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Rivers are under enormous threat worldwide and large amounts of money are invested in river restoration. Contrary to the costs, the benefits of river restoration are much harder to quantify. In this study, the benefits of restoring different sections of the Yongding River in Beijing, China, are estimated through a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Place attachment is measured by sampling residents upstream and downstream and using the river sections as labelled alternatives in the DCE. As expected, the improvement of water quality is valued highly by all river basin residents, and place attachment and spatial preference heterogeneity play a significant role in public willingness to pay (WTP) for river restoration. Although respondents are willing to give up only a small share of their disposable income, public WTP for improved river water quality is a factor 2 to 4 higher than the current household water bill. These findings provide important guidance for the recovery of the investment costs associated with river restoration projects.
Dan Dai; Roy Brouwer; Kun Lei. Measuring the economic value of urban river restoration. Ecological Economics 2021, 190, 107186 .
AMA StyleDan Dai, Roy Brouwer, Kun Lei. Measuring the economic value of urban river restoration. Ecological Economics. 2021; 190 ():107186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Dai; Roy Brouwer; Kun Lei. 2021. "Measuring the economic value of urban river restoration." Ecological Economics 190, no. : 107186.
There are many important linkages between land, freshwater and oceans. Source-to-sea (S2S) management has been proposed to support environmental management that considers interests along the S2S continuum. This study takes the Bohai and Baltic seas as examples to analyse the legislation system, administrative structure and stakeholders of freshwater and marine management in China and the European Union and presents the related challenges and opportunities for S2S management. The results of this study can provide a basis for designing initiatives to support healthy ecosystems and sustainable green and blue economies, reduce the burdens on water-related ecosystems, and improve economic opportunities and livelihoods.
Yan Wang; Erik Lindblom; Yanjing Zhu; Ruth E. Mathews; Mikael Malmaeus; Kun Lei. Environmental management in the Bohai and Baltic seas from a source-to-sea perspective: challenges and opportunities. Water International 2021, 46, 157 -175.
AMA StyleYan Wang, Erik Lindblom, Yanjing Zhu, Ruth E. Mathews, Mikael Malmaeus, Kun Lei. Environmental management in the Bohai and Baltic seas from a source-to-sea perspective: challenges and opportunities. Water International. 2021; 46 (2):157-175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Wang; Erik Lindblom; Yanjing Zhu; Ruth E. Mathews; Mikael Malmaeus; Kun Lei. 2021. "Environmental management in the Bohai and Baltic seas from a source-to-sea perspective: challenges and opportunities." Water International 46, no. 2: 157-175.
A storm surge is a complex phenomenon in which waves, tide and current interact. Even though wind is the predominant force driving the surge, waves and tidal phase are also important factors that influence the mass and momentum transport during the surge. Devastating storm surges often occur in the Bohai Sea, a semi-enclosed shallow sea in North China, due to extreme storms. However, the effects of waves on storm surges in the Bohai Sea have not been quantified and the mechanisms responsible for the higher surges that affect part of the Bohai Sea have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we set up a storm surge model, considering coupled effects of tides and waves on the surges. Validation against measured data shows that the coupled model is capable of simulating storm surges in the Bohai Sea. The simulation results indicate that the longshore currents, which are induced by the large gradient of radiation stress due to wave deformation, are one of the main contributors to the higher surges occurring in some coastal regions. The gently varying bathymetry is another factor contributing to these surges. With such bathymetry, the wave force direction is nearly uniform, and pushes a large amount of water in that direction. Under these conditions, the water accumulates in some parts of the coast, leading to higher surges in nearby coastal regions such as the south coast of the Bohai Bay and the west and south coasts of the Laizhou Bay. Results analysis also shows that the tidal phase at which the surge occurs influences the wave–current interactions, and these interactions are more evident in shallow waters. Neglecting these interactions can lead to inaccurate predictions of the storm surges due to overestimation or underestimation of wave-induced set-up.
Yuanyi Li; Huan Feng; Guillaume Vigouroux; Dekui Yuan; Guangyu Zhang; Xiaodi Ma; Kun Lei. Storm Surges in the Bohai Sea: The Role of Waves and Tides. Water 2020, 12, 1509 .
AMA StyleYuanyi Li, Huan Feng, Guillaume Vigouroux, Dekui Yuan, Guangyu Zhang, Xiaodi Ma, Kun Lei. Storm Surges in the Bohai Sea: The Role of Waves and Tides. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1509.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuanyi Li; Huan Feng; Guillaume Vigouroux; Dekui Yuan; Guangyu Zhang; Xiaodi Ma; Kun Lei. 2020. "Storm Surges in the Bohai Sea: The Role of Waves and Tides." Water 12, no. 5: 1509.
China is facing great challenges to balance its natural water resource use and eco-environment protection, especially in the north semi-arid region with large water consumption due to the rapid economic growth. This highlights the urgency to use water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) as a measure to maintain the sustainable development of the human and natural water system. Here, we used a coupled model based on the system dynamics and cellular automaton models to assess the WRCC under the critical value of water resource withdrawal ratio (40%) and its sustainability in the Yongding River watershed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, where the water use highly depends on river flow and nonrenewable groundwater resources. The analytical results showed that the current regional WRCC is severely overloaded due to strong human activities. The predicted results based on four scenarios, i.e., existing development, water saving, industrial restructuring, and integrated development schemes, showed that although the improvement of water saving and water use efficiency has mitigated the regional water shortage, evidenced by the increased WRCC, the water shortage would continue due to the increased water demand. Under the integrated development scenario, it will need at least additional 7.1 × 108 m3 water per year (Beijing: 2.5 × 108 m3, Tianjin: 0.8 × 108 m3, Hebei: 3.8 × 108 m3) via the water transfer project to maintain the sustainability in the next decades. Our research provides recommendations for reasonable water utilization and supplementation under the severe water crisis.
Dan Dai; Mingdong Sun; Xubo Lv; Kun Lei. Evaluating water resource sustainability from the perspective of water resource carrying capacity, a case study of the Yongding River watershed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 21590 -21603.
AMA StyleDan Dai, Mingdong Sun, Xubo Lv, Kun Lei. Evaluating water resource sustainability from the perspective of water resource carrying capacity, a case study of the Yongding River watershed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (17):21590-21603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Dai; Mingdong Sun; Xubo Lv; Kun Lei. 2020. "Evaluating water resource sustainability from the perspective of water resource carrying capacity, a case study of the Yongding River watershed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 17: 21590-21603.
Sewage sludge, which is widely applied to land as a fertilizer, is a key source of microplastics in the environment. We sought to develop a feasible device for isolation of microplastic from sewage sludge for further understanding their fates in the environment. In the present study, an effective isolation device, consisting of a fritted glass funnel and a glass filtration apparatus, was constructed to extract microplastics from sludge with nearly 100% recovery efficiency. Then, a high abundance of microplastics was detected in sludge sampled from China’s largest sewage treatment plant. Among the 25 types of microplastic polymers confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, poly(11-bromoundecyl acrylate) (PBA) and poly(11-bromoundecyl methacrylate) (PBMA) accounted for 23.63% of total microplastics detected. Rayon, polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and copolymers, such as PP/PE and poly(styrene:acrylonitrile:butadiene) (ABS), were also detected. The shapes of these microplastics consisted of pellets, fragments, films, and microfibers. Characterization of the isolated microplastics revealed that domestic applications and vehicle products were the major sources of microplastic in sewage treatment sludge. Some priority recommendations were issued based on these results. In conclusion, the present study demonstrate that the device is effective for the isolation of microplastics from sludge.
QiuJin Xu; Yiyao Gao; Li Xu; Wenzhuo Shi; Feifei Wang; Gerald A. LeBlanc; Song Cui; Lihui An; Kun Lei. Investigation of the microplastics profile in sludge from China’s largest Water reclamation plant using a feasible isolation device. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 388, 122067 .
AMA StyleQiuJin Xu, Yiyao Gao, Li Xu, Wenzhuo Shi, Feifei Wang, Gerald A. LeBlanc, Song Cui, Lihui An, Kun Lei. Investigation of the microplastics profile in sludge from China’s largest Water reclamation plant using a feasible isolation device. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 388 ():122067.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiuJin Xu; Yiyao Gao; Li Xu; Wenzhuo Shi; Feifei Wang; Gerald A. LeBlanc; Song Cui; Lihui An; Kun Lei. 2020. "Investigation of the microplastics profile in sludge from China’s largest Water reclamation plant using a feasible isolation device." Journal of Hazardous Materials 388, no. : 122067.
A great deal of attention has been paid lately to release of phthalate esters (PAEs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into PET bottled drinking water due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Three kinds of PAEs, including diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were detected in 10 popular brands of PET bottles in Beijing, ranging from 101.97 μg/kg to 709.87 μg/kg. Meanwhile, six kinds of PAEs, including DEP, DMP, DBP, n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected in PET bottled water, ranging from 0.19 μg/L to 0.98 μg/L, under an outdoor storage condition, while their concentrations ranged from 0.18 μg/L to 0.71 μg/L under an indoor storage condition. Furthermore, the concentrations of PAEs in brand D and E bottles were slightly increased when the storage time was prolonged. In addition, the concentrations of PAEs in commercial water contained in brand B and H bottles and pure water contained in brand E and G bottles were also slightly increased with the increase of storage temperature. Interestingly, DBP mainly contributed to the increased PAEs levels in simulation water. These results suggest that a part of the PAEs in PET bottled water originated from plastic bottles, which was related to the storage time and temperature. However, the PAEs in PET bottled water only pose a negligible risk to consumers if they follow the recommendations, such as storage at a common place (24 °C), away from sun and in a short period of time.
Xiangqin Xu; Gang Zhou; Kun Lei; Gerald A. Leblanc; Lihui An. Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 17, 141 .
AMA StyleXiangqin Xu, Gang Zhou, Kun Lei, Gerald A. Leblanc, Lihui An. Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 17 (1):141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiangqin Xu; Gang Zhou; Kun Lei; Gerald A. Leblanc; Lihui An. 2019. "Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 141.
Municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) are an important point source of microplastics in domestic waterways. In the present study, effluents from the largest water reclamation plant in China were sampled throughout the treatment process and microplastics were extracted and identified to evaluate their removal. As expected, microplastics were detected in the influent (12.03±1.29 items/L). Following treatment, concentrations of microplastics were reduced by greater than 95% and 0.59±0.22 items/L of microplastics were detected in reclaimed waters. Among detected microplastics, 18 types of polymers of ten colors were identified. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) accounted for greater than 70% of detected microplastics. Furthermore, microfibers were the dominant shape detected with an average size of 1110.72±862.95μm. However, microparticles accounted for only 14.08% of total microplastics with an average size of 681.46±528.73μm. Results of the present study suggest that current treatment technologies employed at the chosen STP are efficient to remove the majority of microplastics, however consideration of STPs as a point source of microplastics is important due to the large volumes of effluents being released into the aquatic environment on a consistent basis.
Libiao Yang; Kuixiao Li; Song Cui; Yu Kang; Lihui An; Kun Lei. Removal of microplastics in municipal sewage from China's largest water reclamation plant. Water Research 2019, 155, 175 -181.
AMA StyleLibiao Yang, Kuixiao Li, Song Cui, Yu Kang, Lihui An, Kun Lei. Removal of microplastics in municipal sewage from China's largest water reclamation plant. Water Research. 2019; 155 ():175-181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLibiao Yang; Kuixiao Li; Song Cui; Yu Kang; Lihui An; Kun Lei. 2019. "Removal of microplastics in municipal sewage from China's largest water reclamation plant." Water Research 155, no. : 175-181.
The modes of action by which putative endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) elicit toxicity in mollusks remains unclear due to our limited understanding of the molluscan endocrine system. We identified and partially characterised the estrogen receptor (ER) of the mollusk Parafossarulus striatulus. The full-length cDNA of the ER of P. striatulus (psER) was isolated and found to have an ORF of 1386 bp which corresponded to 461 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that psER is an orthologue of ER of other mollusks. Moreover, the DNA-binding domain, ligand-binding domain, P-box, D-box, and AF2 domain were also identified in psER. Exposure of females and males to 17β-estradiol (E2, 100 ng/L) for 24 h and 72 h did not alter psER transcription, but exposure to 17α-methyltestosterone (MT, 100 μg/L) for 72 h significantly decreased ER transcription in females only (p < 0.05). psER transcription was surveyed in males and females seeded in different regions in Taihu Lake, China. psER transcription were elevated among females and males maintained at site ML. This elevation was statistically significant (p < 0.05) among male snails as compared to snails held at the more pristine site of SZ. This was different to the results from lab, implying that some unknown chemicals or other environmental factors in field could affect psER transcription level in snails. Furthermore, females and males held at site ML also exhibited a significant elevation in vitellogenin transcription as compared to snails held at site SZ, suggesting that vitellogenin production may be directly regulated by psER or co-regulated with psER in this species.
Fujun Ma; Xuemei Han; Lihui An; Kun Lei; Hongli Qi; Gerald A. LeBlanc. Freshwater snail Parafossarulus striatulus estrogen receptor: Characteristics and expression profiles under lab and field exposure. Chemosphere 2018, 220, 611 -619.
AMA StyleFujun Ma, Xuemei Han, Lihui An, Kun Lei, Hongli Qi, Gerald A. LeBlanc. Freshwater snail Parafossarulus striatulus estrogen receptor: Characteristics and expression profiles under lab and field exposure. Chemosphere. 2018; 220 ():611-619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFujun Ma; Xuemei Han; Lihui An; Kun Lei; Hongli Qi; Gerald A. LeBlanc. 2018. "Freshwater snail Parafossarulus striatulus estrogen receptor: Characteristics and expression profiles under lab and field exposure." Chemosphere 220, no. : 611-619.
This deliverables reports the “aquatic eco-function zoning map” delineation activities of the SUSTAIN H\(_2\)O project consortium during the project’s reporting period.
Kun Lei; Ya Tao; Weijing Kong; Fei Qiao; Gang Zhou; Yuan Zhang; Yixiang Dend; Richard Williams; Kexin Liu; Jieyun Wu. Management Methods and Demonstration on Pollution Load Control of Song-Liao River Basin. Terrestrial Environmental Sciences 2018, 9 -149.
AMA StyleKun Lei, Ya Tao, Weijing Kong, Fei Qiao, Gang Zhou, Yuan Zhang, Yixiang Dend, Richard Williams, Kexin Liu, Jieyun Wu. Management Methods and Demonstration on Pollution Load Control of Song-Liao River Basin. Terrestrial Environmental Sciences. 2018; ():9-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun Lei; Ya Tao; Weijing Kong; Fei Qiao; Gang Zhou; Yuan Zhang; Yixiang Dend; Richard Williams; Kexin Liu; Jieyun Wu. 2018. "Management Methods and Demonstration on Pollution Load Control of Song-Liao River Basin." Terrestrial Environmental Sciences , no. : 9-149.
Freshwater snails are promising bioindicators that can be used in ecotoxicological testing and ecological risk assessments. To screen molecular responses following mollusk exposure to algal blooms, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed with the freshwater snail (Parafossarulus striatulus) fed with blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa). A total of 86,848 unigenes were assembled, and 10,413 unigenes were annotated in the TrEMBL, Pfam, KEGG, and SwissProt databases. In snails fed with both green and blue algae, a total of 276 differentially expressed unigenes were identified, though there were limited differences in snails fed with only green algae. In addition, ten randomly selected differentially expressed unigenes were analyzed in snails collected from Taihu Lake, China. The expression of four unigenes exhibited a trend consistent with that observed in transcriptome profiling of laboratory snails. The results of this study provide an invaluable resource for enhancing our understanding of ecotoxicology following the occurrence of algal blooms in lakes.
Fei Qiao; Kun Lei; Zicheng Li; Zhanliang Wei; Qing Liu; Libiao Yang; Jianwu He; Lihui An; Hongli Qi; Song Cui. Transcriptomic responses of the freshwater snail (Parafossarulus striatulus) following dietary exposure to cyanobacteria. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 624, 153 -161.
AMA StyleFei Qiao, Kun Lei, Zicheng Li, Zhanliang Wei, Qing Liu, Libiao Yang, Jianwu He, Lihui An, Hongli Qi, Song Cui. Transcriptomic responses of the freshwater snail (Parafossarulus striatulus) following dietary exposure to cyanobacteria. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 624 ():153-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei Qiao; Kun Lei; Zicheng Li; Zhanliang Wei; Qing Liu; Libiao Yang; Jianwu He; Lihui An; Hongli Qi; Song Cui. 2018. "Transcriptomic responses of the freshwater snail (Parafossarulus striatulus) following dietary exposure to cyanobacteria." Science of The Total Environment 624, no. : 153-161.
Microplastics (MPs) have become a major global issue; their release from various products affects the aquatic environment, especially marine ecosystems. As a primary source of MPs, personal care and cosmetics products (PCCPs) containing MPs contribute to this environmental risk. We visited several supermarket chains in Beijing, China to identify PCCPs containing MPs. Overall, 7.1% of facial cleansers contained MPs, with an average weight of 25.04±10.69mgMP/g and average size of 313±130μm; whereas, 2.2% of shower gel products contained an average weight of 17.80±7.50mgMPs/g with an average size of 422±185μm. The majority of MPs were made of polyethylene, based on Raman and Fourier transform-infrared spectra analyses, while only a few were made of walnut shells and carbon particles. Finally, estimated 39tons MPs were released into the environment based on PCCPs use in China based on available data.
Kun Lei; Fei Qiao; Qing Liu; Zhanliang Wei; Hongli Qi; Song Cui; Xue Yue; Yixiang Deng; Lihui An. Microplastics releasing from personal care and cosmetic products in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017, 123, 122 -126.
AMA StyleKun Lei, Fei Qiao, Qing Liu, Zhanliang Wei, Hongli Qi, Song Cui, Xue Yue, Yixiang Deng, Lihui An. Microplastics releasing from personal care and cosmetic products in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2017; 123 (1-2):122-126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun Lei; Fei Qiao; Qing Liu; Zhanliang Wei; Hongli Qi; Song Cui; Xue Yue; Yixiang Deng; Lihui An. 2017. "Microplastics releasing from personal care and cosmetic products in China." Marine Pollution Bulletin 123, no. 1-2: 122-126.
Kun Lei; Fei Qiao; Qing Liu; Zhanliang Wei; Lihui An; Hongli Qi; Song Cui; Gerald A. Leblanc. Preliminary evidence for snail deformation from a Eutrophic lake. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2017, 53, 219 -226.
AMA StyleKun Lei, Fei Qiao, Qing Liu, Zhanliang Wei, Lihui An, Hongli Qi, Song Cui, Gerald A. Leblanc. Preliminary evidence for snail deformation from a Eutrophic lake. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2017; 53 ():219-226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun Lei; Fei Qiao; Qing Liu; Zhanliang Wei; Lihui An; Hongli Qi; Song Cui; Gerald A. Leblanc. 2017. "Preliminary evidence for snail deformation from a Eutrophic lake." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 53, no. : 219-226.
Xi-Yin Zhou; Kun Lei; Wei Meng; Soon-Thiam Khu; Jian Zhao; Mingna Wang; Junfeng Yang. Space–time approach to water environment carrying capacity calculation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 149, 302 -312.
AMA StyleXi-Yin Zhou, Kun Lei, Wei Meng, Soon-Thiam Khu, Jian Zhao, Mingna Wang, Junfeng Yang. Space–time approach to water environment carrying capacity calculation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 149 ():302-312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXi-Yin Zhou; Kun Lei; Wei Meng; Soon-Thiam Khu; Jian Zhao; Mingna Wang; Junfeng Yang. 2017. "Space–time approach to water environment carrying capacity calculation." Journal of Cleaner Production 149, no. : 302-312.
For an improved understanding of the metal behavior between the sediment and overlaying water of Taihu Lake, the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was used to characterize the DGT measured concentration in sediments and release kinetics of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in representative lake parts. Spatially, the DGT-measured concentration of heavy metals showed that Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb had higher concentrations in the northern lake than in the eastern Lake Taihu. The order of the release flux for the studied metals from sediments to overlaying water was Zn>Cu>Ni, Cr>Pb>Cd (p<0.05). DGT devices were deployed over a series of time (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h) in sediment cores from the two typical lake parts (northwest algae dominant area and southeast macrophyte dominant area) to explore the dynamics in the sediment/DGT system, and the best fitted regression model was selected to characterize the release of metals in the two lake parts. The fitted results showed that the equilibration time of the metal release was approximately 24 h and Zn had a higher release capacity than other metals. Further analyses indicated that significant correlation existed between the DGT-measured metal concentrations in sediments and metal concentrations in lake organisms (r=0.943 and 0.996 for zoobenthos and coilia ectenes, p<0.05), suggesting that DGT technique is more effective to predict the metal bioavailability in lake sediments.
Kun Lei; Xuejiao Han; Jian Zhao; Fei Qiao; Zicheng Li; Tao Yu. Characterization of metal kinetics and bioavailability using diffusive gradients in thin films technique in sediments of Taihu Lake, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2016, 128, 153 -160.
AMA StyleKun Lei, Xuejiao Han, Jian Zhao, Fei Qiao, Zicheng Li, Tao Yu. Characterization of metal kinetics and bioavailability using diffusive gradients in thin films technique in sediments of Taihu Lake, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2016; 128 ():153-160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun Lei; Xuejiao Han; Jian Zhao; Fei Qiao; Zicheng Li; Tao Yu. 2016. "Characterization of metal kinetics and bioavailability using diffusive gradients in thin films technique in sediments of Taihu Lake, China." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 128, no. : 153-160.
The pollution of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) and ammonia (NH3–N) in Daliao river is severe, so it is urgent to reduce CODCr and NH3–N load in Daliao river through waste load allocation. In this study, simulation–optimization method based on total load allocation rationally index (TLARI) was proposed for waste load allocation. The indirect coupled model of WESC2D and WASP was used to simulate hydrodynamic and water quality of Daliao river and calculate the response relationships between waste loads and water quality of Daliao river based on the 30B3 design flow. TLARI considering the three principles of fairness, efficiency and scientifically sound was used as the optimization objective or post-evaluation index for allocating suitable CODCr and NH3–N loads to each sewage outlet. However, the allocation results showed that there was no need for CODCr and NH3–N loads reduction after Yingkou paper mill closed if water quality of the upstream of Daoliao river meets the water quality of Class V. That means Daliao river was seriously polluted mainly due to the upstream pollutant loads. It is concluded that coupled WESC2D and WASP model and TLARI were well used in the waste load allocation in Daliao river.
Kun Lei; Gang Zhou; Fu Guo; Soon-Thiam Khu; Guangjun Mao; Jiayu Peng; Qing Liu. Simulation–optimization method based on rationality evaluation for waste load allocation in Daliao river. Environmental Earth Sciences 2015, 73, 5193 -5209.
AMA StyleKun Lei, Gang Zhou, Fu Guo, Soon-Thiam Khu, Guangjun Mao, Jiayu Peng, Qing Liu. Simulation–optimization method based on rationality evaluation for waste load allocation in Daliao river. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015; 73 (9):5193-5209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun Lei; Gang Zhou; Fu Guo; Soon-Thiam Khu; Guangjun Mao; Jiayu Peng; Qing Liu. 2015. "Simulation–optimization method based on rationality evaluation for waste load allocation in Daliao river." Environmental Earth Sciences 73, no. 9: 5193-5209.