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The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52% and crude fat of 36%. Ash, fiber, chitin, fatty-acids and amino-acid content were consistent across diets. Survival was greater than 96% for all life stages and average daily gain ranged from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/day per mealworm. Larvae accumulated low levels of DON from Fusarium-infected wheat diets suggesting contaminated wheat could be used to produce a sustainable, safe protein source.
Carlos Ochoa Sanabria; Natacha Hogan; Kayla Madder; Cedric Gillott; Barry Blakley; Martin Reaney; Aaron Beattie; Fiona Buchanan. Yellow Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat—A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed? Toxins 2019, 11, 282 .
AMA StyleCarlos Ochoa Sanabria, Natacha Hogan, Kayla Madder, Cedric Gillott, Barry Blakley, Martin Reaney, Aaron Beattie, Fiona Buchanan. Yellow Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat—A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed? Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Ochoa Sanabria; Natacha Hogan; Kayla Madder; Cedric Gillott; Barry Blakley; Martin Reaney; Aaron Beattie; Fiona Buchanan. 2019. "Yellow Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat—A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed?" Toxins 11, no. 5: 282.
Previous studies have shown that the interaction between limiting vitamin A (VA) and an alcohol dehydrogenase 1 C (ADH1C) variant in beef cattle results in increased intramuscular fat in the longissimus thoracis muscle in one genotype when fed low dietary VA. Although quality grade is important for increased profitability and improving taste characteristics of beef products, limiting VA too drastically can impair animal welfare. The objectives of this study were to determine if this marker-assisted management strategy would be effective, and whether any impairment in immune function would occur in a feedlot setting. Mixed breed beef steers (n=2000) were sorted into 40 feedlot pens so that all combinations of ADH1C genotype (TT or CT), VA level (50% or 100% of recommended) and hormonal implant status (implanted (IMP) or non-implanted (NI)) were equally represented within the population. The VA×ADH1C interaction was not observed. An implant status × ADH1C interaction was observed with average daily gain (ADG; P=0.03). Steers that were IMP and CT had higher ADG than IMP TT (CT=1.69 and TT=1.62 kg/day), whereas both genotypes in the NI steers were lower (CT=1.29 and TT=1.32 kg/day). Implant status was shown to affect dry matter intake (DMI; IMP=8.55 and NI=7.87 kg; P<0.01), total days-on-feed (IMP=164.4 and NI 210.5 days; P<0.01), USDA yield grade (YIELD; IMP=2.40 and NI=2.77; P<0.01), marbling score (MARB; IMP=392 and NI=455; P<0.01), longissimus thoracis area (LTA; IMP=85.0 and NI=80.7 cm2; P=0.01) and backfat thickness (FAT; IMP=8.0 and NI 10.0 mm; P<0.01). Overall, IMP animals finished on fewer total days-on-feed with higher ADG, DMI, larger LTA, and lower YIELD, MARB and FAT. To investigate immune function parameters, crossbred steers (n=18) were selected from a prior feeding trial so that all combinations of ADH1C (TT, CT and CC) and VA (25% or 75%) were equally represented. Blood cell count analysis and peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and stimulation assays were conducted. None of these immune parameters were affected by VA level. Treatment and mortality records were examined in the 2000 steer population, where no correlations with ADH1C, implant status or VA level were observed. Due to no VA × ADH1C interaction, this nutrigenetic marker-assisted management strategy is not effective at this time in commercial beef cattle feedlots, however, supplementing VA at a level as low as 25% of recommended in finishing rations would likely not result in signs of immune dysfunction.
K. M. Madder; J. J. McKinnon; G. W. Torres; K. G. Krone; J. L. Duncombe; C. D. Luby; F. C. Buchanan. Feedlot performance and immune function analysis of implanted and non-implanted steers selected for alcohol dehydrogenase 1 C (ADH1C) genotype and fed a low vitamin A diet. Animal 2019, 13, 292 -300.
AMA StyleK. M. Madder, J. J. McKinnon, G. W. Torres, K. G. Krone, J. L. Duncombe, C. D. Luby, F. C. Buchanan. Feedlot performance and immune function analysis of implanted and non-implanted steers selected for alcohol dehydrogenase 1 C (ADH1C) genotype and fed a low vitamin A diet. Animal. 2019; 13 (2):292-300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. M. Madder; J. J. McKinnon; G. W. Torres; K. G. Krone; J. L. Duncombe; C. D. Luby; F. C. Buchanan. 2019. "Feedlot performance and immune function analysis of implanted and non-implanted steers selected for alcohol dehydrogenase 1 C (ADH1C) genotype and fed a low vitamin A diet." Animal 13, no. 2: 292-300.
Previously, the single nucleotide polymorphism in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1C c.-64T>C) was shown to have an association with intramuscular fat (IMF) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle when vitamin A was limited in finishing rations of beef steers. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum vitamin A supplementation level, in combination with ADH1C genotype, to increase IMF of the LT muscle. In total, 45 TT genotype, 45 CT and 27 CC Black Angus crossbred steers were backgrounded on a commercial ration containing 3360 IU vitamin A/kg dry matter (DM). During finishing, the steers were randomly assigned to one of three vitamin A treatments at 25%, 50% and 75% of the National Research Council recommendation of 2200 IU/kg DM. Treatments were administered via an oral bolus. Carcass quality was evaluated and a sample from the LT muscle was collected for analysis of IMF. A treatment×genotype interaction (P=0.04) was observed for IMF; TT steers on the 75% treatment had higher IMF relative to CT and CC steers on the same treatment. Western blot analysis showed that TT steers had higher (P=0.02) ADH1C protein expression in hepatic tissue. Previously, TT steers exhibited increased IMF when fed limited vitamin A. In the current study, the lack of variation in IMF between treatments and genotypes at the lower vitamin A treatment levels was likely due to the majority of the steers grading Canada AAA (USDA Choice). However, the western blot data supports that TT steers are expected to have higher IMF deposition, due to an increased production of ADH1C. The interaction between ADH1C genotype and vitamin A supplementation level has the potential for use in marker-assisted management programs to target niche markets based on increased marbling.
K. G. Krone; A. K. Ward; K. M. Madder; S. Hendrick; J. J. McKinnon; F. C. Buchanan. Interaction of vitamin A supplementation level with ADH1C genotype on intramuscular fat in beef steers. Animal 2016, 10, 403 -409.
AMA StyleK. G. Krone, A. K. Ward, K. M. Madder, S. Hendrick, J. J. McKinnon, F. C. Buchanan. Interaction of vitamin A supplementation level with ADH1C genotype on intramuscular fat in beef steers. Animal. 2016; 10 (3):403-409.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. G. Krone; A. K. Ward; K. M. Madder; S. Hendrick; J. J. McKinnon; F. C. Buchanan. 2016. "Interaction of vitamin A supplementation level with ADH1C genotype on intramuscular fat in beef steers." Animal 10, no. 3: 403-409.
A novel SNP was discovered within the promoter region of alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C c.-64T>C), the C allele eliminating a potential binding site for the transcription factor C/EPBα. The purpose of this study was to examine if an interaction between this SNP and vitamin A restriction had an effect on carcass characteristics in beef cattle. Following backgrounding on a β-carotene-deficient diet, 130 steers (50 TT, 50 CT, and 30 CC) were finished for 5 mo and received either no supplemental vitamin A (unsupplemented) or 750,000 IU/mo (supplemented). A subgroup of 5 steers•genotype−1•treatment−1 was randomly selected for pre- and postfinishing liver biopsies to assess vitamin A status and measure gene expression. Unsupplemented steers (Bos taurus) had significantly greater (P < 0.05) marbling scores than supplemented steers. There was a significant interaction between genotype and vitamin A supplementation on ether-extractable intramuscular fat (IMF). Within the unsupplemented treatment, TT steers had nearly 23% greater IMF than CC steers. Additionally, unsupplemented TT steers had over 24% greater IMF than supplemented TT steers. Expression of ADH1C in the liver was additive with each additional T allele, potentially due to the elimination of a possible binding site for C/EBPα. It is plausible that CC cattle have reduced ability to metabolize retinol to retinaldehyde (and subsequently retinoic acid) and that a phenotypic effect is only observed when vitamin A is limiting. Therefore, ADH1C c.-64T>C genotype, in combination with reduced vitamin A supplementation, could potentially be implemented in marker-assisted management to maximize marbling in finishing cattle.
A. K. Ward; J. J. McKinnon; S. Hendrick; F. C. Buchanan. The impact of vitamin A restriction and ADH1C genotype on marbling in feedlot steers1. Journal of Animal Science 2012, 90, 2476 -2483.
AMA StyleA. K. Ward, J. J. McKinnon, S. Hendrick, F. C. Buchanan. The impact of vitamin A restriction and ADH1C genotype on marbling in feedlot steers1. Journal of Animal Science. 2012; 90 (8):2476-2483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. K. Ward; J. J. McKinnon; S. Hendrick; F. C. Buchanan. 2012. "The impact of vitamin A restriction and ADH1C genotype on marbling in feedlot steers1." Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 8: 2476-2483.
Pugh, K. A., Stookey, J. M. and Buchanan, F. C. 2011. An evaluation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and leptin SNPs relative to cattle behaviour. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 562–572. The purpose of this study was to identify associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth, namely corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and leptin (LEP), and measurements of temperament in beef cattle. Four hundred crossbred beef steers were evaluated upon entry into a beef facility using several different measurements of response to handling: subjective score (SS), strain gauge (SG), movement measurement device (MMD) and exit time (ET). The steers were genotyped at the CRH 22C>G, CRH 240C>G and LEP 73C>T SNPs by PCR-RFLP. The SNP genotypes and two-way interactions between LEP and each CRH SNP were analyzed as effects on the various temperament measurements. We found interactions between CRH 22C>G and LEP and CRH 240C>G and LEP with SG. Within this interaction there appears to be a positive effect of one CRH allele (C) within LEP TT animals while in LEP CC the other CRH allele (G) had a positive effect. These interactions, especially between CRH 22C>G and LEP, needs to be confirmed in other populations of beef cattle. It may be possible in the future to select for temperament alongside production goals.
K. A. Pugh; J. M. Stookey; F. C. Buchanan. An evaluation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and leptin SNPs relative to cattle behaviour. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2011, 91, 567 -572.
AMA StyleK. A. Pugh, J. M. Stookey, F. C. Buchanan. An evaluation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and leptin SNPs relative to cattle behaviour. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2011; 91 (4):567-572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. A. Pugh; J. M. Stookey; F. C. Buchanan. 2011. "An evaluation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and leptin SNPs relative to cattle behaviour." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 4: 567-572.
Carcass quantity (lean meat yield) and quality (degree of marbling) in beef cattle determines much of their economic value. Consequently, it is important to study genes that are part of the appetite pathway and that may ultimately affect carcass composition. Pro-opiomelanocortin is a prohormone that codes for many different peptides, several of which are involved in the appetite pathway. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) c.288C>T in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has previously been associated with hot carcass weight (HCW) and shipping weight (Ship wt) in beef cattle.
Heather M Deobald; Fiona C Buchanan. Characterization of two Pro-opiomelanocortin gene variants and their effects on carcass traits in beef cattle. BMC Genetics 2011, 12, 2 -2.
AMA StyleHeather M Deobald, Fiona C Buchanan. Characterization of two Pro-opiomelanocortin gene variants and their effects on carcass traits in beef cattle. BMC Genetics. 2011; 12 (1):2-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeather M Deobald; Fiona C Buchanan. 2011. "Characterization of two Pro-opiomelanocortin gene variants and their effects on carcass traits in beef cattle." BMC Genetics 12, no. 1: 2-2.
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the leptin gene that results in Arg25Cys has been associated with beef carcass quality and milk composition in dairy cattle. However, leptin (LEP) also plays a role in immune performance and hence it was important to determine whether selection based on this SNP would negatively affect immune cell numbers or antibody production. LEP c.73C>T was assessed for effects on immune cell counts and antibody titres in 27 beef cattle herds (n = 556). A commercial rabies vaccine had been administered to these animals. Prior to being vaccinated, counts of several important mononuclear cells (total and activated B lymphocytes, total and activated T helper and T cytotoxic, WC1 T lymphocytes and monocytes) as well as baseline serum antibody titres were determined for each animal. On day 21, antibody titres were measured and a booster vaccine was administered. Finally on day 42, antibody titres and mononuclear cell types were again counted. Counts of six different cell types were significantly associated with the LEP genotype; however, no consistent patterns were observed between LEP genotype (TT, CT or CC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations. Significant differences in the production of rabies antibodies in response to vaccination were observed relative to LEP genotype. Our results suggest that selection for either the C or T allele would not detrimentally impact on the measured indicators of immune function in beef cattle.
P. A. Asiamah; D. G. Bechtel; C. Waldner; F. C. Buchanan. Effects ofleptin Arg25Cyson peripheral mononuclear cell counts and antibody response to vaccination in beef cattle. Animal Genetics 2009, 40, 783 -787.
AMA StyleP. A. Asiamah, D. G. Bechtel, C. Waldner, F. C. Buchanan. Effects ofleptin Arg25Cyson peripheral mononuclear cell counts and antibody response to vaccination in beef cattle. Animal Genetics. 2009; 40 (5):783-787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. A. Asiamah; D. G. Bechtel; C. Waldner; F. C. Buchanan. 2009. "Effects ofleptin Arg25Cyson peripheral mononuclear cell counts and antibody response to vaccination in beef cattle." Animal Genetics 40, no. 5: 783-787.
Feeding canola meal to brown-shelled laying hens can result in the production of eggs with a fishy odor. This fishy taint is caused by the accumulation of trimethylamine (TMA) in the yolk. Trimethylamine is produced by the bacterial fermentation of choline in the lower gut. Fishy-egg tainting is caused by a SNP in flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3 c.984A > T), rendering the hen unable to metabolize TMA into the nonodorous TMA N-oxide. The purpose of this study was to characterize the inheritance pattern of fishy-egg tainting when hens are fed canola meal at levels reflecting maximum use based on conventional formulation of laying hen diets. Additionally, we wished to examine the effect of choline source (choline chloride vs. canola meal) on egg tainting. In the first of 2 experiments, 6 hens per genotype (AA, AT, and TT) were allocated to each of 5 dietary treatments (0, 6, 12, 18, or 24% canola meal) for 4 wk. Three yolks per hen collected in the last week of the trial were analyzed for TMA concentration. There was a significant linear regression (P < 0.05) between yolk TMA concentration and dietary canola meal level for hens of the TT but not the AA or AT genotypes. In the second experiment, 6 hens of the TT (homozygous tainting) genotype were each assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments: the 5 diets used in the first experiment plus 4 diets that used choline chloride to match the total choline concentration of the 6, 12, 18, and 24% canola meal diets, respectively. Three yolks per hen were analyzed for TMA concentration. A significant response in yolk TMA concentration was seen with the canola meal diets but not the choline chloride diets. We conclude that fishy-egg tainting is recessively expressed when hens are fed canola meal at levels from 12 up to 24% inclusion. We also conclude that choline chloride, at levels typical of commercial egg production, will not lead to egg tainting.
A. K. Ward; H. L. Classen; F. C. Buchanan. Fishy-egg tainting is recessively inherited when brown-shelled layers are fed canola meal. Poultry Science 2009, 88, 714 -721.
AMA StyleA. K. Ward, H. L. Classen, F. C. Buchanan. Fishy-egg tainting is recessively inherited when brown-shelled layers are fed canola meal. Poultry Science. 2009; 88 (4):714-721.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. K. Ward; H. L. Classen; F. C. Buchanan. 2009. "Fishy-egg tainting is recessively inherited when brown-shelled layers are fed canola meal." Poultry Science 88, no. 4: 714-721.
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the bovine leptin gene has been associated with carcass traits and elevated gene expression. To examine the relationship between leptin genotype with serum leptin concentration and carcass traits, blood samples were collected 24 h prior to slaughter in 89 head of cattle. Cattle were predominantly of Angus (n = 26), Hereford (n = 31) and Charolais (n = 32) breed types with approximately half homozygous for the T allele or the C allele. Cattle were limit fed to achieve 1 kg d-1 liveweight gain for a 70-d background period while during finishing, animals were fed ad libitum such that half the animals within each breed type were slaughtered at 8 or 12 mm back fat determined by ultrasound. Preslaughter serum leptin and insulin were determined using radioimmunoassays (RIA) specific for cattle and sheep. Animals homozygous for the T allele had greater (P < 0.05) backfat depth at the beginning (2.4 ± 0.49 vs. 1.8 ± 0.49 mm) and end (3.1 ± 0.42 vs. 2.4 ± 0.42 mm) of the backgrounding period and reached target finishing back fat depths at lighter (P < 0.01) weights (548.2 ± 20 vs. 588.0 ± 20 kg) and in fewer (P < 0.05) total days on feed (179.3 ± 13 vs. 195.2 ± 13 d) than homozygous C animals. Leptin genotype effects on serum leptin concentration were confined to a three-way interaction such that TT Charolais fattened to 12 mm had significantly higher serum leptin levels than CC animals. Leptin concentration was correlated positively with measurements of fat (e.g., average ultrasound fat depth at end of test r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Results are consistent with an increased rate of fat deposition associated with the T allele in leptin. Key words: Beef cattle, leptin, carcass, yield
F. C. Buchanan; A. G. Van Kessel; Y. R. Boisclair; H. C. Block; J. J. McKinnon. The leptin arg25cys affects performance, carcass traits and serum leptin concentrations in beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2007, 87, 153 -156.
AMA StyleF. C. Buchanan, A. G. Van Kessel, Y. R. Boisclair, H. C. Block, J. J. McKinnon. The leptin arg25cys affects performance, carcass traits and serum leptin concentrations in beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2007; 87 (2):153-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. C. Buchanan; A. G. Van Kessel; Y. R. Boisclair; H. C. Block; J. J. McKinnon. 2007. "The leptin arg25cys affects performance, carcass traits and serum leptin concentrations in beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 2: 153-156.
T. D. Thue; S. M. Schmutz; F. C. Buchanan. A SNP in the cattle MC4R gene is used to map MC4R to BTA 24. Animal Genetics 2001, 32, 390 -391.
AMA StyleT. D. Thue, S. M. Schmutz, F. C. Buchanan. A SNP in the cattle MC4R gene is used to map MC4R to BTA 24. Animal Genetics. 2001; 32 (6):390-391.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. D. Thue; S. M. Schmutz; F. C. Buchanan. 2001. "A SNP in the cattle MC4R gene is used to map MC4R to BTA 24." Animal Genetics 32, no. 6: 390-391.
Two behavioral traits, temperament and habituation, were measured in 130 calves from 17 full-sib families which comprise the Canadian Beef Cattle Reference Herd. Using variance components, heritability was calculated as 0.36 for temperament and 0.46 for habituation. Genotyping of 162 microsatellites at approximately 20 cM intervals allowed the detection of six quantitative trait loci (QTL) for behavior traits on cattle chromosomes 1, 5, 9, 11, 14, 15.
S. M. Schmutz; J. M. Stookey; D. C. Winkelman-Sim; C. S. Waltz; Y. Plante; F. C. Buchanan. A QTL Study of Cattle Behavioral Traits in Embryo Transfer Families. Journal of Urban Health 2001, 92, 290 -292.
AMA StyleS. M. Schmutz, J. M. Stookey, D. C. Winkelman-Sim, C. S. Waltz, Y. Plante, F. C. Buchanan. A QTL Study of Cattle Behavioral Traits in Embryo Transfer Families. Journal of Urban Health. 2001; 92 (3):290-292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. M. Schmutz; J. M. Stookey; D. C. Winkelman-Sim; C. S. Waltz; Y. Plante; F. C. Buchanan. 2001. "A QTL Study of Cattle Behavioral Traits in Embryo Transfer Families." Journal of Urban Health 92, no. 3: 290-292.