The fast progress in nanomedicine and nanoparticles (NP) materials presents unconventional solutions which are expected to revolutionise health care with great potentials including, enhanced efficacy, bioavailability, drug targeting, and safety. This review provides a comprehensive update on widely used organic and inorganic NP with emphasis on the recent development, challenges and future prospective for bio applications where, further investigations into innovative synthesis methodologies, properties and applications of NP would possibly reveal new improved biomedical relevance. NP exhibits exceptional physical and chemical properties due to their high surface area to volume ratio and nanoscale size, which led to breakthroughs in therapeutic, diagnostic and screening techniques repeated line. Finally, an update of FDA-approved NP is explored where innovative design engineering allowed a paradigmatic shift in their market share. This review would serve as a discerning comprehensive source of information for learners who are seeking a cutting-edge review but have been astounded by the size of publications.

Nanotechnology is currently a field of endeavor that has reached a maturation phase beyond the initial hypotheses with an undercurrent challenge to optimize the safety, and scalability for production and clinical trials. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNP), namely solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid (NLC), carriers are presently among the most attractive and fast-growing areas of research. SLN and NLC are safe, biocompatible nanotechnology-enabled platforms with ubiquitous applications. This review presents a modern vision that starts with a brief description of characteristics, preparation strategies, and composition ingredients, benefits, and limitations. Next, a discussion of applications and functionalization approaches for the delivery of therapeutics via different routes of delivery. Additionally, the review presents a concise perspective into limitations and future advances. A brief recap on the prospects of molecular dynamics simulations in better understanding NP bio-interface interactions is provided. Finally, the alliance between 3D printing and nanomaterials is presented here as well.

The differences in the IC₅₀(g GAE) between DPPH and ABTS assays of date cultivars.

Hydrogel-based matrix prepared using biopolymers is a new frontier of emerging platforms for enzyme immobilization for biomedical applications. Catalase (CAT) delivery can be effective in inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated prolongation of the wound healing process. In this study, to improve CAT stability for effective application, gelatin(Gel)–alginate (Alg) biocompatible hydrogel (Gel–Alg), as immobilization support, was prepared using calcium chloride as an ionic cross-linker. High entrapment efficiency of 92% was obtained with 2% Gel and 1.5% Alg. Hydrogel immobilized CAT (CAT–Gel–Alg) showed a wide range of pH from 4 to 9 and temperature stability between 20 to 60 °C, compared to free CAT. CAT–Gel–Alg kinetic parameters revealed an increased K_m (24.15 mM) and a decreased V_max (1.39 µmol H₂O₂/mg protein min) × 10⁴. CAT–Gel–Alg retained 52% of its original activity after 20 consecutive catalytic runs and displayed improved thermal stability with a higher t_1/2 value (half-life of 100.43 vs. 46 min). In addition, 85% of the initial activity was maintained after 8 weeks’ storage at 4 °C. At 24 h after thermal injury, a statistically significant difference in lesion sizes between the treated group and the control group was reported. Finally, our findings suggest that the superior CAT–Gel–Alg stability and reusability are resonant features for efficient biomedical applications, and ROS scavenging by CAT in the post-burn phase offers protection for local treatment of burned tissues with encouraging wound healing kinetics.

This study was designed to optimize the effect of operating conditions and formulation parameters using various additives to develop α-amylase nanoparticles. α-Amylase was chosen due to its importance in the substantial number of industrial processing with emphasis on pharmaceutical industry. Factorial statistical design was adopted to effectively optimize the size, yield value, residual enzyme activity, and morphology of α-amylase nanoparticles using Nano Spray Dryer BÜCHI B-90. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared nanopowder was carried out using zetasizer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and enzyme activity assay. Results showed that the type of additive and mesh size significantly influenced the particles size and yield value. SEM images showed three different structure patterns where particle morphology was influenced by Tween^® 80 or sucrose at low concentration (0.05%). Optimized spherical nanoparticles (600 nm) was obtained using 7 µm mesh cap size, sucrose (0.15%), 95% yield value, drying flow rate (100 L/min), and inlet temperature of 80 °C. Higher storage stability was detected for enzyme spray-dried using larger cap size. It was concluded that nano spray drying of aqueous enzyme solution under determined operating conditions produced stable α-amylase powders. This would extend the application of the enzyme in a variety of pharmaceutical products.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are redefining enzyme immobilization, offering a paradigm shift in biocatalysis through precision engineering at the nanoscale. With their exceptional surface area, tunable porosity, and customizable functionalities, NPs provide unprecedented control over enzyme stability, activity, and adaptability, bridging the gap between molecular-scale interactions and industrial-scale applications. In the era of intelligent bioprocessing, how can NP-based immobilization strategies be optimized to drive the next frontier of sustainable and high-performance enzyme technologies? A deep understanding of NP structural diversity, interfacial chemistry, and enzyme-matrix interactions is crucial to unlocking their full potential. This review systematically explores emerging NP-based immobilization platforms, including cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), nanoflowers, nanofibers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), ionic liquids (ILs), and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), each offering tailored advantages for catalytic enhancement and process efficiency. The review outlines current advancements such as 3D printing and wearable biosensors, forecasts the integration of artificial intelligence and smart nano-biocatalysts, and envisions futuristic applications including bio-intelligent nano/micro-robotic systems and space biosensors. Challenges, such as upscaling limitations, nanotoxicity concerns, and environmental risks, are addressed to ensure safe and viable implementation. This review provides a structured roadmap on (I) enzyme immobilization advances using next-generation NPs, (II) challenges in scalability and safety, (III) sustainability benefits of enzyme-based industrial biocatalysis, and (IV) the emergence of intelligence, adaptability, and nanoscale precision immobilization technologies and AI-assisted design and optimization. These visionary approaches mark a paradigm shift toward dynamic, adaptive, and highly specialized, multifunctional nano-enzyme systems. Graphical Abstract