's grain, and brewer's yeast could replace 47% of conventional ingredients (corn, wheat bran, sunflower meal, and soy flour) in the concentrate of the dairy goat diet, reducing feeding cost and methane production, leading to a healthier fatty acids profile in milk without compromising nutrient utilization or milk yield.
M. Romero-Huelva; M.A. Ramírez-Fenosa; R. Planelles-González; P. García-Casado; E. Molina-Alcaide. Can by-products replace conventional ingredients in concentrate of dairy goat diet? Journal of Dairy Science 2017, 100, 4500 -4512.
AMA StyleM. Romero-Huelva, M.A. Ramírez-Fenosa, R. Planelles-González, P. García-Casado, E. Molina-Alcaide. Can by-products replace conventional ingredients in concentrate of dairy goat diet? Journal of Dairy Science. 2017; 100 (6):4500-4512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Romero-Huelva; M.A. Ramírez-Fenosa; R. Planelles-González; P. García-Casado; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2017. "Can by-products replace conventional ingredients in concentrate of dairy goat diet?" Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 6: 4500-4512.
Seaweeds have potentials as alternative feed for ruminants, but there is a limited knowledge on their nutritive value. Seven seaweed species collected along the coast above the Arctic circle of Norway, both in spring and autumn, were assessed for nutrients and total polyphenols (TEP) content, gas production kinetics and in vitro rumen fermentation in batch cultures of ruminal microorganisms. The seaweeds were three red species (Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Porphyra sp.), three brown species (Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata and Pelvetia canaliculata) and one green species (Acrosiphonia sp.). Additionally, the abundance and diversity of total bacteria, protozoa and archaea in the cultures with the three red seaweeds collected in spring were analyzed by quantitative PCR and PCR-DGGE, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content varied widely. Pelvetia had the greatest (P < 0.001) ether extract (EE) content. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) content varied from 135 to 541 g/kg DM with brown seaweeds having the greatest values. Ash and CP contents were higher in spring than in autumn (P = 0.020 and 0.003, respectively), whereas concentrations of EE and NSC were not affected by collecting season (P = 0.208–0.341). The TEP values ranged from 1.46 to 50.3 mg/g dry matter (DM), and differed (P < 0.001) among seaweed species and collecting season, being greater in autumn than in spring. The DM effective degradability (DMED), estimated from gas production parameters for a rumen passage rate of 3.0% per h, ranged from 424 to 652 g/kg, the highest values were recorded for Mastocarpus stellatus and Porphyra sp. The lowest DMED values were registered for Pelvetia canaliculata and Acrosiphonia sp. In 24-h incubations (500 mg DM), Palmaria palmata had the highest (P < 0.05) volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane production (4.34 and 0.761 mmol, respectively) and the lowest (P < 0.05) final pH values and acetate to propionate ratios (6.57 and 2.34, respectively). There were no differences (P > 0.05) among the other seaweeds in VFA production, but Porphyra sp. had the second highest methane production (P < 0.05; 0.491 mmol) compared with the other seaweeds (0.361 mmol; averaged value). The methane/total VFA ratio was not affected (P > 0.05) by either seaweed species or the collection season. Higher final pH (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) methane and VFA production, ammonia-N concentrations and DMED values were promoted by the fermentation of seaweed collected in autumn compared with those from spring. Among the red seaweeds, there were no species-specific differences (P > 0.05) in the abundance or the diversity of total bacteria, protozoa and archaea. In the PCR-DGGE analysis, samples were separated by the incubation run for all microbial populations analyzed, but not by seaweed species. The results indicate that seaweed species differ markedly in their in vitro rumen degradation, and that samples collected in autumn had lower rumen degradability than those collected in spring.
E. Molina-Alcaide; M.D. Carro; M.Y. Roleda; M.R. Weisbjerg; V. Lind; M. Novoa-Garrido. In vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production of different seaweed species. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2017, 228, 1 -12.
AMA StyleE. Molina-Alcaide, M.D. Carro, M.Y. Roleda, M.R. Weisbjerg, V. Lind, M. Novoa-Garrido. In vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production of different seaweed species. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2017; 228 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Molina-Alcaide; M.D. Carro; M.Y. Roleda; M.R. Weisbjerg; V. Lind; M. Novoa-Garrido. 2017. "In vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production of different seaweed species." Animal Feed Science and Technology 228, no. : 1-12.
The Murciano-Granadina goat represents about 30% of dairy goats in Spain. This breed is widely spread around Europe, America and Africa due to its ability to adapt to difficult environments and its high milk production as well. Adequate feeding is the basis for the development of animal production and requires a good knowledge of both nutrient and energy requirements of a particular breed and the nutritive value of available feedstuffs. Information on nutrient and energy requirements of Murciano-Granadina goat has been generated in recent decades. Information on the nutritive value of conventional and unconventional local foods has been provided in the past decades. The use of unconventional foods could be useful to decrease feeding cost and overcome other limits in animal production. Unconventional feedstuffs may have added value as well improving the composition of milk, especially fatty acid profile, and decreasing methane emissions. The proper use of by-products, many of them with high water content, requires implementing technologies for conservation. The response of animals to local feeds in arid and semi-arid regions could be influenced by the animal’s experience or degree of specialization/adaptation to a particular ecological niche.
Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; Manuel Romero-Huelva. Murciano-Granadina Goat Nutrition Including Local Feed Resources. Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Volume I 2017, 137 -154.
AMA StyleEduarda Molina-Alcaide, Manuel Romero-Huelva. Murciano-Granadina Goat Nutrition Including Local Feed Resources. Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Volume I. 2017; ():137-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduarda Molina-Alcaide; Manuel Romero-Huelva. 2017. "Murciano-Granadina Goat Nutrition Including Local Feed Resources." Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Volume I , no. : 137-154.
From an animal nutrition point of view, legumes can be divided into two groups: fodder legumes (e. g. lucerne) mainly utilized in ruminant nutrition, and grain legumes (e. g. faba beans, peas, lupins) mainly used in bird and swine nutrition and, to a lesser extent, in ruminants. Grain legumes can partially or even totally replace traditional protein sources of animal origin such as meat, bone and fish meals. Moreover, they represent an alternative protein-rich feed ingredient for soybean meal and other oilseed meals. Their average protein content is variable but high (25-45 g / 100 g dry matter). However, the presence of secondary plant metabolites such as protease inhibitors, saponins, lectins, glycosides, tannins, and alkaloids, and their high levels of fiber (non- starch-polysaccharides) have restricted the use of legume-grains in monogastric (poultry and pigs) and ruminant feeding. In spite of this, the interest in, and the number of studies on, these resources as functional food products, especially in human, but also in animal, nutrition, are still on the increase. The ban on the use of animal proteins such as meat and bone meals, which took place in the EU as a consequence of the BSE crisis, has boosted the interest for the use of vegetable proteins, preferentially of local origin, in animal feeds. In order to establish the nutritional value of legumes, particular attention must be paid to their nutritional composition, energy content and amino acid digestibility. In ruminants, the degradability in the rumen of the protein, individual amino acids and carbohydrates are not well known and must be established. Approaches into the presence of tannins in ruminant feeds are currently changing due to their potential beneficial effects on nutrient degradation in the rumen, and on product quality or methane mitigation. Soybean is the raw material preferentially utilized as a protein source in animal feeds, but the great dependency on imported soybean and the fact that most is genetically modified are barriers to its utilization in the EU. In summary, environmental, health and productive considerations result in a growing interest in legume production in the EU. Desde el punto de vista de su uso en nutrición animal, pueden considerarse dos grupos de leguminosas: leguminosas-forraje (p. ej. la alfalfa), usadas en alimentación de rumiantes y leguminosas-grano (p. ej. habas, guisantes y altramuces), usadas esencialmente para aves y cerdos, y en menor medida para rumiantes. Las leguminosas-grano pueden sustituir parcial o totalmente a fuentes de proteínas tradicionales, de origen animal, como carne, huesos o harina de pescado en los piensos para animales, y representan una alternativa para las harinas de soja y otras oleaginosas. Su contenido en proteína es variable pero elevado (25-45 g/100 g materia seca). No obstante, la presencia de metabolitos secundarios (inhibidores de proteasas, saponinas, glucósidos, lectinas, taninos, alcaloides), así como sus altos niveles de fibra (polisacáridos no amiláceos), ha restringido el uso de leguminosas-grano en la alimentación de animales monogástricos (aves y cerdos) y, mucho más en la de rumiantes. Sin embargo, en la actualidad se está incrementando el interés por el uso de estas materias primas como alimentos funcionales, sobre todo en nutrición humana, pero también en nutrición animal, entre otras razones, como consecuencia de la prohibición del uso de proteína animal (harinas de carne y hueso), que tuvo lugar en la Unión Europea tras la crisis de la Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina. Para establecer el valor nutritivo de las leguminosas ha de prestarse especial atención a su composición en nutrientes, su contenido en energía y la digestibilidad de los aminoácidos. En rumiantes, es necesario establecer la degradabilidad en el rumen tanto de la proteína como de los aminoácidos individuales y de los carbohidratos, aspectos que determinan la utilización de nutrientes en este grupo animal, pero sobre los que existe muy poca información. En la actualidad, la perspectiva respecto a los taninos en las dietas de rumiantes está cambiando considerándose que pueden ejercer un efecto beneficioso. La soja es la semilla más utilizada como fuente de proteína en nutrición animal, pero el hecho de que haya de importarse en su mayor parte y que sea modificada genéticamente suponen dificultades para su utilización en la actualidad en Europa. Razones de índole medioambiental, sanitarias y productivas resultan en un progresivo interés en el cultivo de leguminosas en la UE.
Luis A. Rubio; Eduarda Molina. Las leguminosas en alimentación animal. Arbor 2016, 192, a315 .
AMA StyleLuis A. Rubio, Eduarda Molina. Las leguminosas en alimentación animal. Arbor. 2016; 192 (779):a315.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis A. Rubio; Eduarda Molina. 2016. "Las leguminosas en alimentación animal." Arbor 192, no. 779: a315.
The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro the effect of replacing 0%, 50%, 75% or 100% of cereal-based concentrate in diets based on lucerne hay with feed blocks containing barley grain or 650 g · kg –1 fresh matter of greenhouse waste fruits (tomato, cucumber, or a 1:1 mixture of...
M. Romero-Huelva; A. Martín-García; R. Nogales; E. Molina-Alcaide. The effects of feed blocks containing tomato and cucumber by-products on in vitro ruminal fermentation, microbiota, and methane production. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 2013, 22, 229 -237.
AMA StyleM. Romero-Huelva, A. Martín-García, R. Nogales, E. Molina-Alcaide. The effects of feed blocks containing tomato and cucumber by-products on in vitro ruminal fermentation, microbiota, and methane production. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 2013; 22 (3):229-237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Romero-Huelva; A. Martín-García; R. Nogales; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2013. "The effects of feed blocks containing tomato and cucumber by-products on in vitro ruminal fermentation, microbiota, and methane production." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 22, no. 3: 229-237.
The effects of replacing 50% of cereals-based concentrate with feed blocks (FB) including wastes of tomato fruits (diet ACT), wastes of cucumber fruits (diet ACC), or barley grain (diet ACB) on nutrient use, ruminal fermentation, microbial N flow to the duodenum, methane emissions, and abundances of total bacteria and methanogen were studied in goats. Four adult, dry, nonpregnant, rumen-fistulated Granadina goats (32.1 ± 5.52 kg BW) were used and 4 diets were studied in 4 trials by using a 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design. Diets consisted of alfalfa hay plus concentrate in a 1:1 ratio (AC) or 1:0.5 plus FB including wastes of ACT, ACC, or ACB. In each trial, goats were randomly assigned to 1 of the diets. Intake of each FB including ACT, ACC, and ACB were 203 ± 73, 179 ± 39, and 144 ± 68 g·animal−1·d−1, respectively. The ACT and ACC diets did not (P > 0.05) compromise digestible and metabolizable energy, but reduced N retention by up to 29% (P = 0.03). Cucumber-based FB decreased the purine bases (PB):N ratio (P = 0.02) in total bacterial pellets isolated from the rumen content. Tomato-based FB decreased purine derivatives urinary excretion (P = 0.04) and microbial N flow (P = 0.03) without affecting the efficiency of synthesis but decreased methane emission by 28% (P < 0.001) compared with the other diets. Tomato and cucumber-based FB resulted in greater (P < 0.001) rumen VFA concentration and molar proportions of propionate and butyrate (P ≤ 0.02) than AC and ACB diets. No effect (P = 0.07) of diet on total bacteria abundance was observed whereas the abundance of methanogens increased (P = 0.01) with wastes-based FB. Our study suggests that ACC-based FB could replace one-half of the amount of concentrate in goat diet without compromising rumen fermentation and nutrient and energy use and without increasing methane emissions. Blocks including ACT showed an antimethanogenic effect but reduced microbial N flow to the duodenum. Further research is needed to improve both N and energy use of diets including ACT- and ACC-based FB.
Manuel Romero Huelva; E. Molina-Alcaide. Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial nitrogen flow, microbial abundances, and methane emissions in goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits1. Journal of Animal Science 2013, 91, 914 -923.
AMA StyleManuel Romero Huelva, E. Molina-Alcaide. Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial nitrogen flow, microbial abundances, and methane emissions in goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits1. Journal of Animal Science. 2013; 91 (2):914-923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Romero Huelva; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2013. "Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial nitrogen flow, microbial abundances, and methane emissions in goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits1." Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 2: 914-923.
The objective of this study was to compare N balance, microbial N flow (MNF) estimated from purine derivatives (PD) urinary excretion, and its variation when estimated using purine bases:N ratios in liquid associated bacteria (LAB) from models reported in the literature (MNF – response models) or measured ratios in liquid and solid-associated bacterial (SAB) pellets (MNF-LAB+SAB), diet digestibility, and rumen fermentation variables in sheep and goats fed 3 different practical, quality diets to study interspecies differences concerning N use as accurately as possible. Four mature female Merino sheep and 4 mature female Granadina goats, each fitted with a ruminal cannula, were used in 3 × 3 Latin square design with an extra animal. Two experimental diets had a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 (DM basis) with alfalfa hay (ALC) or grass hay (GRC) as forage, and the third diet contained 70% concentrate and 30% alfalfa hay (CAL). All animals were fed the diets at a daily rate of 56 g/kg BW0.75 to minimize feed selection. Digestibility of nutrients was similar (P = 0.16 to 0.88) in the 2 species, but some animal species × diet interactions (P = 0.01 to 0.04) were detected. There were small differences between the fermentation patterns of both animal species. Goats showed decreased VFA concentrations (P = 0.005) and butyrate proportions (P = 0.04), and greater acetate proportions (P = 0.02) compared with sheep, whereas N intake and percentage of N intake excreted in feces were similar in both species (P = 0.58 and 0.15, respectively), the percentage excreted via the urine was greater in goats compared with sheep (P < 0.001). As a consequence, sheep had greater (P < 0.001) N retention than goats (averaged across diets, 32.6% and 16.1% of N intake, respectively). There were no differences (P = 0.95) between animal species in total PD excretion, but goats showed a greater excretion of allantoin (P = 0.01) and decreased excretion of xanthine (P = 0.008) and hypoxanthine (P = 0.007) compared with sheep. In general, differences between sheep and goats were more pronounced for the medium-quality diet (GRC) compared with those of high-quality diet (ALC and CAL). The greater urinary losses in goats would indicate a greater contribution of goats to N environmental contamination compared with sheep. Copyright © 2012. American Society of Animal Science.
M. D. Carro; G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar; Maria Jose Ranilla; E. Molina-Alcaide. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen use, and ruminal fermentation in sheep and goats fed diets of different quality1. Journal of Animal Science 2012, 90, 3963 -3972.
AMA StyleM. D. Carro, G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, Maria Jose Ranilla, E. Molina-Alcaide. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen use, and ruminal fermentation in sheep and goats fed diets of different quality1. Journal of Animal Science. 2012; 90 (11):3963-3972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. D. Carro; G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar; Maria Jose Ranilla; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2012. "Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen use, and ruminal fermentation in sheep and goats fed diets of different quality1." Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 11: 3963-3972.
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of rumen content manipulation and its incubation in an in vitro system on the abundance of some microbial groups and the bacterial diversity of goat rumens. Animals and single-flow continuous-culture fermenters were fed diets differing in forage to concentrate ratio (70 : 30; LC and 30 : 70; HC). Rumen contents were sampled after animals’ adaptation to the experimental diets, processed for inoculum preparation and inoculated into fermenters. Fermenter contents were sampled 1 and 7 days after inoculation. Total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, fungi and methanogen abundances were lower in the fermenter than in goat rumens, but no differences were found for Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The abundances of all these microorganisms were similar at 1 and 7 days of rumen content incubation in fermenters. Bacterial species richness did not change due to rumen content processing or the in vitro incubation. Shannon–Wiener index and Pielou evenness were lower in the fermenter than in rumen only when the enzyme HaeIII was used in terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, both in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, showed a segregation of in vivo and in vitro samples, but no trends of grouping for fermenter samples was observed. The HC diet promoted higher abundance of total bacteria than LC in rumen but not in fermenters. Diet only had an effect on bacterial diversity when the enzyme HaeIII was considered. Rumen content processing and incubation in fermenters caused an important decline of the studied ruminal microbial groups although bacterial community structure and diversity did not significantly change.
E. C. Soto; D. R. Yáñez-Ruiz; Gonzalo Cantalapiedra-Hijar; A. Vivas; E. Molina-Alcaide. Changes in ruminal microbiota due to rumen content processing and incubation in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters. Animal Production Science 2012, 52, 813 -822.
AMA StyleE. C. Soto, D. R. Yáñez-Ruiz, Gonzalo Cantalapiedra-Hijar, A. Vivas, E. Molina-Alcaide. Changes in ruminal microbiota due to rumen content processing and incubation in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters. Animal Production Science. 2012; 52 (9):813-822.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. C. Soto; D. R. Yáñez-Ruiz; Gonzalo Cantalapiedra-Hijar; A. Vivas; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2012. "Changes in ruminal microbiota due to rumen content processing and incubation in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters." Animal Production Science 52, no. 9: 813-822.
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of concentrate with 2 types of feed blocks (FB) on rumen protozoa numbers, nutrient utilization, microbial N flow to the duodenum, and milk yield and composition in goats. The concentrate included oat, corn grain, barley, soybean meal, salt, and vitamin-mineral mixture. The FB (types I and II) were composed of crude 2-stage olive cake (120 or 100g/kg), fava beans (0 or 400g/kg), barley (320 or 200g/kg), beet molasses (220 or 100g/kg), sunflower meal (180 or 0g/kg), quicklime (70 or 90g/kg), salt (60g/kg), urea (0 or 20g/kg), and vitamin-mineral mixture (30g/kg). In experiment 1, 6 adult, dry, nonpregnant, rumen-fistulated Granadina goats (46.9+/-2.15kg of BW) were used and 3 trials were carried out. In each trial, 2 goats were randomly assigned to receive 600g of alfalfa hay and 400g of concentrate (diet AC), 600g of alfalfa hay, 200g of concentrate, and FB I (diet ACBI), or 600g of alfalfa hay, 200g of concentrate, and FB II (diet ACBII) with 6 replications per diet. The FB were supplied ad libitum. The ratio of purine bases to N was higher in solid- and liquid-associated bacteria for FB goats than for AC goats. In experiment 2, 18 Granadina goats (39.6+/-1.89kg of BW) in the middle of the third lactation were used, and 3 trials were carried out by following a 3 x 3 Latin square experimental design. In every trial, 6 animals randomly received 1.0kg of alfalfa hay supplemented with 1.0kg of concentrate (diet AC) or 0.5kg of concentrate and FB I and II (diets ACBI and ACBII) with 18 replications per diet. The FB were supplied ad libitum. The intakes of organic matter and fat were higher with the AC diet than with the FB diets. The intake of acid detergent fiber was higher for FB-containing diets than for the AC diet. The neutral detergent fiber digestibility of FB diets was higher than that of the AC diet. Energy intake was higher for diets AC and ACBII than for ACBI. Microbial N flow was affected by diet. Milk yield was higher in goats fed the AC diet than in those receiving the FB diets. Conjugated linoleic acid content was higher in milk from FB than in milk from AC goats. Our study suggests that FB type II based on local ingredients could be used advantageously to reduce half of the amount of concentrate without detrimental effects on nutrient utilization, N value of the diet, and milk composition. The decrease of milk yield with ACBII compared with that obtained with the AC diet could be compensated by better quality of milk, decreased cost of feeding, and environmental advantage derived of including by-products in FB.
E. Molina-Alcaide; E.Y. Morales-García; A. Ignacio Martin-Garcia; H. Ben Salem; A. Nefzaoui; M.R. Sanz-Sampelayo; Yolanda Elizabeth Morales-García. Effects of partial replacement of concentrate with feed blocks on nutrient utilization, microbial N flow, and milk yield and composition in goats. Journal of Dairy Science 2010, 93, 2076 -2087.
AMA StyleE. Molina-Alcaide, E.Y. Morales-García, A. Ignacio Martin-Garcia, H. Ben Salem, A. Nefzaoui, M.R. Sanz-Sampelayo, Yolanda Elizabeth Morales-García. Effects of partial replacement of concentrate with feed blocks on nutrient utilization, microbial N flow, and milk yield and composition in goats. Journal of Dairy Science. 2010; 93 (5):2076-2087.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Molina-Alcaide; E.Y. Morales-García; A. Ignacio Martin-Garcia; H. Ben Salem; A. Nefzaoui; M.R. Sanz-Sampelayo; Yolanda Elizabeth Morales-García. 2010. "Effects of partial replacement of concentrate with feed blocks on nutrient utilization, microbial N flow, and milk yield and composition in goats." Journal of Dairy Science 93, no. 5: 2076-2087.
Six single-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to determine fermentation profile, microbial growth and amino acid (AA) flow promoted by olive leaves supplemented with barley grains and faba beans (OLSUP), and alfalfa hay (AH). Two incubation runs were carried out with three fermenters inoculated with ruminal fluid from wethers and three from goats. The inoculum source did not affect (p = 0.059 to 0.980) any of the parameters. Daily volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and carbohydrate digestibility were greater (p = 0.009 and 0.024, respectively) for AH, therefore the pH values were lower (p = 0.015) than for OLSUP. Acetate was greater (p < 0.001) and isobutyrate, isovalerate and caproate lower (p < 0.001 to 0.006) for AH with greater acetate/propionate (p = 0.014) and 'VFA/digested carbohydrate' (p = 0.026) ratios. Daily microbial N flow and efficiency were greater (p = 0.016 and p = 0.041) for diet AH. Individual AA flows were greater (p < 0.001 to 0.016) for AH, but microbial essential AA proportion was greater for OLSUP (p = 0.015). The results indicate that OLSUP promoted lower bacterial growth and AA flow than AH, which could have been partially due to a limitation of N availability to ruminal microbes.
E. Molina‐Alcaide; A. Ignacio Martin-Garcia; A. Moumen; M. D. Carro. Ruminal fermentation, microbial growth and amino acid flow in single-flow continuous culture fermenters fed a diet containing olive leaves. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2010, 94, 227 -236.
AMA StyleE. Molina‐Alcaide, A. Ignacio Martin-Garcia, A. Moumen, M. D. Carro. Ruminal fermentation, microbial growth and amino acid flow in single-flow continuous culture fermenters fed a diet containing olive leaves. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2010; 94 (2):227-236.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Molina‐Alcaide; A. Ignacio Martin-Garcia; A. Moumen; M. D. Carro. 2010. "Ruminal fermentation, microbial growth and amino acid flow in single-flow continuous culture fermenters fed a diet containing olive leaves." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 94, no. 2: 227-236.