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Xiao Zhang
Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China

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Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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The soil available water content (AWC) has a strong ability to indicate the soil water conditions under different land cover types. Although the AWC has long been calculated, soil water characteristic curve estimation models and the distribution of AWC, as well as the impact factors, have rarely been evaluated in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, four typical land cover types were selected: introduced shrubland, introduced grassland, natural restored shrubland and natural restored grassland. Four widely used models were compared with the van Genuchten (VG) model, including the Arya and Paris (AP) model, Mohammadi and Vanclooster (MV) model, Tyler and Wheatcraft (TW) model, and linear fitting (LF) model to estimate the wilting point. The distribution of AWC and the relationships with environmental factors were measured and analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) the MV model was the most suitable model to estimate the soil water characteristic curve in the Loess Plateau; (2) the factors impacting the AWC varied under different precipitation gradients, and the area with a mean annual precipitation of 440-510 mm was the most sensitive zone to environmental and vegetation factors; and (3) the soil water deficit was more severe when considering AWC than when considering soil water content (SWC), and the water deficits were different under introduced grassland and introduced shrubland. Consequently, the construction of vegetation restoration should be more cautious and consider the trade-off between soil conservation and water conservation. During restoration, policy makers should focus on the AWC in addition to the SWC to better assess the soil moisture status.        

ACS Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Paulo Pereira. Aggravated water deficit in the Loess Plateau of China as indicated by the soil available water content. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xiao Zhang, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Paulo Pereira. Aggravated water deficit in the Loess Plateau of China as indicated by the soil available water content. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Aggravated water deficit in the Loess Plateau of China as indicated by the soil available water content." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Land consolidation has a long history, and it has currently become one of the most extensive and well-organized human activities in China. Agricultural land consolidation (ALC) will change land use patterns, vegetation coverage, as well as the physical and chemical properties of soil through a series of engineering and biological measures that in turn affect the soil conservation service of ecosystems. This paper analyzes the effects of ALC on soil conservation service in the Hilly Region of Southeast China based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The main results were as follows: (1) ALC improved the soil conservation service of cultivated land; (2) variations in the soil conservation service were strongly related to rainfall, slope, area of newly converted cultivated land, earth volume of land leveling, earth volume of topsoil stripping and backfilling, reconstructed farm roads, newly built production roads, length of new irrigation systems, newly built drainage systems, number of new dams, and newly built revetments; (3) the newly established multiple regression models used in this paper could describe the relationship between the soil conservation service and significant impact factors. This study will help researchers to better understand the interactions between land management and ecosystem service provisioning as well as provide a scientific basis for policymakers as they put forward new land management policies.

ACS Style

Lina Zhong; Jun Wang; Xiao Zhang; Lingxiao Ying; Chuxin Zhu. Effects of agricultural land consolidation on soil conservation service in the Hilly Region of Southeast China – Implications for land management. Land Use Policy 2020, 95, 104637 .

AMA Style

Lina Zhong, Jun Wang, Xiao Zhang, Lingxiao Ying, Chuxin Zhu. Effects of agricultural land consolidation on soil conservation service in the Hilly Region of Southeast China – Implications for land management. Land Use Policy. 2020; 95 ():104637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Zhong; Jun Wang; Xiao Zhang; Lingxiao Ying; Chuxin Zhu. 2020. "Effects of agricultural land consolidation on soil conservation service in the Hilly Region of Southeast China – Implications for land management." Land Use Policy 95, no. : 104637.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2018 in CATENA
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The benefits of conservation tillage on water erosion control have been extensively tested in China, while few studies have involved their regional differences. We synthesized 81 recent publications about the water erosion control by conservation tillage in China, to explore the regional difference of conservation tillage and identify the optimal tillage methods of each region. The benefits of conservation tillage for runoff retention and sediment reduction are different in different regions due to the special environmental condition of each region. Conservation tillage demonstrated the lowest efficiency in the Northwest China Loess Plateau region and highest in the North China mountainous region, while no significant differences were found among other 4 regions. In the Northeast China black soil region, micro-basins tillage (MBT) is the optimal tillage method due to its greatest benefits in reducing runoff and sediment. In the North China mountainous region, the values of regional efficiency evaluation index (REEI) of runoff and sediment were both larger than 1 only by contour tillage with hedgerow (CTH), thus CTH will be the optimal tillage method in this region. In the Northwest China Loess Plateau region, some engineering measures should be the priority due to the limited benefits of conservation tillage. In the South China red soil region, no tillage with mulch (NTM) presented the greatest benefits on water erosion control and largest values of runoff and sediment REEI, thus CTH is the priority in this region. In the Southwest China purple soil region, though the values of runoff and sediment REEI by collecting soil to form ridges with no tillage (CSNT) are less than those by MBT, CSNT is the most suitable tillage method in this region. The small sample size leads to the unreliable results in the Southwest China karst region, thus more researches are needed in this region.

ACS Style

Lizhi Jia; Wenwu Zhao; Ruijie Zhai; Yue Liu; Meimei Kang; Xiao Zhang. Regional differences in the soil and water conservation efficiency of conservation tillage in China. CATENA 2018, 175, 18 -26.

AMA Style

Lizhi Jia, Wenwu Zhao, Ruijie Zhai, Yue Liu, Meimei Kang, Xiao Zhang. Regional differences in the soil and water conservation efficiency of conservation tillage in China. CATENA. 2018; 175 ():18-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lizhi Jia; Wenwu Zhao; Ruijie Zhai; Yue Liu; Meimei Kang; Xiao Zhang. 2018. "Regional differences in the soil and water conservation efficiency of conservation tillage in China." CATENA 175, no. : 18-26.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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In the context of global climate change as well as local climate warming and drying on the Loess Plateau of China, understanding the relationship between soil particle size and soil water distribution during years of atypical precipitation is important. In this study, fractal geometry theory is used to describe the mechanical composition and texture of soils to improve our understanding of hydropedology and ecohydrology in the critical zone on the Loess Plateau. One grassland slope and two shrubland slopes were selected in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, and soils were sampled along hillslope transects at depths of 0–500 cm. Fractal theory and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to identify relationships between the fractal dimension of soil particle-size distributions and the corresponding van Genuchten parameters for the soil-water-characteristic curves. The oven-drying method was used to measure soil water content, and the high-speed centrifugation method was used to generate soil-water-characteristic curves. The results show that (1) the soil water that can be used by Caragana korshinskii during a drought year is distributed below 2 m from the surface, whereas the soil water that can be used by grass is below 1.2 m; (2) Caragana korshinskii promotes the conservation of fine soil particles more than does natural restored grass, and the soil particle-size distribution fractal dimension changes with depth and position; and (3) soil hydraulic properties correlate strongly with soil pedological properties such as bulk density and the soil particle-size distribution fractal dimension. These results provide a case study of the relationships among soil distributions, hydrologic and geomorphic processes for vegetation restoration in drylands with a thick vadose zone. More studies on soil property changes are needed to provide case studies and empirical support for ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau of China.

ACS Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Yuanxin Liu; Yue Liu; Qiang Feng. Relationship between soil water content and soil particle size on typical slopes of the Loess Plateau during a drought year. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 648, 943 -954.

AMA Style

Xiao Zhang, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Yuanxin Liu, Yue Liu, Qiang Feng. Relationship between soil water content and soil particle size on typical slopes of the Loess Plateau during a drought year. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 648 ():943-954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Yuanxin Liu; Yue Liu; Qiang Feng. 2018. "Relationship between soil water content and soil particle size on typical slopes of the Loess Plateau during a drought year." Science of The Total Environment 648, no. : 943-954.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Soil erosion is one of the most severe problems facing environments and has increased throughout the 20th century. Soil erodibility (K-factor) is one of the important indicators of land degradation, and many models have been used to estimate K values. Although soil erodibility has been estimated, the comparison of different models and their usage at a regional scale and, in particular, for different land use types, need more research. Four of the most widely distributed land use types were selected to analyze, including introduced and natural grassland, as well as introduced and natural shrubland. Soil particle size, soil organic matter and other relevant soil properties were measured to estimate soil erodibility in the Loess Plateau. The results show that: (1) the erosion productivity impact calculator (EPIC) model and SHIRAZI model are both suitable for the Loess Plateau, while the SHIRAZI model has the advantage of fewer parameters; (2) introduced grassland has better ability to protect both the 0–5 cm soils and 5–20 cm soils, while the differences between introduced and natural shrubland are not obvious at a catchment scale; (3) the K values of introduced grassland, natural grassland, introduced shrubland and natural shrubland in the 0–5 cm layer vary from 0.008 to 0.037, 0.031 to 0.046, 0.012 to 0.041 and 0.008 to 0.045 (t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2)), while the values vary from 0.009 to 0.039, 0.032 to 0.046, 0.012 to 0.042 and 0.008 to 0.048 (t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2)) in the 5–20 cm layer. The areas with a mean multiyear precipitation of 370–440 mm are the most important places for vegetation restoration construction management at a regional scale. A comprehensive balance between water conservation and soil conservation is needed and important when selecting the species used to vegetation restoration. This study provides suggestions for ecological restoration and provides a case study for the estimate of soil erodibility in arid and semiarid areas.

ACS Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Yuanxin Liu; Qiang Feng; Xuening Fang; Yue Liu. Distribution of Shrubland and Grassland Soil Erodibility on the Loess Plateau. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1193 .

AMA Style

Xiao Zhang, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Yuanxin Liu, Qiang Feng, Xuening Fang, Yue Liu. Distribution of Shrubland and Grassland Soil Erodibility on the Loess Plateau. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (6):1193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Yuanxin Liu; Qiang Feng; Xuening Fang; Yue Liu. 2018. "Distribution of Shrubland and Grassland Soil Erodibility on the Loess Plateau." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1193.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2017 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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We attempt to describe the cover and management (C) factor more comprehensively through the use of a simple and efficient method. We measure the coverage of each vegetation layer and C factor for 152 sampled plots in the Ansai watershed. We propose four stratified coverage indices (green coverage (VG), total coverage (VT), probability coverage (VP), weight coverage (VW)), derive green and yellow vegetation indices from Landsat 8 OLI images to reflect green and residue cover, and construct and validate C factor estimation models from stratified coverage and remote sensing indices, respectively. (1) VT and VP present C factor estimation advantages for grassland and shrub land. VW can better illustrate the C factor due to the relatively complete spatial structuring of woodland and orchard land. For cropland, four stratified coverage indices present the same estimation capacities for the C factor. Except for cropland and grassland, the estimation capabilities of VG are relatively low because the residue layer is ignored. (2) The C factor is more sensitive to yellow vegetation indices, which indicates that senescent fractional cover and litter are important and cannot be ignored. The linear and non-linear models can explain 56.6 and 61.8% of C factor variation, respectively, and the linear model is more accurate than the non-linear model. (3) Compared to traditional indices (projective coverage and single remote sensing indices), stratified coverage indices and a combination of several remote sensing indices can estimate the C factor more effectively. At the field scale, the C value estimation model can be selected according to the land-use type. At the watershed and regional scales, a linear model is recommended for C factor estimation.

ACS Style

Qiang Feng; Wenwu Zhao; Jingyi Ding; Xuening Fang; Xiao Zhang. Estimation of the cover and management factor based on stratified coverage and remote sensing indices: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2017, 18, 775 -790.

AMA Style

Qiang Feng, Wenwu Zhao, Jingyi Ding, Xuening Fang, Xiao Zhang. Estimation of the cover and management factor based on stratified coverage and remote sensing indices: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2017; 18 (3):775-790.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Feng; Wenwu Zhao; Jingyi Ding; Xuening Fang; Xiao Zhang. 2017. "Estimation of the cover and management factor based on stratified coverage and remote sensing indices: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China." Journal of Soils and Sediments 18, no. 3: 775-790.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Acta Ecologica Sinica
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ACS Style

魏慧WEIHui; 赵文武ZHAOWenwu; Xiao Zhang; 王新志WANGXinzhi. Regional ecosystem service value evaluation based on land use changes: A case study in Dezhou, Shandong Provience,China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 2017, 37, 3830 -3839.

AMA Style

魏慧WEIHui, 赵文武ZHAOWenwu, Xiao Zhang, 王新志WANGXinzhi. Regional ecosystem service value evaluation based on land use changes: A case study in Dezhou, Shandong Provience,China. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2017; 37 (11):3830-3839.

Chicago/Turabian Style

魏慧WEIHui; 赵文武ZHAOWenwu; Xiao Zhang; 王新志WANGXinzhi. 2017. "Regional ecosystem service value evaluation based on land use changes: A case study in Dezhou, Shandong Provience,China." Acta Ecologica Sinica 37, no. 11: 3830-3839.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2016 in Water
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Water stored deep in the soil profile is the primary bio-available reservoir for regional vegetation in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. However, the planting of introduced shrubs over many years as part of the “Grain to Green Program (GGP)” has consistently lead to dried soil in areas with severe water scarcity. Knowledge of soil water storage (SWS) changes within deep profiles in water-deficient regions is critical for the sustainable development of vegetation restoration. Caragana korshinskii K. (CK) and Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR) are widely planted in the Loess Plateau to control soil erosion. We selected these two shrubs for a study on variations in deep soil water (100–500 cm) and identified the main factors affecting deep soil water storage replenishment (SWSR) during their growing seasons. The results indicated that the mean SWS at 100–500 cm depth under HR was significantly higher than that under CK at both the beginning (352.74 mm for CK and 644.79 mm for HR) and end of the growing season (311.95 mm for CK and 529.05 mm for HR) (p < 0.01). In these ecosystems, SWS was only recharged below 340 cm under CK, which was due to vegetation characteristics. Under HR, however, soil water consumption exceeded recharge throughout the whole 100–500 cm profile. The SWSR at the 100–340 cm depth was mainly affected by sand content, which explained 28% of the variability of SWSR. At the 340–500 cm depth, the variability in SWSR was due to vegetation type. Therefore, expansion of the GGP should pay more attention to both soil water conditions and influencing factors, including appropriate vegetation selection and the altering of the microtopography.

ACS Style

Yuanxin Liu; Wenwu Zhao; Xiao Zhang; Xuening Fang. Soil Water Storage Changes within Deep Profiles under Introduced Shrubs during the Growing Season: Evidence from Semiarid Loess Plateau, China. Water 2016, 8, 475 .

AMA Style

Yuanxin Liu, Wenwu Zhao, Xiao Zhang, Xuening Fang. Soil Water Storage Changes within Deep Profiles under Introduced Shrubs during the Growing Season: Evidence from Semiarid Loess Plateau, China. Water. 2016; 8 (10):475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanxin Liu; Wenwu Zhao; Xiao Zhang; Xuening Fang. 2016. "Soil Water Storage Changes within Deep Profiles under Introduced Shrubs during the Growing Season: Evidence from Semiarid Loess Plateau, China." Water 8, no. 10: 475.

Review
Published: 01 October 2016 in CATENA
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ACS Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Yuanxin Liu; Xuening Fang; Qiang Feng. The relationships between grasslands and soil moisture on the Loess Plateau of China: A review. CATENA 2016, 145, 56 -67.

AMA Style

Xiao Zhang, Wenwu Zhao, Yuanxin Liu, Xuening Fang, Qiang Feng. The relationships between grasslands and soil moisture on the Loess Plateau of China: A review. CATENA. 2016; 145 ():56-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Yuanxin Liu; Xuening Fang; Qiang Feng. 2016. "The relationships between grasslands and soil moisture on the Loess Plateau of China: A review." CATENA 145, no. : 56-67.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2016 in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
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Soil moisture in deep soil layers is a relatively stable water resource for vegetation growth in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Characterizing the variations in deep soil moisture and its influencing factors at a moderate watershed scale is important to ensure the sustainability of vegetation restoration efforts. In this study, we focus on analyzing the variations and factors that influence the deep soil moisture (DSM) in 80–500 cm soil layers based on a soil moisture survey of the Ansai watershed in Yan'an in Shanxi Province. Our results can be divided into four main findings. (1) At the watershed scale, higher variations in the DSM occurred at 120–140 and 480–500 cm in the vertical direction. At the comparable depths, the variation in the DSM under native vegetation was much lower than that in human-managed vegetation and introduced vegetation. (2) The DSM in native vegetation and human-managed vegetation was significantly higher than that in introduced vegetation, and different degrees of soil desiccation occurred under all the introduced vegetation types. Caragana korshinskii and black locust caused the most serious desiccation. (3) Taking the DSM conditions of native vegetation as a reference, the DSM in this watershed could be divided into three layers: (i) a rainfall transpiration layer (80–220 cm); (ii) a transition layer (220–400 cm); and (iii) a stable layer (400–500 cm). (4) The factors influencing DSM at the watershed scale varied with vegetation types. The main local controls of the DSM variations were the soil particle composition and mean annual rainfall; human agricultural management measures can alter the soil bulk density, which contributes to higher DSM in farmland and apple orchards. The plant growth conditions, planting density, and litter water holding capacity of introduced vegetation showed significant relationships with the DSM. The results of this study are of practical significance for vegetation restoration strategies, especially for the choice of vegetation types, planting zones, and proper human management measures.

ACS Style

Xuening Fang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Qiang Feng; Jingyi Ding; Yuanxin Liu; Xiao Zhang. Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types and influencing factors in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2016, 20, 3309 -3323.

AMA Style

Xuening Fang, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Qiang Feng, Jingyi Ding, Yuanxin Liu, Xiao Zhang. Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types and influencing factors in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2016; 20 (8):3309-3323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuening Fang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Qiang Feng; Jingyi Ding; Yuanxin Liu; Xiao Zhang. 2016. "Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types and influencing factors in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 8: 3309-3323.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2016 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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Purpose Soil water overconsumption is threatening the sustainability of regional vegetation rehabilitation in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, two typical natural and artificial grasslands under different precipitation regimes were selected and the spatial variations in and the factors that impact the soil water content were investigated to provide support for vegetation restoration and sustainability management in the Loess Plateau. Materials and methods Soil samples were collected in May and September. Medicago sativa L. and Stipa bungeana Trin. were selected as representatives of natural and artificial grasslands, respectively. Soil measurements were conducted at the beginning and end of the rainy seasons at soil depths of 0 to 3 m in 0.2-m increments, and 147 undisturbed and 2205 disturbed soil samples were collected at 27 sampling sites with different precipitation gradients across the Loess Plateau. The plant height, the field capacity, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the bulk density, and the slope gradient were considered as impact factors. Statistic methods included one-way ANOVA, correlation tests, significance tests, and redundancy analyses. Results and discussion Spatial variation trends indicated that the mean soil water content increased as the multi-year mean precipitation increased, and the soil water content was higher in the natural grassland of Stipa bungeana Trin. than in the artificial grassland of Medicago sativa L. in the same precipitation gradient zone. Vertical spatial variation trends indicated that the soil water content was higher in most surface layers than in the deep layer and lower at the end of the rainy season than at the beginning of the rainy season, when the mean annual precipitation was less than 510 mm. The soil water content of the Stipa bungeana Trin. grassland was significantly correlated with precipitation and plant height, whereas the soil water content of the Medicago sativa L. grassland only exhibited a significant correlation with precipitation. Thus, grasses with fine palatability, good adaptability, and low water consumption should be cultivated in the Loess Plateau. Conclusions The decreased soil water content is more obvious in the soil layers with active vegetation roots. In the areas with multi-year precipitation at 370–440 mm, natural grasslands are more suitable for restoration and these areas should be treated as key areas for vegetation restoration. With regard to the spatial distribution of vegetation restoration, the economic and ecological benefits must be balanced so that the ratio of artificial vegetation and natural restoration can be optimized to realize the continued sustainability of vegetation restorations.

ACS Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Yuanxin Liu; Xuening Fang; Qiang Feng; Zongfeng Chen. Spatial variations and impact factors of soil water content in typical natural and artificial grasslands: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2016, 17, 157 -171.

AMA Style

Xiao Zhang, Wenwu Zhao, Yuanxin Liu, Xuening Fang, Qiang Feng, Zongfeng Chen. Spatial variations and impact factors of soil water content in typical natural and artificial grasslands: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2016; 17 (1):157-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Yuanxin Liu; Xuening Fang; Qiang Feng; Zongfeng Chen. 2016. "Spatial variations and impact factors of soil water content in typical natural and artificial grasslands: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China." Journal of Soils and Sediments 17, no. 1: 157-171.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Pedosphere
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The Loess Plateau, which is located in the arid and semi-arid areas of China, experiences significant soil erosion due to intense human activities and soil erodibility. It is necessary to explore and identify the land-use types or land-use patterns that can control soil erosion and achieve certain agricultural production capabilities. This study established runoff plots with two slope gradients (5° and 15°) in north of Yan'an, one area of the Loess Plateau, with 3 single land-use types (cultivated land, CL; switchgrass, SG; and abandoned land, AL) and 2 composite land-use types (CL-SG and CL-AL). From 2006 to 2012, we continuously monitored the rainfall characteristics, runoff depth, soil loss, vegetation coverage, and soil physical properties. The results indicated a general trend in the number of runoff and soil loss events for the 5 land-use types: CL = CL-SG > CL-AL > SG> AL. The general trend for runoff depth, soil loss, their magnitudes of variation, and the slopes of rainfall-runoff regression equation was CL > CL-SG > CL-AL > SG > AL, whereas the rainfall threshold for runoff generation exhibited the opposite trend. Results of nonparametric test regarding runoff depth/EI30 and soil loss/EI30, where EI30 is the product of rainfall kinetic energy and the maximum rainfall intensity over 30 min, and the runoff depth-soil loss relationship regression indicated that the effect of CL-AL was similar to that of SG; SG was similar to AL; and CL-AL, SG, and AL were superior to CL with regard to soil and water conservation. Runoff depth and soil loss significantly increased as the slope gradient increased. Runoff depth and soil loss were significantly correlated with the soil particle size composition and bulk density, respectively. The strongest significant correlations were found between runoff depth and vegetation coverage as well as between soil loss and vegetation coverage, which showed that vegetation coverage was the primary factor controlling soil erosion. Therefore, the composite land-use type CL-AL and the artificial grassland (SG) are appropriate options because both soil conservation and a certain degree of agricultural production are necessary in the study area.

ACS Style

Qiang Feng; Wenwu Zhao; Jun Wang; Xiao Zhang; Mingyue Zhao; Lina Zhong; Yuanxin Liu; Xuening Fang. Effects of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Erosion Under Natural Rainfall in the Loess Plateau, China. Pedosphere 2016, 26, 243 -256.

AMA Style

Qiang Feng, Wenwu Zhao, Jun Wang, Xiao Zhang, Mingyue Zhao, Lina Zhong, Yuanxin Liu, Xuening Fang. Effects of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Erosion Under Natural Rainfall in the Loess Plateau, China. Pedosphere. 2016; 26 (2):243-256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Feng; Wenwu Zhao; Jun Wang; Xiao Zhang; Mingyue Zhao; Lina Zhong; Yuanxin Liu; Xuening Fang. 2016. "Effects of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Erosion Under Natural Rainfall in the Loess Plateau, China." Pedosphere 26, no. 2: 243-256.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2016 in Forests
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Soil moisture scarcity has become the major limiting factor of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. The aim of this study is: (i) to compare the spatial distribution of deep (up to 5 m) soil moisture content (SMC) beneath the introduced shrub Caragana korshinskii Kom. under different precipitation zones in the Loess Plateau and (ii) to investigate the impacts of environmental factors on soil moisture variability. Soil samples were taken under C. korshinskii from three precipitation zones (Semiarid-350, Semiarid-410, Semiarid-470). We found that the highest soil moisture value was in the 0–0.1 m layer with a large coefficient of variation. The soil water storage under different precipitation zones increased following the increase of precipitation (i.e., Semiarid-350 < Semiarid-410 < Semiarid-470), although the degree of SMC variation was different for different precipitation zones. The SMC in the Semiarid-350 zone initially increased with soil depth, and then decreased until it reached the depth of 2.8-m. The SMC in the Semiarid-410 zone showed a decreasing trend from the top soil to 4.2-m depth. The SMC in the Semiarid-470 zone firstly decreased with soil depth, increased, and then decreased until it reached 4.6-m depth. All SMC values then became relatively constant after reaching the 2.8-m, 4.2-m, and 4.6-m depths for Semiarid-350, Semiarid-410, and Semiarid-470, respectively. The low but similar SMC values at the stable layers across the precipitation gradient indicate widespread soil desiccation in this region. Our results suggested that water deficit occurred in all of the three precipitation zones with precipitation, latitude, field capacity, and bulk density as the main environmental variables affecting soil moisture. Considering the correlations between precipitation, SMC and vegetation, appropriate planting density and species selection should be taken into account for introduced vegetation management.

ACS Style

Yuanxin Liu; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Xiao Zhang; Stefani Daryanto; Xuening Fang. Spatial Variations of Soil Moisture under Caragana korshinskii Kom. from Different Precipitation Zones: Field Based Analysis in the Loess Plateau, China. Forests 2016, 7, 31 .

AMA Style

Yuanxin Liu, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Xiao Zhang, Stefani Daryanto, Xuening Fang. Spatial Variations of Soil Moisture under Caragana korshinskii Kom. from Different Precipitation Zones: Field Based Analysis in the Loess Plateau, China. Forests. 2016; 7 (2):31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanxin Liu; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Xiao Zhang; Stefani Daryanto; Xuening Fang. 2016. "Spatial Variations of Soil Moisture under Caragana korshinskii Kom. from Different Precipitation Zones: Field Based Analysis in the Loess Plateau, China." Forests 7, no. 2: 31.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2015 in Water
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The highest annual precipitation in Ansai during the past 60 years was observed in 2013. Studying the effects of such extreme annual precipitation on soil erosion can deepen similar research and help predict environmental damage under future extreme rainfall. We selected the runoff plots (area: 4 m × 10 m) of three land-use types: cultivated land (C), wild grassland (W) and switchgrass (S). We monitored corresponding indices in the “extreme year” (2013) and “normal year” (2010–2012). The results were as follows: (1) The rainfall parameters (rainfall amount, EI30, EI60) in the “extreme year” were all higher than those in the “normal year”, especially in July; (2) In July and August, the runoff and soil loss of cultivated land in the “extreme year” increased by 1492.5% and 538.2%, respectively, compared to those in the “normal year”. The silt content of sediment was the highest generally, but the sand content increased relatively in the “extreme year”; (3) The effect of rainfall on soil erosion was the smallest in W; (4) In the “extreme year”, the same EI30 generated more runoff and soil loss than those in the “normal year”. The high antecedent precipitation which would cause high antecedent soil moisture was one of the reasons. The threshold value (100 MJ·mm·ha−1·h−1) of EI30 related to extreme erosion risk was proposed.

ACS Style

Qiang Feng; Xudong Guo; Wenwu Zhao; Yang Qiu; Xiao Zhang. A Comparative Analysis of Runoff and Soil Loss Characteristics between “Extreme Precipitation Year” and “Normal Precipitation Year” at the Plot Scale: A Case Study in the Loess Plateau in China. Water 2015, 7, 3343 -3366.

AMA Style

Qiang Feng, Xudong Guo, Wenwu Zhao, Yang Qiu, Xiao Zhang. A Comparative Analysis of Runoff and Soil Loss Characteristics between “Extreme Precipitation Year” and “Normal Precipitation Year” at the Plot Scale: A Case Study in the Loess Plateau in China. Water. 2015; 7 (12):3343-3366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Feng; Xudong Guo; Wenwu Zhao; Yang Qiu; Xiao Zhang. 2015. "A Comparative Analysis of Runoff and Soil Loss Characteristics between “Extreme Precipitation Year” and “Normal Precipitation Year” at the Plot Scale: A Case Study in the Loess Plateau in China." Water 7, no. 12: 3343-3366.

Conference paper
Published: 01 July 2014 in 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
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Land-use maps provide important data and basic information for accomplishing the optimal allocation of resources and for ensuring sustainable development. However, the land-use data interpreted from various sources of remotely sensed, low-resolution imagery are highly variable. Therefore, an analysis of these deviations in land-use data is imperative for correcting the accuracy of the land-use maps derived from such low-resolution, remote sensing imagery. With ArcGIS 9.3 software, we derived the land-use maps with different accuracies for the Tanjiaying small watershed in the loess hilly-gully area of China by interpreting Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and QuickBird images acquired in 2010. We compared the maps derived from these two sources of imagery data and analyzed the resulting deviation distribution with respect to the slope, aspect, and elevation of the land.

ACS Style

Lina Zhong; Wenwu Zhao; Yuanxin Liu; Xiao Zhang; Xuening Fang. Deviation of land-use data from quickbird and TM remote sensing imagery: A case study of the Tanjiaying small watershed in the loess hilly-gully area of China. 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2014, 4184 -4187.

AMA Style

Lina Zhong, Wenwu Zhao, Yuanxin Liu, Xiao Zhang, Xuening Fang. Deviation of land-use data from quickbird and TM remote sensing imagery: A case study of the Tanjiaying small watershed in the loess hilly-gully area of China. 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. 2014; ():4184-4187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Zhong; Wenwu Zhao; Yuanxin Liu; Xiao Zhang; Xuening Fang. 2014. "Deviation of land-use data from quickbird and TM remote sensing imagery: A case study of the Tanjiaying small watershed in the loess hilly-gully area of China." 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium , no. : 4184-4187.