The plasticity of poly(vinyl alcohol)–graphene oxide nanocomposites was significantly improved and the failure mechanism changed from brittle to ductile failure.

Nanopore sequencing (ONT) is a new and rapidly developing method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA. It serves the ability to obtain long reads of thousands of nucleotides without assembly and amplification during sequencing compared to next-generation sequencing. Nanopore sequencing can help for determination of genetic changes leading to antibiotics resistance. This study presents the application of ONT technology in the assembly of an E. coli genome characterized by a deletion of the tolC gene and known single-nucleotide variations leading to antibiotic resistance, in the absence of a reference genome. We performed benchmark studies to determine minimum coverage depth to obtain a complete genome, depending on the quality of the ONT data. A comparison of existing programs was carried out. It was shown that the Flye program demonstrates plausible assembly results relative to others (Shasta, Canu, and Necat). The required coverage depth for successful assembly strongly depends on the size of reads. When using high-quality samples with an average read length of 8 Kbp or more, the coverage depth of 30× is sufficient to assemble the complete genome de novo and reliably determine single-nucleotide variations in it. For samples with shorter reads with mean lengths of 2 Kbp, a higher coverage depth of 50× is required. Avoiding of mechanical mixing is obligatory for samples preparation. Nanopore sequencing can be used alone to determine antibiotics-resistant genetic features of bacterial strains.

Protonated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers (Astramol™) of five generations: DAB-dendr-(NH₂)_x (where x = 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64) are sorbed by slightly cross-linked polyanionic hydrogels: poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate). As a result highly swollen original hydrogel transforms into compact cross-linked polyelectrolyte-dendrimer complexes. Sorption of dendrimers by the hydrogels is a chemically drawn frontal diffusion process. Driving force comes from the gain in the free energy of interpolyelectrolyte coupling reaction between the charged dendrimer molecules and the oppositely charged hydrogel network, accompanied with entropically favourable release of low molecular salt into environment. The amount of a simple salt released is equivalent to a number of intermolecular salt bonds, formed between protonated dendrimers and hydrogel networks. Apparently the mechanism of dendrimer uptake involves a “relay-race” transfer of dendrimer polycations from one fragment of polyelectrolyte network to the other via interpolyelectrolyte exchange reaction. As a result “core–shell” constructs consisting of outer weakly swollen complex shell and highly swollen hydrogel core are formed at intermediate stages of the process. The rate of sorption is determined by the rate of the interpolyelectrolyte exchange reaction that is the rate of the formation of free fragments of polyelectrolyte network (vacancies) on the inner complex-hydrogel boundary. The amount of vacancies depends on the area of this boundary. Consequently kinetics of dendrimer uptake could not be fitted in terms of Fickian diffusion (except DAB-dendr-(NH₂)₄), but expressed in terms of the kinetic equation derived for a frontal heterogeneous reaction. Sorbed dendrimers of all studied generations at pH values ensuring complete protonation of primary and tertiary amine groups are closely packed in hydrogel networks, so that all dendrimer cationic units form ion pairs with anionic units of hydrogels. In other words polyanionic network fragments are able to penetrate into the interior of fully protonated DAB-dendr-(NH₂)_x species as it was earlier shown for flexible linear polyanions. In such case the ultimate amount of sorbed dendrimer molecules is always determined by the condition n_a/N⁻ = 1, where n_a is the total number of dendrimer amine groups, N⁻ is the number of the anionic hydrogel units. The latter is also true for the complex shell composition in the heterogeneous reacting samples formed at intermediate stages of dendrimers uptake. Variation of pH and sorption extent is an effective tool to control dendrimer distribution, self-organization and the final structure of dendrimer–hydrogel constructs.

Oxydifficidin is a natural polyketide antibiotic that has long been recognized as a ribosome-targeting agent that inhibits protein synthesis. In this paper, we describe Bacillus velezensis strain EV17 and compare its complete genome sequence with that of the previously characterized B. velezensis strain K-3618 and the difficidin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) combined with mass spectrometry to elucidate the production of oxydifficidin by these strains. Toeprinting and small fluorescent peptide assays showed that isolated oxydifficidin induces a generalized inhibition of translation at every step of elongation in protein biosynthesis. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that oxydifficidin targets bL12 protein. Although spontaneous mutations conferring resistance to oxydifficidin in ribosomal protein bL12 located relatively close to the thiostrepton binding site on uL11, our data show that oxydifficidin binding does not interfere with thiostrepton, thereby refining previous findings about its putative ribosomal target. We are the first to show that this compound does not affect eukaryotic translation and has two orders of magnitude lower effect on eukaryotic cells compared to bacteria. These facts are important to further investigate its potential as a bioprotectant against phytopathogens or even as a therapeutic agent.