Nanometer triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) with mean size of 218.7 nm was fabricated, and its structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. As an energetic accelerator for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), 10% nano TAGN blended with AP and AN, and samples “[90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]” and “[90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)]” were obtained, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were employed to investigate the decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics of the samples. The results indicated that [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)] presented a higher activation energy (152.34 kJ mol–1) than pure AP (117.21 kJ mol–1) and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] possessed a lower activation energy (147.51 kJ mol–1) than pure AN (161.40 kJ mol–1). All activation free energies (ΔG≠) were positive values. This means that activation of the molecules was not a spontaneous process. The decomposition peak temperature of AP decreased from 478.5 °C (for pure AP) to 287.2 °C (for [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]). The decomposition peak of AN also advanced via doping with nano TAGN. Using DSC-IR analysis, the decomposition products of nano TAGN, pure AP, [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)], pure AN, and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] were investigated, and their decomposition mechanisms were proposed. The key factors, i.e., the formation of hydrazine in the decomposition of nano TAGN, were speculated, which substantially promoted the consumption of HNO3, HClO4, and their decomposition products in kinetics. Additionally, the energy performances of AP- and AN-based propellants doping with TAGN were evaluated. It is disclosed that the introduction of TAGN would not result in improvement in the energy performance of propellants, but due to its energetic property and high hydrogen content, proper introduction of TAGN will not reduce the energy performance of propellants in a large degree compared with the introduction of inert catalysts.

In this work, an energetic composite fiber, in which 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) nanoparticles intimately incorporated with a nitrocellulose/glycidyl azide polymer (NC/GAP) fiber, was prepared by the electrospinning method. The morphology and structure of the nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The nanofibers possessed a three-dimensional (3D) net structure and a large specific surface area. Thermal analysis, energetic performance, and sensitivities were investigated, and they were compared with NC/GAP and LLM-105 nanoparticles. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers show higher decomposition rates and lower decomposition temperatures. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 decomposed to CO₂, CO, H₂O, N₂O, and a few NO, -CH₂O-, and -CH- fragments, in the thermal-infrared spectrometry online (TG-IR) measurement. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers demonstrated a higher standard specific impulse (I_sp), a higher combustion chamber temperature (T_c), and a higher specialty height (H₅₀). The introduction of nano-LLM-105 in the NC/GAP matrix results in an improvement in energetic performance and safety.

By milling 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) together, a nano CL-20/RDX co/mixed crystal explosive with a mean particle size of 141.6 nm is prepared from the raw materials, and the co/mixed crystals are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal-infrared spectrometry online (DSC-IR) technology; furthermore, the impact, friction and thermal sensitivity of the samples are tested. The results show that after milling, the morphology of the co/mixed crystal explosive is near-spherical, and the particle size reveals a normal distribution. The milled sample showed the same molecular structure and surface elements as the raw materials, but the XRD test shows that CL-20/RDX has a new crystal phase and the Raman and IR spectra gave a supplementary confirmation for the existence of a cocrystal phase in the milled sample. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition of CL-20/RDX is 206.49 kJ mol⁻¹ higher than that of raw RDX. DSC-IR analysis showed that the thermolysis of CL-20/RDX produces a large amount of CO₂ and N₂O and a small amount of H₂O, NO₂ and NO. The mechanical sensitivity of CL-20/RDX is very low. In impact sensitivity tests with a 5 kg hammer, the special height (H₅₀) is 51.43 cm, which is higher than the values of 36.43 cm for raw CL-20 and 9.78 cm for raw RDX. In the friction sensitivity tests, the explosion probability (P) is 56%; however, the thermal sensitivity of CL-20/RDX is higher than that of the raw materials, with its 5 s burst point being only 243.51 °C.

Nanometer (nano) ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) were prepared with 2D network structures by the ultra-low temperature spray method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) were employed to probe the micron structure, crystal phase, and thermal decomposition of nano AP and nano AN. SEM images revealed that the sizes of nano AP and AN were in the nanometer scale (<100 nm) in one dimension. XRD patterns showed that the crystal phases of nano AP and AN were in accordance with those of raw AP and raw AN, respectively. DSC traces indicated that the thermal decomposition process of AP depended on its particle size, while the thermolysis of AN was independent of the particle size of AN. TG-IR analyses illustrated that the decomposition products of nano AP were NO₂, N₂O, HCl and H₂O, with a small amount of NOCl, and the main decomposition products of nano AN were N₂O and H₂O, with a small amount of NH₃. The results of mechanical sensitivity tests indicated that nano AP was more sensitive than raw AP and both nano AN and raw AN were very insensitive to impact and friction stimuli.