In the healthcare domain, a transformative shift is envisioned towards Healthcare 5.0. It expands the operational boundaries of Healthcare 4.0 and leverages patient-centric digital wellness. Healthcare 5.0 focuses on real-time patient monitoring, ambient control and wellness, and privacy compliance through assisted technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), Internet-of-Things (IoT), big data, and assisted networking channels. However, healthcare operational procedures, verifiability of prediction models, resilience, and lack of ethical and regulatory frameworks are potential hindrances to the realization of Healthcare 5.0. Recently, explainable AI (EXAI) has been a disruptive trend in AI that focuses on the explainability of traditional AI models by leveraging the decision-making of the models and prediction outputs. The explainability factor opens new opportunities to the black-box models and brings confidence in healthcare stakeholders to interpret the machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models. EXAI is focused on improving clinical health practices and brings transparency to the predictive analysis, which is crucial in the healthcare domain. Recent surveys on EXAI in healthcare have not significantly focused on the data analysis and interpretation of models, which lowers its practical deployment opportunities. Owing to the gap, the proposed survey explicitly details the requirements of EXAI in Healthcare 5.0, the operational and data collection process. Based on the review method and presented research questions, systematically, the article unfolds a proposed architecture that presents an EXAI ensemble on the computerized tomography (CT) image classification and segmentation process. A solution taxonomy of EXAI in Healthcare 5.0 is proposed, and operational challenges are presented. A supported case study on electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is presented that preserves the privacy of local models via federated learning (FL) and EXAI for metric validation. The case-study is supported through experimental validation. The analysis proves the efficacy of EXAI in health setups that envisions real-life model deployments in a wide range of clinical applications.

The Industrial Revolution has shifted toward Industry 5.0, reinventing the Industry 4.0 operational process by introducing human elements into critical decision processes. Industry 5.0 would present massive customization via transformative technologies, such as cyber-physical systems (CPSs), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics. In Industry 5.0, the AI models must be transparent, valid, and interpretable. AI models employ machine learning and deep learning mechanisms to make the industrial process autonomous, reduce downtime, and improve operational and maintenance costs. However, the models require explainability in the learning process. Thus, explainable AI (EXAI) adds interpretability and improves the diagnosis of critical industrial processes, which augments the machine-to-human explanations and vice versa. Recent surveys of EXAI in industrial applications are mostly oriented toward EXAI models, the underlying assumptions. Still, fewer studies are conducted toward a holistic integration of EXAI with human-centric processes that drives the Industry 5.0 applicative verticals. Thus, to address the gap, we propose a first-of-its-kind survey that systematically untangles EXAI integration and its potential in Industry 5.0 applications. First, we present the background of EXAI in Industry 5.0 and CPSs and a reference EXAI-based Industry 5.0 architecture with insights into large language models. Then, based on the research questions, a solution taxonomy of EXAI in Industry 5.0 is presented, which is ably supported by applicative use cases (cloud, digital twins, smart grids, augmented reality, and unmanned aerial vehicles). Finally, a case study of EXAI in manufacturing cost assessment is discussed, followed by open issues and future directions. The survey is designed to extend novel prototypes and designs to realize EXAI-based real-time Industry 5.0 applications.

Recently, in healthcare organizations, real-time data have been collected from connected or implantable sensors, layered protocol stacks, lightweight communication frameworks, and end devices, named the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) ecosystems. IoMT is vital in driving healthcare analytics (HA) toward extracting meaningful data-driven insights. Recently, concerns have been raised over data sharing over IoMT, and stored electronic health records (EHRs) forms due to privacy regulations. Thus, with less data, the analytics model is deemed inaccurate. Thus, a transformative shift has started in HA from centralized learning paradigms towards distributed or edge-learning paradigms. In distributed learning, federated learning (FL) allows for training on local data without explicit data-sharing requirements. However, FL suffers from a high degree of statistical heterogeneity of learning models, level of data partitions, and fragmentation, which jeopardizes its accuracy during the learning and updating process. Recent surveys of FL in healthcare have yet to discuss the challenges of massive distributed datasets, sparsification, and scalability concerns. Because of this gap, the survey highlights the potential integration of FL in IoMT, the FL aggregation policies, reference architecture, and the use of distributed learning models to support FL in IoMT ecosystems. A case study of a trusted cross-cluster-based FL, named Cross-FL, is presented, highlighting the gradient aggregation policy over remotely connected and networked hospitals. Performance analysis is conducted regarding system latency, model accuracy, and the trust of consensus mechanism. The distributed FL outperforms the centralized FL approaches by a potential margin, which makes it viable for real-IoMT prototypes. As potential outcomes, the proposed survey addresses key solutions and the potential of FL in IoMT to support distributed networked healthcare organizations.

The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) has augmented the necessity for Cloud, edge and fog platforms. The chief benefit of cloud-based schemes is they allow data to be collected from numerous services and sites, which is reachable from any place of the world. The organizations will be benefited by merging the cloud platform with the on-site fog networks and edge devices and as result, this will increase the utilization of the IoT devices and end users too. The network traffic will reduce as data will be distributed and this will also improve the operational efficiency. The impact of monitoring in edge and fog computing can play an important role to efficiently utilize the resources available at these layers. This paper discusses various techniques involved for monitoring for edge and fog computing and its advantages. The paper ends with a case study to demonstarte the need of monitoring in fog and edge in the healthcare system.

With the proliferation of IoT devices, there has been exponential growth in data generation, placing substantial demands on both cloud computing (CC) and internet infrastructure. CC, renowned for its scalability and virtual resource provisioning, is of paramount importance in e-commerce applications. However, the dynamic nature of IoT and cloud services introduces unique challenges, notably in the establishment of service-level agreements (SLAs) and the continuous monitoring of compliance. This paper presents a versatile framework for the adaptation of e-commerce applications to IoT and CC environments. It introduces a comprehensive set of metrics designed to support SLAs by enabling periodic resource assessments, ensuring alignment with service-level objectives (SLOs). This policy-driven approach seeks to automate resource management in the era of CC, thereby reducing the dependency on extensive human intervention in e-commerce applications. This paper culminates with a case study that demonstrates the practical utilization of metrics and policies in the management of cloud resources. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the resource requisites for deploying e-commerce applications within the realms of the IoT and CC. This holistic approach holds the potential to streamline the monitoring and administration of CC services, ultimately enhancing their efficiency and reliability.

The aim of the peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized gaming industry has shifted towards realistic gaming environment (GE) support for game players (GPs). Recent innovations in the metaverse have motivated the gaming industry to look beyond augmented reality and virtual reality engines, which improve the reality of virtual game worlds. In gaming metaverses (GMs), GPs can play, socialize, and trade virtual objects in the GE. On game servers (GSs), the collected GM data are analyzed by artificial intelligence models to personalize the GE according to the GP. However, communication with GSs suffers from high-end latency, bandwidth concerns, and issues regarding the security and privacy of GP data, which pose a severe threat to the emerging GM landscape. Thus, we proposed a scheme, Game-o-Meta, that integrates federated learning in the GE, with GP data being trained on local devices only. We envisioned the GE over a sixth-generation tactile internet service to address the bandwidth and latency issues and assure real-time haptic control. In the GM, the GP’s game tasks are collected and trained on the GS, and then a pre-trained model is downloaded by the GP, which is trained using local data. The proposed scheme was compared against traditional schemes based on parameters such as GP task offloading, GP avatar rendering latency, and GS availability. The results indicated the viability of the proposed scheme.