Food made with gene-editing has received considerable attention in recent years because it is claimed to be a little different from traditional genetically modified breeding methods concerning safety. However, consumer acceptance of these novel foods and their potential market uptake remains to be answered. This study aims to assess differences in the acceptance of gene-edited and genetically modified foods in Korea. The choice-based conjoint analysis is adopted to estimate part-worth functions for the soybean oil attributes with 200 surveyed samples. The estimated part-worth values reveal how much each attribute affects consumers’ decision-making. Estimated results suggest that consumers tend to accept gene-editing more than genetically modified foods. The acceptance of novel technology is shown to correspond closely to the degree of consumers’ scientific knowledge, highlighting the importance of revealing relevant information regarding the technology. Results also show that country of origin is a significant food-specific attitudinal factor in shaping consumer preferences.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of differences in sanitary and phytosanitary measures as non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the tea trade between importing and exporting countries. With the progress of trade liberalization, there has been a shift of focus to NTMs as alternative or potential trade barriers. Design/methodology/approach: In order to quantify an NTM on tea trade and implement its empirical application, this study designed an index of differences in maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the pesticide endosulfan and introduced it into a gravity trade model. The estimation challenges in the presence of heteroscedasticity and many zero-trade flows are resolved by taking the Heckman and Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimators. Findings: This study found that differences in MRLs, arising from the stricter standards in importing countries lead to a significant decrease in tea trade value. This negative impact of differences in MRLs is found to be slightly less than that of tariffs, implying that in this case, the NTM acts as a policy substitute for import tariffs in the global tea trade. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study is to suggest and quantify the differences in MRLs across countries as a substantial NTM on the global tea trade and provide its empirical application.

Due to the rise in illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, the sustainable management of fishing resources is in jeopardy. The European Union (EU) is the first regional player to establish stringent guidelines to prevent, deter, and eliminate IUU fishing. The EU carding system administers the mandate for requiring a catch certificate. Using a system of yellow and red cards, countries that export fishery products to the EU are encouraged to lessen IUU fishing in their waters. The yellow card acts as a formal warning, whereas the red card results in an import ban. This study examines the impact of fishery exports to the EU under the carding system. Findings from the structural gravity models show that fishery exports from yellow- and red-carded countries to the EU fall by an average of 23% and 83%, respectively. The computed marginal effects suggest that the yellow and red cards be tariff equivalents of 5% and 43%, respectively. The IUU regulation, as a trade-restrictive technical measure, is an example of effective, legitimate efforts to combat IUU fishing and ensure sustainable fisheries worldwide.

Since 2014, economic sanctions between Russia and Western nations have significantly altered the global seafood trade. The consequent decline in bilateral trade also had spillover effects on the rest of the world (ROW). According to earlier studies, economic sanctions appear to negatively impact bilateral trade and income. However, few studies examine how Russian sanctions affect the world as a whole and estimate their effects on the fisheries industry. This study seeks to close this gap by quantifying the extent to which Russian sanctions have impacted trade in terms of trade deflection, trade destruction, trade depression, and trade creation. To this end, panel data from 185 countries were created for the years from 2005 to 2020. With trade policy variables that account for changes in trade channels, a structural gravity trade model was specified. Based on calculations using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) fixed effect model, economic sanctions led to a 119.28% surge in Russia’s seafood imports from the rest of the world (ROW), alongside a 39% decline in imports from Western countries. The extent of trade deflection, which includes the exports of Western nations diverted from Russia to the ROW markets, increased by 5.49%. The results demonstrate that trade between sanctioned states, as well as global trade, is significantly impacted by economic sanctions.

Previous studies have analyzed the impact of diabetes mellitus on labor market participation by men and women, but gender difference between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and employment has not been the focus. This study aims to explore gender differences between T2DM and employment status. Data from the Korea Health Panel Study, 2013–2015 were analyzed by distinguishingT2DM and non-diabetes (N = 11,216). The empirical model was established and the generalized two-stage least squares (2SLS) was estimated, controlling for endogeneity. A family history of diabetes, as an instrumental variable, was related to an individual’s genetic predisposition to develop diabetes. The estimated results for the 2SLS showed the interaction effects between T2DM and employment. T2DM had a statistically significant and negative effect on employment for women only. The comparison with non-diabetes showed that women with T2DM had a lower probability of employment by 51.9% (p < 0.05). Exposing gender bias in employment suggests that healthcare policies and disease management programs for diabetic patients should adopt gender-specific remedies.

Poultry farming in Kazakhstan is one of the most progressive and dynamically developing areas of agriculture, which is profitable and quickly pays off. The goal is to study the economic indicators of poultry farming industry, develop directions for its development, and analyze government support measures. Methods – statistical analysis, comparison and generalization, observation with subsequent conclusions. Results - the authors show the state of poultry farms, identify problems and factors that negatively affect the growth of production volumes, and consider issues of subsidizing producers. It is noted that poultry production, including chickens and eggs, has increased, which is important to meet the growing demand for these food products. Efforts are being made to develop the domestic poultry sector through various initiatives, including investment in infrastructure, improvement of technological processes, and government assistance. These measures are aimed at reducing dependence on imported poultry meat and increasing self-sufficiency in poultry products. Vaccination programs are being implemented and biosafety protocols and monitoring systems are being improved. The republic's poultry farmers are introducing modern production methods and technologies to optimize labor efficiency and productivity. This is, first of all, the use of innovations in genetics, integrated diets, and more advanced housing and management systems. Conclusions - based on the experience of developed countries, it is proposed to raise the level of poultry farming in Kazakhstan through investment in research and development, introduction of advanced technologies, efficient production methods, wide access to markets and compliance with high quality standards. However, achieving results in poultry farming depends on specific geographical, economic and cultural factors. The stable development and expansion of poultry farming sector provides a number of undeniable advantages: a new level of small and mediumsized businesses; additional jobs; providing the population of the republic with high-quality products of domestic production; a real opportunity to refuse similar imported products; quite a large flow of investment.