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Shuwen Niu
Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

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Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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Medium- and large-scale biogas projects (MLBPs) are a new pathway to provide clean cooking fuel for households. Based on field surveys of nine biogas plants in western rural China, their multiple benefits were assessed through monetization of their environmental and social benefits. The results showed that only two plants had weak economic feasibility, but all projects were feasible in practice if economic, social, and environmental benefits were considered together, and their investment could be recouped within 15 years. Compared with consumption of the original cooking fuels, one household consuming 275 m3 of biogas can reduce GHG emissions by about 2.0 t CO2 equivalent some pollutants annually. These emissions reduction effects are worth 320 CNY. Replacing conventional cooking fuel with biogas can bring significant health benefits for residents. The multiple benefits of MLBPs are shared by three stakeholders, and the construction and operation cost should be allocated among the stakeholders (the biogas plant, biogas users and government). The partially competitive market is a suitable operating mechanism for MLBPs. The government should continue to support the construction of MLBPs to increase purchase of environmental benefits.

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Runqi Dai; Sheng Zhong; Yipen Wang; Wenli Qiang; Lei Dang. Multiple benefit assessment and suitable operation mechanism of medium- and large-scale biogas projects for cooking fuel in rural Gansu, China. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2021, 46, 101285 .

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Runqi Dai, Sheng Zhong, Yipen Wang, Wenli Qiang, Lei Dang. Multiple benefit assessment and suitable operation mechanism of medium- and large-scale biogas projects for cooking fuel in rural Gansu, China. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2021; 46 ():101285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Runqi Dai; Sheng Zhong; Yipen Wang; Wenli Qiang; Lei Dang. 2021. "Multiple benefit assessment and suitable operation mechanism of medium- and large-scale biogas projects for cooking fuel in rural Gansu, China." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 46, no. : 101285.

Article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Chinese Geographical Science
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In recent years, O2O e-commerce, represented by online group-buying, has developed vigorously, which had significant impacts on urban commercial space. Zhengzhou City is a rising national central city in China, and its e-commerce development level is ahead, but relevant researches are rare. Therefore, the data of online retailers of Meituan.com was collected and combined with Baidu map and Baidu heat map data. Then, we adopted the methods such as spatial statistics and geodetector to explore the geography and determinants of O2O online retailers in Zhengzhou urban area. The main conclusions are 1) The spatial development of O2O online retailers is characterized by significant global high-value agglomeration. 2) The agglomeration areas of different types of O2O online retailers are different. Most of them are concentrated in the old urban area within the Third Ring Road of Zhengzhou City, forming five comprehensive agglomeration areas. 3) The areas with the high e-commerce development level are mainly concentrated in the northeast and southwest of the x-shaped region formed by the intersection of Lianyungang-Lanzhou and Beijing-Guangzhou railways. Erqi Square and Guomao 360 Plaza are at the highest development level, followed by Zhongyuan Wanda Plaza and Daxue Middle Road. The development level at other areas is relatively low. 4) Zhengzhou’s O2O commercial pattern is highly dependent on physical business. The population distribution, especially the population distribution during the nightlife period, plays a vital role in its spatial development, followed by accessibility. The influences of physical distance are slightly larger than that of time cost, but the difference between them is little. In addition, travelling costs have the least impact. This paper could provide certain references for urban commercial planning.

ACS Style

Jinghui Qi; Shuwen Niu; Chenxi Ye; Luojia Wang; Yongna Wei; Yuzhao Wen; Shuling Zhao. Identifying the Geography and Determinants of O2O Online Retailers in Megacity in Central China: A Case Study of Zhengzhou City. Chinese Geographical Science 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Jinghui Qi, Shuwen Niu, Chenxi Ye, Luojia Wang, Yongna Wei, Yuzhao Wen, Shuling Zhao. Identifying the Geography and Determinants of O2O Online Retailers in Megacity in Central China: A Case Study of Zhengzhou City. Chinese Geographical Science. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinghui Qi; Shuwen Niu; Chenxi Ye; Luojia Wang; Yongna Wei; Yuzhao Wen; Shuling Zhao. 2021. "Identifying the Geography and Determinants of O2O Online Retailers in Megacity in Central China: A Case Study of Zhengzhou City." Chinese Geographical Science , no. : 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Based on the data of 17 countries along the “One Belt and One Road” from 2000 to 2016, this paper quantified China’s oil import risks, and proposed a quantitative model to cope with the oil disruption. According to the model, the optimized scales of strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) and alternative fuels were calculated. An analysis of China’s examples shows that Saudi Arabia and Russia were the countries with the least supply risks in 2000−2016, and 10 countries with the highest risk of marine transportation were mainly located in the Middle East. China’s oil imports from Iraq and Qatar were more vulnerable to supply risks, and oil imports from other oil-producing countries in the Middle East were less affected. In addition, China’s oil imports from Asian countries were more susceptible to transportation risks, and those from the Middle East countries were less or not affected. If only SPR is considered, the optimal scale of SPR is 77 “days of oil consumption” to cope with the once-in-a-decade disruption to oil supplies. Once both alternative fuels and SPR were considered, China’s optimal alternative fuels’ size is 10 “days oil consumption” and SPR size is 75 “days oil consumption” to cope with the once-in-a-decade oil disruption. When changing disruption size, the proportion of alternative fuel and SPR will also change. If disruption scale continues to increase, the alternative fuels’ size increases from 10 “days of oil consumption” to 25 “days of oil consumption”, then decreases to 0, and the SPR size increases from 75 “days of oil consumption” to 270 “days of oil consumption”. This indicates that the SPR is more important than alternative fuels when the disruption scale is large.

ACS Style

Xiaodong Guo; Chen Hao; Shuwen Niu. Analysis of Oil Import Risk and Strategic Petroleum Reserve: The Case of China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3723 .

AMA Style

Xiaodong Guo, Chen Hao, Shuwen Niu. Analysis of Oil Import Risk and Strategic Petroleum Reserve: The Case of China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3723.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaodong Guo; Chen Hao; Shuwen Niu. 2020. "Analysis of Oil Import Risk and Strategic Petroleum Reserve: The Case of China." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3723.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2019 in Sustainability
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Global agricultural trade plays an essential role in balancing supply and demand regarding agricultural products worldwide. Based on complex network theory, two types of agricultural trade networks weighted by the physical quantity and monetary value were built. In both networks, eight groups of agricultural products showed diverse variation in time and space. During 1986 to 2016, the total physical trade increased by 2.55 times with a gradual growth process, and total monetary value increased 1.98 times with fluctuation. The cumulative distribution of node degree and strength followed power-law distribution. Scale expansion and structure complexity of both networks reflected heterogeneity between nodes and the trend of agricultural economic globalization. Meeting demand and seeking greater returns are the main drivers of global agricultural trade development. Mainly developed countries occupied the important positions in the global agricultural trade network, but some emerging economies such as China, Brazil, and India became important sources of demand and supply. China not only needs to fully use international resources to meet demand for agricultural products, but also needs to ensure its own food security through multiple countermeasures.

ACS Style

Wenli Qiang; Shuwen Niu; Xiang Wang; Cuiling Zhang; Aimin Liu; Shengkui Cheng. Evolution of the Global Agricultural Trade Network and Policy Implications for China. Sustainability 2019, 12, 192 .

AMA Style

Wenli Qiang, Shuwen Niu, Xiang Wang, Cuiling Zhang, Aimin Liu, Shengkui Cheng. Evolution of the Global Agricultural Trade Network and Policy Implications for China. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenli Qiang; Shuwen Niu; Xiang Wang; Cuiling Zhang; Aimin Liu; Shengkui Cheng. 2019. "Evolution of the Global Agricultural Trade Network and Policy Implications for China." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 192.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Sustainability
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Mitigating climate change and ensuring regional equity development is equitable are matters of global concern. Systematic and in-depth research into theseissues is seldom conducted. In this research we combine qualitative and quantitative studies and use six state-of-the-art energy-economy analysis models and four long term scenarios to explore the distribution of regional contributions for climate change mitigation in the future. We focus on the energy investment gap and policy cost. The study’s conclusion is that, under the assumption of carbon tax as a source of energy investment from 2025, the global positive energy investment gap in the climate change mitigation scenario will not appear until around 2035–2040. Asia and OECD90+EU (Countries from the OECD 1990, EU and its candidates) are the regions that will have a significant direct impact on the global energy investment gap under climate policies in the future. However, from the perspective of the relative value (the percentage of the energy investment gap relative to the energy investment in the Current Policies (CPol) scenario), Asia will contribute the most to the global energy investment gap under the climate stability policies. Under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) scenario, Asia will contribute the most in the near term and REF will contribute the most in the medium term.The findings show that OECD90+EUwill bear more cost in the pledges scenario, and Asia will bear more cost in the climate stability scenarios in the medium term. Contrary to the common sense expectation, the developed regions will contribute the least in terms of the proportion of the policy cost to the respective economic aggregates under the climate stability scenarios in the medium and long term, but the opposite is true in the developing regions. By and large, from the perspective of the current climate change mitigation policies, the developed regions and developing regions will achieve a win-win situation in the long run, but the relative contribution of the developed regions is not as great as was previously expected. These novel findings should prove to be useful to policy makers when developing transition strategies for climate change mitigation.

ACS Style

Hongjie Sun; Shuwen Niu; Xiqiang Wang. Future Regional Contributions for Climate Change Mitigation: Insights from Energy Investment Gap and Policy Cost. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3341 .

AMA Style

Hongjie Sun, Shuwen Niu, Xiqiang Wang. Future Regional Contributions for Climate Change Mitigation: Insights from Energy Investment Gap and Policy Cost. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hongjie Sun; Shuwen Niu; Xiqiang Wang. 2019. "Future Regional Contributions for Climate Change Mitigation: Insights from Energy Investment Gap and Policy Cost." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3341.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2019 in Energy Policy
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To facilitate energy system transition, China needs to further optimize energy structure and improve energy efficiency. Compared with physical energy consumption, effective energy consumption can better reflect the actual household energy consumption level. Based on a review of relevant literatures and official statistics, we first estimated the amounts of biogas, dung and solar energy utilized by rural households, and set up the time series of actual rural household energy consumption. The effective energy consumption was measured by the thermal efficiency of fuels from existing literatures, and main characteristics and trend of energy structure change were revealed. Finally, possible scenarios of energy use in 2030 were analyzed. The results show that per capita physical energy consumption and effective energy consumption reached 546.4 kgce and 142.5 kgce in 2015, respectively. The multiple thermal efficiency of all fuel increased from 16.02% in 1990 to 26.08% in 2015, to which the main contributor was energy structure change rather than physical energy consumption growth. The trends including total energy consumption declining and per capita energy consumption growing will continue until 2030. The shares of clean and efficient non-solid fuels in total energy consumption will further increase, whereas the share of renewable energy will decline.

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Zhen Li; Xin Qiu; Runqi Dai; Xiang Wang; Wenli Qiang; Zhenguo Hong. Measurement of effective energy consumption in China's rural household sector and policy implication. Energy Policy 2019, 128, 553 -564.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Zhen Li, Xin Qiu, Runqi Dai, Xiang Wang, Wenli Qiang, Zhenguo Hong. Measurement of effective energy consumption in China's rural household sector and policy implication. Energy Policy. 2019; 128 ():553-564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Zhen Li; Xin Qiu; Runqi Dai; Xiang Wang; Wenli Qiang; Zhenguo Hong. 2019. "Measurement of effective energy consumption in China's rural household sector and policy implication." Energy Policy 128, no. : 553-564.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2018 in Sustainability
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The development and utilization of renewable energy is an important way to solve the environmental dilemma. Biomass energy is a kind of renewable energy and one of the most widely distributed and easily accessible energy forms. It has currently become a main direction of renewable energy development. This paper took Gansu Province of China as the research object to calculate its theoretical reserves of biomass energy resources and then evaluate its potential of biomass energy development by using TOPSIS method under different agricultural development and geographical environmental conditions. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was also performed to reveal the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the potential of biomass energy development in Gansu Province. The results show that: (1) The total reserves of biomass energy resources from agricultural wastes in Gansu Province reach 7.28 × 107 t/year, with equivalent biogas production of about 1.95 × 1010 m3/year. (2) In most counties of Gansu Province, the Ci value is smaller than 0.5000, indicating that the potential of biomass energy development is relatively low in Gansu Province. (3) The spatial agglomeration of biomass energy development potential occurs mainly in the Hexi area, the Gannan area and the Loess Plateau area of East Gansu Province. (4) There is an area with obvious high-low (H-L) agglomeration of biomass energy development potential to the north-west side of the Gannan area with low-low (L-L) agglomeration of biomass energy development potential. It is a key zone to help drive biomass energy development in the Gannan area. (5) The spatial range of positive correlation (high-high and low-low agglomeration) areas shrunk during the evaluation period.

ACS Style

Sheng Zhong; Shuwen Niu; Yipeng Wang. Research on Potential Evaluation and Sustainable Development of Rural Biomass Energy in Gansu Province of China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3800 .

AMA Style

Sheng Zhong, Shuwen Niu, Yipeng Wang. Research on Potential Evaluation and Sustainable Development of Rural Biomass Energy in Gansu Province of China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3800.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheng Zhong; Shuwen Niu; Yipeng Wang. 2018. "Research on Potential Evaluation and Sustainable Development of Rural Biomass Energy in Gansu Province of China." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3800.

Article
Published: 04 May 2018 in Social Indicators Research
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Human development index (HDI) integrating greenness and fairness indicators is an important reference for global governance. This paper used the geometric method to measure the primary HD index (CHDI1), HDI integrating greenness indicators (CHDI2), HDI integrating fairness indicators (CHDI3) and HDI integrating greenness and fairness indicators (CHDI4) of 57 countries from 1990 to 2014. The results show that four CHDI of 57 countries were all increased, but the development levels were unbalanced among countries. Some emerging industrialized countries, such as China, have made great achievements in development, but the basic pattern has not changed. The average CHDI1 of 57 countries was 0.58 in 2014, and this index decreased by 23.3, 20.3 and 39.34%, respectively, after corrected by greenness, fairness and both indicators. China’s CHDI1 rapidly increased from 1990 to 2014, which accounted for 84.7% of the mean value of 57 countries in 2014, and its rank moved up 12 places among 57 countries. However, this index decreased by 19.2, 42.25 and 53.3%, respectively, after before-mentioned three corrections. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of HD, China should not only promote the growth of material wealth and the improvement of social services, but also promote ecological civilization and pay more attention to social fairness.

ACS Style

Man Liang; Shuwen Niu; Zhen Li; Wenli Qiang. International Comparison of Human Development Index Corrected by Greenness and Fairness Indicators and Policy Implications for China. Social Indicators Research 2018, 142, 1 -24.

AMA Style

Man Liang, Shuwen Niu, Zhen Li, Wenli Qiang. International Comparison of Human Development Index Corrected by Greenness and Fairness Indicators and Policy Implications for China. Social Indicators Research. 2018; 142 (1):1-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Man Liang; Shuwen Niu; Zhen Li; Wenli Qiang. 2018. "International Comparison of Human Development Index Corrected by Greenness and Fairness Indicators and Policy Implications for China." Social Indicators Research 142, no. 1: 1-24.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2018 in Energy & Environment
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How to cut down power generation cost is an important issue during energy system transformation. This study examines the pathway of China’s coal-fired and clean power’s unit generation cost changes during 2007–2015 and predicts the change trends of each type of power between 2016 and 2025. The results show that the cost of coal-fired power will increase to 0.50–0.73 Yuan/kWh in 2025 because of the stricter environmental regulations and the establishment of a nationwide carbon emission trading market. Conversely, the cost of clean energy power, with the exception of hydropower, shows a decreasing trend between 2007 and 2025, with the costs of nuclear power, solar power, and wind power declining from 0.40, 4.34, and 0.56 Yuan/kWh to 0.33, 0.31, and 0.49 Yuan/kWh, respectively. However, the cost of hydropower displays an increasing trend from 0.22 to 0.26 Yuan/kWh during 2007–2025 due to increases in construction costs. Considering the external cost increases applying to coal-fired power and the declining trend caused by the learning rates of renewable power, the cost of all the clean energy power will be lower than the costs of coal-fired power before 2025. The cost sharing of coal-fired power is also analyzed in this study. However, there are a number of relevant economic and policy measures that are needed to be taken by the government to fulfill this transformation.

ACS Style

Wenli Qiang; Shuwen Niu; Xiaojie Liu; Xiang Wang; Zhuo Jia; Runqi Dai. Analysis of generation cost changes during China’s energy transition. Energy & Environment 2018, 29, 456 -472.

AMA Style

Wenli Qiang, Shuwen Niu, Xiaojie Liu, Xiang Wang, Zhuo Jia, Runqi Dai. Analysis of generation cost changes during China’s energy transition. Energy & Environment. 2018; 29 (4):456-472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenli Qiang; Shuwen Niu; Xiaojie Liu; Xiang Wang; Zhuo Jia; Runqi Dai. 2018. "Analysis of generation cost changes during China’s energy transition." Energy & Environment 29, no. 4: 456-472.

Original manuscript
Published: 06 December 2017 in Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
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Domestic solar water heating system (DSWHS) without auxiliary energy is widely used in loess hilly region of China. However, there is a lack of studies on DSWHS in this region. This article assessed the potential and benefits of DSWHS on the basis of field survey. Results indicate that a DSWHS with evacuated tube collectors (ETC DSWHS), with a collecting area of 2.09 m2 and an average thermal efficiency of 40%, can supply heat of 3661.7 MJ during its valid period of 263 d. A household with an average of 4.9 people consumes annually 11,043.5 kg of hot water supplied by DSWHS. A total of 1238.7 MJ of energy is needed to heat so much water. The actual thermal efficiency of DSWHS is only 13.53%. Clearly, there is a great potential to improve the energy efficiency of DSWHS. DSWHS has low economic benefit because of its low actual thermal efficiency. However, it has enormous environmental benefits and significant social impacts. The 1238.7‐MJ energy provided by it is equal to that provided by 211.6‐kg raw coal, which can emit 454.99‐kg CO2, 3193.79‐g SO2 during use. Rural residents are recommended to use more hot water supplied by DSWHS through increasing the frequency of bathing and cloth washing. The government should further promote DSWHS utilization by driving costs down. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2017

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Zhenguo Hong; Wenli Qiang; Yingdong Shi; Man Liang; Zhen Li. Assessing the potential and benefits of domestic solar water heating system based on field survey. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 2017, 37, 1781 -1791.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Zhenguo Hong, Wenli Qiang, Yingdong Shi, Man Liang, Zhen Li. Assessing the potential and benefits of domestic solar water heating system based on field survey. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2017; 37 (5):1781-1791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Zhenguo Hong; Wenli Qiang; Yingdong Shi; Man Liang; Zhen Li. 2017. "Assessing the potential and benefits of domestic solar water heating system based on field survey." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 37, no. 5: 1781-1791.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2017 in Sustainability
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The vegetation response to climatic factors is a hot topic in global change research. However, research on vegetation in Shule River Basin, which is a typical arid region in northwest China, is still limited, especially at micro scale. On the basis of Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and daily meteorological data, employing panel data models and other mathematical models, the aim of this paper is to reveal the interactive relationship between vegetation variation and climatic factors in Shule River Basin. Results show that there is a widespread greening trend in the whole basin during 2000–2015, and 80.28% of greening areas (areas with vegetation improvement) are distributed over upstream region, but the maximum vegetation variation appears in downstream area. The effects of climate change on NDVI lag about half to one month. The parameters estimated using panel data models indicate that precipitation and accumulated temperature have positive contribution to NDVI. With every 1-mm increase in rainfall, NDVI increases by around 0.223‰ in upstream area and 0.6‰ in downstream area. With every 1-°C increase in accumulated temperature, NDVI increases by around 0.241‰ in upstream area and 0.174‰ in downstream area. Responses of NDVI to climatic factors are more sensitive when these factors are limiting than when they are not limiting. NDVI variation has performance in two seasonal and inter-annual directions, and the range of seasonal change is far more than that of inter-annual change. The inverted U-shaped curve of the variable intercepts reflects the seasonal change. Our results might provide some scientific basis for the comprehensive basin management.

ACS Style

Jinghui Qi; Shuwen Niu; Yifang Zhao; Man Liang; Libang Ma; Yongxia Ding. Responses of Vegetation Growth to Climatic Factors in Shule River Basin in Northwest China: A Panel Analysis. Sustainability 2017, 9, 368 .

AMA Style

Jinghui Qi, Shuwen Niu, Yifang Zhao, Man Liang, Libang Ma, Yongxia Ding. Responses of Vegetation Growth to Climatic Factors in Shule River Basin in Northwest China: A Panel Analysis. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (3):368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinghui Qi; Shuwen Niu; Yifang Zhao; Man Liang; Libang Ma; Yongxia Ding. 2017. "Responses of Vegetation Growth to Climatic Factors in Shule River Basin in Northwest China: A Panel Analysis." Sustainability 9, no. 3: 368.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2016 in Sustainability
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What factors determine the spatial heterogeneity of household energy consumption (HEC) in China? Can the impacts of these factors be quantified? What are the trends and characteristics of the spatial differences? To date, these issues are still unclear. Based on the STIRPAT model and panel dataset for 30 provinces in China over the period 1997–2013, this paper investigated influences of the income per capita, urbanization level and annual average temperature on HEC, and revealed the spatial effects of these influencing factors. The results show that the income level is the main influencing factor, followed by the annual average temperature. There exists a diminishing marginal contribution with increasing income. The influence of urbanization level varies according to income level. In addition, from the eastern region to western region of China, variances largely depend upon economic level at the provincial level. From the northern region to southern region, change is mainly caused by temperature. The urbanization level has more significant impact on the structure and efficiency of household energy consumption than on its quantity. These results could provide reference for policy making and energy planning.

ACS Style

Yongxia Ding; Wei Qu; Shuwen Niu; Man Liang; Wenli Qiang; Zhenguo Hong. Factors Influencing the Spatial Difference in Household Energy Consumption in China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1285 .

AMA Style

Yongxia Ding, Wei Qu, Shuwen Niu, Man Liang, Wenli Qiang, Zhenguo Hong. Factors Influencing the Spatial Difference in Household Energy Consumption in China. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (12):1285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongxia Ding; Wei Qu; Shuwen Niu; Man Liang; Wenli Qiang; Zhenguo Hong. 2016. "Factors Influencing the Spatial Difference in Household Energy Consumption in China." Sustainability 8, no. 12: 1285.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2016 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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From 1990 to 2013, China׳s energy intensity (EI) declined from 1.587 (oil equivalent kg/2005$) to 0.63 (kg oil equivalent/$), while the share of clean energy (CES) rose from 4.18% to 9.61%, which played an important role in emissions reduction. The economic growth in increasing emissions exceeded the technical progress and energy structural upgrades in reducing emissions, Chinese emissions have shown a steeply rising trend since 1990. Three variables, economic growth, EI, and multiple emission intensity (MI) representing energy utilization per unit, were set to the combinations of high, medium and low levels. The annual total emissions index (TEMI) was calculated for each combination. If gross domestic product (GDP) keep growing at 7.6% per year (high level), the results show that TEMI will not have peaked by the end of 2035. If GDP growth decelerates at an annual rate of 0.05% (medium level), TEMI will exhibit three emissions peaks in 2032 and 2034. By then, the CO2 peak will have reached 11,155–13205.6 million tons, which is 9.01–29.05% higher than the 2013 baseline. Other emissions will be 5–30% higher than the 2013 baseline. The range of EI was 0.219–0.26 (kg oil equivalent/$), and the range of CES was 17.75–20.54%. More peaks will appear before 2035 if GDP growth decelerates at an annual rate of 0.1% (low level). The emissions-reducing effect of technical progress (declines in EI) is far greater than that of structural change. Comparing with developed countries, China has a great potential for energy conservation and emissions reduction. China will achieve peak emissions by 2035 with actively creating the conditions for transforming its energy system.

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Yiyue Liu; Yongxia Ding; Wei Qu. China׳s energy systems transformation and emissions peak. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 58, 782 -795.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Yiyue Liu, Yongxia Ding, Wei Qu. China׳s energy systems transformation and emissions peak. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 58 ():782-795.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Yiyue Liu; Yongxia Ding; Wei Qu. 2016. "China׳s energy systems transformation and emissions peak." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58, no. : 782-795.

Data article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Data in Brief
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Based on 1128 survey questionnaires, main information on urban and rural household electricity consumption was obtained. Original data included household income, the price of electricity, all kinds of electrical appliances, purchase price of main appliances, household size, electricity consumption, as well as power, daily use time of electrical appliances in this data article. These data fully reflected behavior, preferences and living pattern of sample households in electricity use and provided the basis for analyzing the relationship between household electricity consumption and the quality of life ("Does electricity consumption improve residential living status in less developed regions? An empirical analysis using the quantile regression approach" [1]).

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Yanqin Jia; Liqiong Ye; Runqi Dai; Na Li. Survey data on household electricity consumption and living status in Northwestern China. Data in Brief 2016, 7, 1106 -1111.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Yanqin Jia, Liqiong Ye, Runqi Dai, Na Li. Survey data on household electricity consumption and living status in Northwestern China. Data in Brief. 2016; 7 ():1106-1111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Yanqin Jia; Liqiong Ye; Runqi Dai; Na Li. 2016. "Survey data on household electricity consumption and living status in Northwestern China." Data in Brief 7, no. : 1106-1111.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Energy
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Based on data from 1128 survey questionnaires in western China, this article analyzed the impact of several factors on residential electricity consumption. The results were as follows: (1) ECp (Electricity consumption per capita), PCI (per capita income), diversity of the electrical appliances (AD), purchase price of appliances (APC) and household size (PO) were found to be closely associated. ECp, AD and APC displayed a clearly progressive characteristic as PCI increases. (2) The main factors affecting electricity consumption were PCI, AD, APC and PO (persons). PCI, AD and APC on ECp had significantly positive effects, but the price of electricity (EP) and PO had negative effects. (3)The slope coefficients of PCI, AD and PO had the differential effect on electricity use, whereas EP and APC did not have this effect. (4) Electricity consumption and appliance use were heavily interdependent. Increased electricity consumption was essential condition for improving the living status of people in less developed regions. (5) Variations in household electricity consumption patterns reflected the improvement of people's quality of life and lifestyle. There was a significant difference among different income households. (6) It is necessary to improve the availability of electricity further and to perfect electricity use policy in the less-developed regions.

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Yanqin Jia; Liqiong Ye; Runqi Dai; Na Li. Does electricity consumption improve residential living status in less developed regions? An empirical analysis using the quantile regression approach. Energy 2016, 95, 550 -560.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Yanqin Jia, Liqiong Ye, Runqi Dai, Na Li. Does electricity consumption improve residential living status in less developed regions? An empirical analysis using the quantile regression approach. Energy. 2016; 95 ():550-560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Yanqin Jia; Liqiong Ye; Runqi Dai; Na Li. 2016. "Does electricity consumption improve residential living status in less developed regions? An empirical analysis using the quantile regression approach." Energy 95, no. : 550-560.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2012 in Procedia Environmental Sciences
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Due to rapid development of population and economy since reform and opening, resource-environment has been intensively influenced in China, so human-land contradiction is becoming increasingly obvious. Through evolutional analysis of coupling between population and resource-environment in China, authors hope that it will make for further study on human-land relationship. Based on the panel and serial statistical data, status of population and resource-environment coupling has been researched by principal component analysis method and coordinated development degree (CDD) model in China during 1985-2004. The results are: (1)On one hand, integrated population development capability has increased continuously. Maximum of integrated population development index (IPDI) reached 0.8094 in 1998. On the other hand, integrated resource-environment status has declined with a fluctuant falling trend since 1985, and integrated resource-environment utilization index (IRUI) has decreased from 0.5511 to -0.1479. Population development is at the cost of unsustainable utilization of resource-environment. (2)The coupling relationship between population and resource-environment varies gradually from awful maladjustment to secondary harmony, and then to moderate maladjustment. Maximum of CDD came up to 0.6379 in 1994. The direct cause of variation of coupling relationship is that population system and resource-environment system didn’t continuously cooperate with each other from 1985 to 2004. (3)Carrying capability of resource-environment is limited while demands of human being are increasingly expanding, so sustainable development faces huge pressure in China. It is difficult to achieve the goal of all-round well-off society since China's per capita GDP was only 3923 yuan in 1994. (4)Suggestions that would benefit sustainable development were put forward in this paper, such as controlling population quantity, improving population quality, making progress in technology, strengthening resource-environment protection, and advocating moderation consumption. The coordinated development mode that makes population and resource-environment interact well should be chosen.

ACS Style

Wenheng Wu; Shuwen Niu. Evolutional analysis of coupling between population and resource-environment in China. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2012, 12, 793 -801.

AMA Style

Wenheng Wu, Shuwen Niu. Evolutional analysis of coupling between population and resource-environment in China. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012; 12 ():793-801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenheng Wu; Shuwen Niu. 2012. "Evolutional analysis of coupling between population and resource-environment in China." Procedia Environmental Sciences 12, no. : 793-801.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2012 in Energy Procedia
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation and environmental effects of household energy consumption in rural and urban areas. We suggest some measures on reducing emission and protecting environment from pollution. Based on questionnaires survey, we analyzed the quantity and structure of household energy consumption in urban and rural areas, and compared the environmental effects of energy use between urban and rural areas. We used SPIRPAT model to analyze the impact of population and income factors on the ecological footprint of energy use. The results show that there is an unobvious difference of per capita energy consumption between areas. But in terms of energy structure, urban households are dominated by the fossil energy, while rural households are dominated by both of biomass energy and fossil fuels. The emissions of rural households are much larger than those of urban households. However, the difference of social emissions from energy consumption between urban and rural households becomes little. Both population size and income factors have promoting effect on total energy and the ecological footprints of electricity and coal etc. in urban areas, so does on electricity and biomass in rural areas.

ACS Style

Zhao Chun-Sheng; Niu Shu-Wen; Zhang Xin. Effects of household energy consumption on environment and its influence factors in rural and urban areas. Energy Procedia 2012, 14, 805 -811.

AMA Style

Zhao Chun-Sheng, Niu Shu-Wen, Zhang Xin. Effects of household energy consumption on environment and its influence factors in rural and urban areas. Energy Procedia. 2012; 14 ():805-811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao Chun-Sheng; Niu Shu-Wen; Zhang Xin. 2012. "Effects of household energy consumption on environment and its influence factors in rural and urban areas." Energy Procedia 14, no. : 805-811.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2012 in Energy Policy
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ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Xin Zhang; Chunsheng Zhao; Yunzhu Niu. Variations in energy consumption and survival status between rural and urban households: A case study of the Western Loess Plateau, China. Energy Policy 2012, 49, 515 -527.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Xin Zhang, Chunsheng Zhao, Yunzhu Niu. Variations in energy consumption and survival status between rural and urban households: A case study of the Western Loess Plateau, China. Energy Policy. 2012; 49 ():515-527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Xin Zhang; Chunsheng Zhao; Yunzhu Niu. 2012. "Variations in energy consumption and survival status between rural and urban households: A case study of the Western Loess Plateau, China." Energy Policy 49, no. : 515-527.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2011 in 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering
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Chinese population is world's largest single-iteration experiment. The Chinese government currently implements a strict birth control policy, which has reduced the modern population by 300 million. This paper analyzes population as a dependent variable, with independent variables of time and environmental resources. Historical efforts of birth control are analyzed, as a function of their start date and of values K of maximum carrying capacity of the Chinese mainland. Analysis of resources and current population growth rates suggest a peak in Chinese population in the near future. Additional avenues of research and social impact variables are identified.

ACS Style

Yihan Li; Shuwen Niu; Libang Ma; Guanghua Luo. Chinese population, growth, and the environment: A new analysis. 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering 2011, 5802 -5805.

AMA Style

Yihan Li, Shuwen Niu, Libang Ma, Guanghua Luo. Chinese population, growth, and the environment: A new analysis. 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering. 2011; ():5802-5805.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yihan Li; Shuwen Niu; Libang Ma; Guanghua Luo. 2011. "Chinese population, growth, and the environment: A new analysis." 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering , no. : 5802-5805.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2011 in Energy Policy
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This study was conducted to evaluate the causality between energy consumption, GDP growth and carbon emissions for eight Asia-Pacific countries from 1971 to 2005 using the panel data. The results indicate that there are long-run equilibrium relationships between these variables. Additionally, causality from energy consumption to CO2 emissions was observed generally, but there were some opposite relationships also. Parameter estimations of the panel data model indicate that there are great differences in the carbon emissions, the efficiencies of energy use, carbon emissions of unit GDP and unit energy consumption between developed and developing countries. The base carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption and efficiency of energy use in developing countries are far lower than in developed countries; however, the CO2 emissions per unit of energy use is higher. Although developing countries may reduce their CO2 emission per unit energy use, total energy consumption will rise rapidly with economic development. Thus, developing countries must determine how to undergo economic growth while conserving energy and reducing emissions. To respond to global climate change, it is necessary to develop innovative technology for energy use, transform the energy structure and conduct the clean development mechanism.

ACS Style

Shuwen Niu; Yongxia Ding; Yunzhu Niu; Yixin Li; Guanghua Luo. Economic growth, energy conservation and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific countries. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 2121 -2131.

AMA Style

Shuwen Niu, Yongxia Ding, Yunzhu Niu, Yixin Li, Guanghua Luo. Economic growth, energy conservation and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific countries. Energy Policy. 2011; 39 (4):2121-2131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuwen Niu; Yongxia Ding; Yunzhu Niu; Yixin Li; Guanghua Luo. 2011. "Economic growth, energy conservation and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific countries." Energy Policy 39, no. 4: 2121-2131.