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M.D. Carro
Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Animals
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This study was conducted to investigate the nutritive value of avocado and mango fruit wastes, and to assess the possibility of preserving the wastes into multi-nutrient blocks (MB). Both peels and a pulp:peels (PP) mixture of each fruit were analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro fermentation with goats’ ruminal fluid. Wastes had low-dry matter (DM) content (800 g/kg DM) and those from avocado high fat levels (>580 g/kg DM). Mango wastes were fermented at a greater extent and faster rate than avocado ones. The PP mixture of each fruit was included into multi-nutrient blocks (MB) formulated to have similar chemical composition. There were only subtle differences in the fermentation of MB including wastes from either avocado or mango, but fermentation of avocado-MB resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.032) greater acetate and lower propionate proportions than mango-MB. Including the PP mixture in the formulation of MB for goats feeding is a feasible option to reduce the environmental impact of avocado and mango fruit wastes, but studies on the acceptance of the MB by goats and their stability over long-time storage periods are needed.

ACS Style

Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro; Julia E. Fernández-Yepes; Lesly Arbesu; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Utilization of Avocado and Mango Fruit Wastes in Multi-Nutrient Blocks for Goats Feeding: In Vitro Evaluation. Animals 2020, 10, 2279 .

AMA Style

Carlos Navarro Marcos, María Dolores Carro, Julia E. Fernández-Yepes, Lesly Arbesu, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Utilization of Avocado and Mango Fruit Wastes in Multi-Nutrient Blocks for Goats Feeding: In Vitro Evaluation. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro; Julia E. Fernández-Yepes; Lesly Arbesu; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Utilization of Avocado and Mango Fruit Wastes in Multi-Nutrient Blocks for Goats Feeding: In Vitro Evaluation." Animals 10, no. 12: 2279.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2020 in Animals
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Olive oil extraction generates large amounts of a highly pollutant by-product called olive cake (OC), and its use in ruminant feeding could be an alternative. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of partially replacing forage by crude OC (COC) in a mixed dairy diet on rumen fermentation and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters. The COC replaced 33% of the forage (66% maize silage and 33% barley straw) and was included at 16.6% of the total diet. Four fermenters were used in a cross-over design with two 13-day incubation periods. Experimental diets had a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio and were formulated to contain the same protein (16.0%) and neutral detergent fiber (32.5%) levels. Compared with control fermenters, those fed the COC diet showed greater (p ≤ 0.02) pH (6.07 vs. 6.22), diet disappearance (0.709 vs. 0.748), and butyrate proportions (18.0 vs. 19.4), but there were no differences in volatile fatty acids and ammonia production. Microbial growth, bacterial diversity, protozoal abundance, and relative abundance of fungi and archaea were unaffected by diet, although the solid phase of COC-fed fermenters showed greater (p = 0.01) bacterial abundance than control ones. Results indicate that COC could replace 33% of the forage in a mixed dairy diet.

ACS Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez; Iván Mateos; Cristina Saro; Jesús S. González; María Dolores Carro; María José Ranilla. Replacing Forage by Crude Olive Cake in a Dairy Sheep Diet: Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters. Animals 2020, 10, 2235 .

AMA Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez, Iván Mateos, Cristina Saro, Jesús S. González, María Dolores Carro, María José Ranilla. Replacing Forage by Crude Olive Cake in a Dairy Sheep Diet: Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez; Iván Mateos; Cristina Saro; Jesús S. González; María Dolores Carro; María José Ranilla. 2020. "Replacing Forage by Crude Olive Cake in a Dairy Sheep Diet: Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters." Animals 10, no. 12: 2235.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Animals
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The potential of broccoli wastes (florets and stems) as ruminant feed was analyzed using in vitro and in situ techniques. Both stems and florets had high moisture content (90.6 and 86.1%, respectively), but the stems contained (% dry matter) lower levels (p < 0.05) of crude protein (CP; 23.2 vs. 30.8%) and ether extract (2.91 vs. 6.15%) and tended to have greater sugars content (p = 0.071; 33.4 vs. 19.6%) than florets. Stems had greater in vitro dry matter rumen degradability (45.3%; 24 h incubation) and lower in vitro CP intestinal digestibility (82.7%) compared with florets (42.2 and 90.1%, respectively). Rumen degradability of protein was high (3-N concentrations of a mixed diet including 40% of the concentrate. Including dried broccoli in the diet produced only small modifications in the volatile fatty acid profile and did not affect CH4 emission.

ACS Style

Trinidad De Evan; Carlos N. Marcos; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of Broccoli Wastes as Potential Feed for Ruminants. Animals 2020, 10, 1989 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Evan, Carlos N. Marcos, María José Ranilla, María Dolores Carro. In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of Broccoli Wastes as Potential Feed for Ruminants. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):1989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Evan; Carlos N. Marcos; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. 2020. "In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of Broccoli Wastes as Potential Feed for Ruminants." Animals 10, no. 11: 1989.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2020 in Animals
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The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.

ACS Style

Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro Travieso; Eduarda Molina Alcaide; Mogens Larsen; Martin Riis Weisbjerg. Preserving Porphyraumbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding. Animals 2020, 10, 1957 .

AMA Style

Margarita Novoa-Garrido, Carlos Navarro Marcos, María Dolores Carro Travieso, Eduarda Molina Alcaide, Mogens Larsen, Martin Riis Weisbjerg. Preserving Porphyraumbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):1957.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Carlos Navarro Marcos; María Dolores Carro Travieso; Eduarda Molina Alcaide; Mogens Larsen; Martin Riis Weisbjerg. 2020. "Preserving Porphyraumbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding." Animals 10, no. 11: 1957.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Animals
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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with by-products (BYP concentrate; 18% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 18% dried citrus pulp, and 8% exhausted olive cake) on the meat characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of fattening light lambs. Two groups of 12 Lacaune lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to 26.0 kg of body weight. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.130) between groups in the pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters and in the estimated proportions of pigments in the longissimus dorsi. Feeding the BYP concentrate reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage (unmodified atmosphere), probably due to the greater polyphenol content in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat and the subcutaneous fat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated FA content as well as greater n-6/n-3 FA. In summary, feeding a blend of corn distiller dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake did not change the composition of the meat but improved its antioxidant status and FA profile.

ACS Style

Trinidad De Evan; Almudena Cabezas; Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez; María Dolores Carro. Feeding Agro-Industrial By-Products to Light Lambs: Influence on Meat Characteristics, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Profile. Animals 2020, 10, 1572 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Evan, Almudena Cabezas, Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez, María Dolores Carro. Feeding Agro-Industrial By-Products to Light Lambs: Influence on Meat Characteristics, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Profile. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Evan; Almudena Cabezas; Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez; María Dolores Carro. 2020. "Feeding Agro-Industrial By-Products to Light Lambs: Influence on Meat Characteristics, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Profile." Animals 10, no. 9: 1572.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Animals
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Citrus pulp is a highly abundant by-product of the citrus industry. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing extruded maize (EM; 20% of total diet) by dried citrus pulp (DCP; 20%) in a mixed diet on rumen fermentation and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters. The two diets contained 50% alfalfa hay and 50% concentrate, and the same protein level. Four Rusitec fermenters were used in a cross-over design with two 13-d incubation runs. After 7-d of diet adaptation, diet disappearance, fermentation parameters, microbial growth, and microbial populations were assessed. Fermenters receiving the DCP showed greater pH values and fiber disappearance (p < 0.001) and lower methane production (p = 0.03) than those fed EM. Replacing EM by DCP caused an increase in the proportions of propionate and butyrate (p < 0.001) and a decrease in acetate (p = 0.04). Microbial growth, bacterial diversity, and the quantity of bacteria and protozoa DNA were not affected by the diet, but the relative abundances of fungi and archaea were greater (p < 0.03) in solid and liquid phases of DCP fermenters, respectively. Results indicate that DCP can substitute EM, promoting a more efficient ruminal fermentation.

ACS Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez; Cristina Saro; Iván Mateos; Jesús S. González; María Dolores Carro; María José Ranilla. Effects of Replacing Extruded Maize by Dried Citrus Pulp in a Mixed Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Production, and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters. Animals 2020, 10, 1316 .

AMA Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez, Cristina Saro, Iván Mateos, Jesús S. González, María Dolores Carro, María José Ranilla. Effects of Replacing Extruded Maize by Dried Citrus Pulp in a Mixed Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Production, and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez; Cristina Saro; Iván Mateos; Jesús S. González; María Dolores Carro; María José Ranilla. 2020. "Effects of Replacing Extruded Maize by Dried Citrus Pulp in a Mixed Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Production, and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters." Animals 10, no. 8: 1316.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Animals
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The nutritive values for ruminants of cauliflower (CAU) and Romanesco (ROM) wastes (leaves, stems and sprouts) were assessed by analyzing their chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. In addition, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of diets containing increasing amounts of CAU was studied. The dry matter (DM) content of leaves, stems and sprouts of both vegetables was lower than 10%, but they contained high crude protein (CP; 19.9 to 33.0%) and sugar (16.3 to 28.7%) levels, and low neutral detergent fiber (21.6 to 32.3%). Stems and sprouts were more rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen than leaves, but there were only minor differences the fermentation profiles of both vegetables. The estimated metabolizable energy content ranged from 9.3 (leaves) to 10.8 (sprouts) MJ/kg DM. The CP rumen degradability (12-h in situ incubations) was greater than 80.0% for all fractions, and the in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP ranged from 85.7 to 93.2%. The inclusion of up to 24% of dried CAU in the concentrate of a mixed diet (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased the in vitro rumen fermentation of the CAU diet, but did not affect methane (CH4) production, indicating the lack of antimethanogenic compounds in CAU.

ACS Style

Trinidad De Evan; Andrea Vintimilla; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies. Animals 2020, 10, 1247 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Evan, Andrea Vintimilla, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, María José Ranilla, María Dolores Carro. Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Evan; Andrea Vintimilla; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. 2020. "Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies." Animals 10, no. 8: 1247.

Articles
Published: 14 May 2020 in Archives of Animal Nutrition
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The effects of treating sunflower seed (SS) and meal (SM), as well as of a mixture of both feeds (SSM; 45:55) with a solution of malic acid (1 M; 400 ml/kg feed) and heating for protection against ruminal degradation were studied. Four rumen-fistulated sheep were fed two mixed diets composed of oat hay and concentrate (40:60) and differing only in the concentrate, that contained either a mixture of untreated SS and SM (control diet) or treated SS and SM (MAH diet). A crossover design with two 24-d experimental periods was used, and each period included 10 d of diet adaptation, 9 d for in situ incubations of SS, SM and SSM, and 5 d for measuring ruminal fermentation characteristics and rumen emptying. From day 6 onwards a solution of (15NH4)2SO4 was continuously infused into the rumen of each sheep to label ruminal bacteria. Feeding the MAH diet did not affect either ruminal pH or concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and NH3-N, but decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the molar proportions of acetate and propionate and increased those of butyrate (p< 0.001). Organic matter and lipid contents of ruminal bacteria were lower whereas both N content and 15N enrichment were greater (p ≤ 0.05) in MAH-fed sheep. The in situ effective degradability (ED) of different fractions of SS, SM and SSM were calculated from the ruminal rates of particle comminution and passage, and values were corrected for microbial contamination. The MAH treatment decreased the ED of most fractions for all feeds and increased the supply of by-pass crude protein (CP) by 19.1% and 120% for SS and SM, respectively, and that of fat by 34% for SS. The MAH treatment also increased the in vitro intestinal digestibility of the by-pass CP for both SS (from 60.1% to 75.4%) and SM (from 83.2% to 91.0%). The simultaneous heating of both feeds (SSM) reinforced the protective effect of the MAH treatment and increased the by-pass CP without altering its intestinal digestibility, increasing the intestinally digested CP content by 16.8% compared with the value estimated from the results obtained for MAH-treated SS and SM incubated independently. These results indicate that the MAH treatment was effective to protect sunflower protein against rumen degradation and increased its intestinal digestibility.

ACS Style

Andrés N. Haro; María Dolores Carro; Trinidad De Evan; Javier González. Influence of feeding sunflower seed and meal protected against ruminal fermentation on ruminal fermentation, bacterial composition and in situ degradability in sheep. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2020, 74, 380 -396.

AMA Style

Andrés N. Haro, María Dolores Carro, Trinidad De Evan, Javier González. Influence of feeding sunflower seed and meal protected against ruminal fermentation on ruminal fermentation, bacterial composition and in situ degradability in sheep. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 2020; 74 (5):380-396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés N. Haro; María Dolores Carro; Trinidad De Evan; Javier González. 2020. "Influence of feeding sunflower seed and meal protected against ruminal fermentation on ruminal fermentation, bacterial composition and in situ degradability in sheep." Archives of Animal Nutrition 74, no. 5: 380-396.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing cereals and protein concentrates in a high-cereal concentrate (control) for light lambs with corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 18%), dried citrus pulp (DCP; 18%), and exhausted olive cake (EOC; 8%) in a byproduct (BYP) concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Two homogeneous groups of Lacaune lambs (13.8 kg ± 0.25 kg) were fed one of each concentrates and barley straw ad libitum until reaching about 26 kg body weight. There were no differences between groups on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio, but the control diet had greater (p < 0.001) dry matter digestibility. Diet had no effect on post-mortem ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and profile, but NH3-N concentrations were lower (p = 0.003) for the BYP-fed group compared with the control one. However, plasma concentrations of amino acids, total proteins, urea, and hepatic enzymes were not affected by the diet. In conclusion, 44% of feed ingredients in the concentrate for light lambs can be replaced with a mixture of corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC without negatively affecting growing performance and animal health.

ACS Style

Trinidad De Evan; Almudena Cabezas; Jesús De La Fuente; María Dolores Carro. Feeding Agroindustrial Byproducts to Light Lambs: Influence on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Plasma Metabolites. Animals 2020, 10, 600 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Evan, Almudena Cabezas, Jesús De La Fuente, María Dolores Carro. Feeding Agroindustrial Byproducts to Light Lambs: Influence on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Plasma Metabolites. Animals. 2020; 10 (4):600.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Evan; Almudena Cabezas; Jesús De La Fuente; María Dolores Carro. 2020. "Feeding Agroindustrial Byproducts to Light Lambs: Influence on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Plasma Metabolites." Animals 10, no. 4: 600.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2020 in Animals
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The objective of the study was to assess the effects of feeding sunflower meal (SM) and seeds (SS) protected against rumen degradation on carcass characteristics and composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb meat. The protection of SM and SS was achieved by treating both feeds with malic acid at 150 °C for 2 h (MAH treatment) and in a previous study this treatment was shown to decrease ruminal degradability of protein of both feeds and fat degradability of SS. Two homogeneous groups of 12 lambs each were fed ad libitum high-cereal concentrates and cereal straw from 14 to 26 kg of body weight. The two concentrates differed only in the treatment SM and SS, which were included either untreated (control) or MAH treated. The MAH-fed lambs had greater thickness of dorsal fat (p = 0.016) and greater (p ≤ 0.016) values of the color parameters a* (redness) and C* (chromaticity) of the Rectus abdominis muscle. However, there were no differences in carcass measurements and in water-holding capacity, chemical composition, pH, color, or fatty acid of Longissimus muscle. In summary, the MAH treatment resulted in only subtle changes in meat composition and quality.

ACS Style

Andres Haro; Trinidad De Evan; Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez; María Teresa Díaz; Javier González Cano; María Dolores Carro. Effect of a Diet Supplemented with Malic Acid–Heat (MAH) Treated Sunflower on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Composition and Fatty Acids Profile in Growing Lambs. Animals 2020, 10, 487 .

AMA Style

Andres Haro, Trinidad De Evan, Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez, María Teresa Díaz, Javier González Cano, María Dolores Carro. Effect of a Diet Supplemented with Malic Acid–Heat (MAH) Treated Sunflower on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Composition and Fatty Acids Profile in Growing Lambs. Animals. 2020; 10 (3):487.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andres Haro; Trinidad De Evan; Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez; María Teresa Díaz; Javier González Cano; María Dolores Carro. 2020. "Effect of a Diet Supplemented with Malic Acid–Heat (MAH) Treated Sunflower on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Composition and Fatty Acids Profile in Growing Lambs." Animals 10, no. 3: 487.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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The use of agroindustrial by-products, such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and dried citrus pulp (DCP), has been widely investigated in dairy cows, but information on their effects in dairy goats is limited. The influence of feeding olive cake (a by-product of olive oil production) to dairy goats has been assessed in some studies, but exhausted olive cake (EOC) has been much less investigated. Twelve Murciano-Granadina goats were used in a crossover design trial with 2 periods to assess the effects of including agroindustrial by-products on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, methane production, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and milk yield and composition. In each period, 6 goats received daily a control diet comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of high-cereal concentrate, and another 6 goats received a diet (BYP) comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of a concentrate including corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC in proportions of 180, 180, and 80 g/kg of concentrate (as-fed basis), respectively. Diet had no effect on total dry matter intake, but intake of alfalfa hay, CP, and fat was greater for the BYP group than for the control group. There were no differences between diets in nutrient apparent digestibility, with the exception of fat, which was greater for the BYP diet compared with the control diet. Although fecal N tended to be greater for the BYP diet, there were no differences in N utilization. Compared with the control diet, milk yield tended to be greater and daily production of milk CP, fat, whey protein, and TS as well as milk gross energy were greater for the BYP diet. The concentration of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 fatty acids (FA) was or tended to be lower and the concentration of polyunsaturated FA was greater in the milk of BYP-fed goats compared with goats fed the control diet. Diet had no effect on ruminal parameters (pH, volatile FA, and NH3-N concentrations) and methane emissions, but urinary excretion of total purine derivatives tended to be lower in BYP-fed goats than in those fed the control diet. A mixture of corn DDGS (180 g), DCP (180 g), and EOC (80 g) could replace 44% of cereal grains and protein feeds in the concentrate for dairy goats without compromising nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, or milk yield and led to a more unsaturated FA profile in milk.

ACS Style

C.N. Marcos; M.D. Carro; J.E. Fernández Yepes; A. Haro; M. Romero-Huelva; E. Molina-Alcaide. Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 1472 -1483.

AMA Style

C.N. Marcos, M.D. Carro, J.E. Fernández Yepes, A. Haro, M. Romero-Huelva, E. Molina-Alcaide. Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (2):1472-1483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C.N. Marcos; M.D. Carro; J.E. Fernández Yepes; A. Haro; M. Romero-Huelva; E. Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 2: 1472-1483.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2020 in Animals
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The high and volatile prices of conventional ingredients for animal feeding has directed the attention of ruminant nutritionists toward local alternative resources such as agroindustrial by-products and fruits wastes. The inclusion of these resources in the diet might contribute to reducing feeding costs and environmental issues associated with both livestock production and by-products and wastes accumulation might be prevented. The global production and consumption of avocado have risen sharply in recent years, partly due to the recognition of its health-promoting potential in humans. The increased consumption of avocado and its derivatives is producing great amounts of wastes and by-products that might be reutilized in ruminant feeding. Our hypothesis was that avocado wastes (a mixture of pulp and peels) could be included in multinutrient blocks for dairy goats and improve the quality of the milk fatty acid profile without negatively affecting milk yield. However, the intake of multinutrient blocks containing 14.8% avocado wastes was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. No changes were observed in milk production, but feeding blocks with avocado wastes increased milk fat content with only subtle changes in the fatty acid profile of fat milk. Twelve Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were divided into two homogeneous groups, which were fed either a control diet composed of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate or a diet based on 40% alfalfa hay, 40% concentrate and 20% multinutrient blocks, including 14.8% avocado pulp and peels (APP). Total dry matter (DM) intake was similar (p = 0.709) for both diets, but APP-fed goats had lower (p = 0.024) concentrate intake and tended (p = 0.063) to have lower fat intake compared with those fed the control diet. The average intake of blocks was low (66.4 g DM/d), which was attributed to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. Neither milk yield (p = 0,921) nor the efficiency of energy and nitrogen use were affected (p = 0.909 and 0. 840, respectively) by the diet, but milk fat tended to be greater (p = 0.057) in the APP-fed goats compared with the animals fed the control diet. Other milk components were similar (p ≥ 0.110) for both diets, and only subtle changes in the milk fatty acid profile were observed. In summary, the intake of blocks containing avocado wastes by dairy goats was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation causing off-flavors and reduced palatability.

ACS Style

Trinidad De Evan; María Dolores Carro; Julia Eugenia Fernández Yepes; Ana Haro; Lesly Arbesú; Manuel Romero-Huelva; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition. Animals 2020, 10, 194 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Evan, María Dolores Carro, Julia Eugenia Fernández Yepes, Ana Haro, Lesly Arbesú, Manuel Romero-Huelva, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition. Animals. 2020; 10 (2):194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Evan; María Dolores Carro; Julia Eugenia Fernández Yepes; Ana Haro; Lesly Arbesú; Manuel Romero-Huelva; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2020. "Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition." Animals 10, no. 2: 194.

Research article
Published: 26 November 2019 in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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BACKGROUND The possible escape from the rumen of undegraded‐feed soluble proteins (SP) was investigated using 15N infusions (25 mg) in three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers. Animals were fed three isoproteic diets differing in SP content and including protein concentrates either untreated (control) or treated with solutions of either malic (MHT) or orthophosphoric (OHT) acids and heat. RESULTS Compared with control, MHT and OHT diets reduced ruminal concentrations of NH3‐N by 35.9% (P = 0.007), non‐ammonia N (NAN) by 36.8% (P = 0.007), and SP‐nitrogen (SP‐N) by 45.2% (P = 0.072) over the post‐feeding period. Both NAN and SP‐N were lower (P ≤ 0.040) for OHT than for MHT diet. The 15N enrichment of NAN and SP‐N did not vary either among diets or with time, and both values were closely related (R2 = 0.965; P < 0.001). Estimations, either using solid‐associated (SAB) or liquid‐associated bacteria (LAB) as a reference, indicated that 0.983 and 0.894 of SP‐N (values averaged across diets) was of microbial origin, respectively, which would indicate a practically negligible ruminal escape of feed SP‐N. Values of 15N‐enrichment in SAB and LAB fitted well to previously published SAB‐LAB relationships, indicating a 22% underevaluation of the N supply from SAB when only LAB is used as a reference. CONCLUSION Both the negligible ruminal escape of feed SP and the underevaluation of the bacterial nutrient supply as a consequence of the use of LAB as the only bacterial reference should be considered to improve ruminant protein feeding systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Javier González; Fernando Díaz‐Royón; Jorge Leonardo Vanegas; José María Arroyo; María Dolores Carro. Ruminal use of undegraded‐feed soluble protein and accuracy of the estimations of the nutrient content in ruminal bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2019, 100, 1608 -1615.

AMA Style

Javier González, Fernando Díaz‐Royón, Jorge Leonardo Vanegas, José María Arroyo, María Dolores Carro. Ruminal use of undegraded‐feed soluble protein and accuracy of the estimations of the nutrient content in ruminal bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2019; 100 (4):1608-1615.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Javier González; Fernando Díaz‐Royón; Jorge Leonardo Vanegas; José María Arroyo; María Dolores Carro. 2019. "Ruminal use of undegraded‐feed soluble protein and accuracy of the estimations of the nutrient content in ruminal bacteria." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100, no. 4: 1608-1615.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Animals
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The nutritive value of 26 agro-industrial by-products was assessed from their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics. By-products from sugar beet, grape, olive tree, almond, broccoli, lettuce, asparagus, green bean, artichoke, peas, broad beans, tomato, pepper, apple pomace and citrus were evaluated. Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics varied largely across the by-products. Data were subjected to multivariate and principal component analyses (PCA). According to a multivariate cluster analysis chart, samples formed four distinctive groups (A–D). Less degradable by-products were olive tree leaves, pepper skins and grape seeds (group A); whereas the more degradable ones were sugar beet, orange, lemon and clementine pulps (group D). In the PCA plot, component 1 segregated samples of groups A and B from those of groups C and D. Considering the large variability among by-products, most of them can be regarded as potential ingredients in ruminant rations. Depending on the characteristic nutritive value of each by-product, these feedstuffs can provide alternative sources of energy (e.g., citrus pulps), protein (e.g., asparagus rinds), soluble fibre (e.g., sugar beet pulp) or less digestible roughage (e.g., grape seeds or pepper skin).

ACS Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez; María José Ranilla; James France; Héctor Alaiz-Moretón; María Dolores Carro; Secundino López. Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics of Agro-Industrial By-Products. Animals 2019, 9, 861 .

AMA Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez, María José Ranilla, James France, Héctor Alaiz-Moretón, María Dolores Carro, Secundino López. Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics of Agro-Industrial By-Products. Animals. 2019; 9 (11):861.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jairo García-Rodríguez; María José Ranilla; James France; Héctor Alaiz-Moretón; María Dolores Carro; Secundino López. 2019. "Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics of Agro-Industrial By-Products." Animals 9, no. 11: 861.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2019 in Animals
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The use of seaweeds as ingredients of ruminant diets can be an alternative to conventional feedstuffs, but it is necessary to assess their nutritive value. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation of eight brown, red and green seaweed species collected in Norway during both spring and autumn. The in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of 17 diets composed of oat hay:concentrate in a 1:1 ratio, with the concentrate containing no seaweed or including one of the 16 seaweed samples, was also studied. Species and season determined differences in chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of seaweeds. Most of the tested seaweeds can be included in the diet (up to 200 g/kg concentrate) without negative effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation.

ACS Style

Ana De La Moneda; Maria Dolores Carro; Martin R. Weisbjerg; Michael Y. Roleda; Vibeke Lind; Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study. Animals 2019, 9, 851 .

AMA Style

Ana De La Moneda, Maria Dolores Carro, Martin R. Weisbjerg, Michael Y. Roleda, Vibeke Lind, Margarita Novoa-Garrido, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):851.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana De La Moneda; Maria Dolores Carro; Martin R. Weisbjerg; Michael Y. Roleda; Vibeke Lind; Margarita Novoa-Garrido; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide. 2019. "Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study." Animals 9, no. 10: 851.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2019 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility of discarded samples of four Brassica vegetables: Brussels sprouts (BS), white cabbage, Savoy cabbage, and red cabbage, and to assess the effects of including increasing amounts of BS in the concentrate of a dairy sheep diet on in vitro fermentation, CH4 production, and in situ degradation of the diets. All cabbages had low dry matter content (DM;

ACS Style

Trinidad De Evan; Andrea Vintimilla; Carlos N. Marcos; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. Evaluation of Brassica Vegetables as Potential Feed for Ruminants. Animals 2019, 9, 588 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Evan, Andrea Vintimilla, Carlos N. Marcos, María José Ranilla, María Dolores Carro. Evaluation of Brassica Vegetables as Potential Feed for Ruminants. Animals. 2019; 9 (9):588.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Evan; Andrea Vintimilla; Carlos N. Marcos; María José Ranilla; María Dolores Carro. 2019. "Evaluation of Brassica Vegetables as Potential Feed for Ruminants." Animals 9, no. 9: 588.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2019 in Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
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Olive oil extraction generates olive cake (OC) that could be used in ruminant feeding. However, the chemical composition of OC is affected by multiple factors, being therefore highly variable. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of storage time and further processing: crude, exhausted (subjected to a second oil extraction) and cyclone (obtained from a cyclone separator) on nutritive value of OC samples. Twelve samples (six crude and six exhausted) were obtained monthly from the same pond from 1 to 6 storage months, and nine samples (three crude, three exhausted and three cyclone) were obtained monthly from a different pond from 6 to 9 months storage. Chemical composition was analysed, and OC samples were fermented in vitro with sheep rumen fluid. Increasing storage time up to 6 months decreased sugars and total soluble polyphenols content but increased fibre content in OC. Dry matter effective degradability (DMED) decreased linearly (p < 0.001) by 35.9 and 45.5% as storage time augmented from 1 to 6 months for crude and exhausted OC, respectively. Crude OC had lower DMED values than exhausted OC (averaged values 0.255 and 0.294 g/g, respectively). Both potential production and rate of gas production were lower (p ≤ 0.018) in crude compared with exhausted OC, which was attributed to the high fat content of crude OC (≥86 g/kg dry matter). For samples stored longer than 6 months, cyclone had greater (p < 0.05) DMED than crude and exhausted OC (averaged values 0.207, 0.164 and 0.164 g/g, respectively). The results indicate that ruminal degradability of OC is reduced with advancing storage time, but only subtle changes were observed during the first two months. Cyclone showed greater degradability than crude and exhausted OC, but differences between crude and exhausted OC became negligible after five storage months.

ACS Style

Carlos N. Marcos; Trinidad De Evan; Paloma García‐Rebollar; Carlos De Blas; Maria Dolores Carro. Influence of storage time and processing on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of olive cake. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2019, 103, 1303 -1312.

AMA Style

Carlos N. Marcos, Trinidad De Evan, Paloma García‐Rebollar, Carlos De Blas, Maria Dolores Carro. Influence of storage time and processing on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of olive cake. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2019; 103 (5):1303-1312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos N. Marcos; Trinidad De Evan; Paloma García‐Rebollar; Carlos De Blas; Maria Dolores Carro. 2019. "Influence of storage time and processing on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of olive cake." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 103, no. 5: 1303-1312.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2019 in Animals
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Our objective was to analyze the influence of replacing lard (control) with fish oil (FO) rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet of rabbits weaned at 25 days of age on their growth performance, meat quality, cecal fermentation, and ileal morphology. Twenty-four litters (12 control and 12 FO) of nine kits each were fed the experimental diets from weaning (25 days) until slaughter at 60 days of age. Half of the litters (six per diet) were used to monitor productive performance, carcass characteristics, and ileal morphology, and cecal fermentation was assessed in the rest of litters. Diet had no influence on feed intake, meat color, and pH or cecal fermentation, but FO-fed rabbits had lower (p ≤ 0.049) average daily gain, chilled carcass weight, and perirenal fat than control rabbits. Fish oil inclusion in the diet resulted in lower morbidity (5.56% vs. 20.4%; p = 0.019) and a healthier fatty acid profile with lower (p < 0.001) n-6/n-3 ratios in both muscle and perirenal fat. In summary, the inclusion of FO in the diet of early weaned rabbits improved the fatty acid profile of rabbit meat and fat and decreased the morbidity, but growth performance was slightly reduced.

ACS Style

María Rodríguez; María Dolores Carro; Víctor Valiente; Nora Formoso-Rafferty; Pilar G. Rebollar. Supplementation with Fish Oil Improves Meat Fatty Acid Profile although Impairs Growth Performance of Early Weaned Rabbits. Animals 2019, 9, 437 .

AMA Style

María Rodríguez, María Dolores Carro, Víctor Valiente, Nora Formoso-Rafferty, Pilar G. Rebollar. Supplementation with Fish Oil Improves Meat Fatty Acid Profile although Impairs Growth Performance of Early Weaned Rabbits. Animals. 2019; 9 (7):437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Rodríguez; María Dolores Carro; Víctor Valiente; Nora Formoso-Rafferty; Pilar G. Rebollar. 2019. "Supplementation with Fish Oil Improves Meat Fatty Acid Profile although Impairs Growth Performance of Early Weaned Rabbits." Animals 9, no. 7: 437.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2019 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of a treatment (MAH) of sunflower seed (SS) and meal (SM) with a malic acid solution (1 M; 400 mL/kg) and heating (150 °C, 2 h) to protect protein against rumen degradation and to improve the growth of lambs. Two homogeneous groups of 12 Lacaune lambs each (14.2 ± 0.35 kg body weight) were fed either a concentrate including untreated SS and SM or a concentrate with MAH-treated SS and SM. Lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum for 40 days (about 26 kg body weight); feed intake and growth of lambs were recorded; blood samples were taken on days 0, 20, and the slaughter day for analysis of urea-N and amino acid-N; diet digestibility was determined; and ruminal and cecal samples were collected after slaughter. The in vitro incubation of both concentrates with sheep ruminal fluid for 12 h showed that the MAH-treatment tended to reduce NH3-N concentrations and increased propionate production. However, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between groups in any of the tested variables in the in vivo trial.

ACS Style

Andrés Haro; Javier Gonzalez; Trinidad De Evan; Jesus De La Fuente; María Dolores Carro. Effects of Feeding Rumen-Protected Sunflower Seed and Meal Protein on Feed Intake, Diet Digestibility, Ruminal, Cecal Fermentation, and Growth Performance of Lambs. Animals 2019, 9, 415 .

AMA Style

Andrés Haro, Javier Gonzalez, Trinidad De Evan, Jesus De La Fuente, María Dolores Carro. Effects of Feeding Rumen-Protected Sunflower Seed and Meal Protein on Feed Intake, Diet Digestibility, Ruminal, Cecal Fermentation, and Growth Performance of Lambs. Animals. 2019; 9 (7):415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Haro; Javier Gonzalez; Trinidad De Evan; Jesus De La Fuente; María Dolores Carro. 2019. "Effects of Feeding Rumen-Protected Sunflower Seed and Meal Protein on Feed Intake, Diet Digestibility, Ruminal, Cecal Fermentation, and Growth Performance of Lambs." Animals 9, no. 7: 415.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2019 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to determine the variability in nutritive value for ruminants of tomato pomace (TP) samples and analyze its effect on in vitro fermentation when it was included in a high-concentrate diet. Twelve TP samples were obtained from two processing plants at weekly intervals and analyzed for chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. The chemical composition of TP did not differ between processing plants and only slight variations were observed among sampling times. Tomato pomace had a low dry matter content (

ACS Style

Carlos N. Marcos; Trinidad De Evan; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; M. D. Carro. Nutritive Value of Tomato Pomace for Ruminants and Its Influence on In Vitro Methane Production. Animals 2019, 9, 343 .

AMA Style

Carlos N. Marcos, Trinidad De Evan, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, M. D. Carro. Nutritive Value of Tomato Pomace for Ruminants and Its Influence on In Vitro Methane Production. Animals. 2019; 9 (6):343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos N. Marcos; Trinidad De Evan; Eduarda Molina-Alcaide; M. D. Carro. 2019. "Nutritive Value of Tomato Pomace for Ruminants and Its Influence on In Vitro Methane Production." Animals 9, no. 6: 343.