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Soil erosion is a serious environmental issue in the Gomal River catchment shared by Pakistan and Afghanistan. The river segment between the Gomal Zam dam and a diversion barrage (~40 km) brings a huge load of sediments that negatively affects the downstream irrigation system, but the sediment sources have not been explored in detail in this sub-catchment. The analysis of flow and sediment data shows that the significant sediment yield is still contributing to the diversion barrage despite the Gomal Zam dam construction. However, the sediment share at the diversion barrage from the sub-catchment is much larger than its relative size. A spatial assessment of erosion rates in the sub-catchment with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) shows that most of the sub-catchment falls into very severe and catastrophic erosion rate categories (>100 t h−1y−1). The sediment entry into the irrigation system can be managed both by limiting erosion in the catchment and trapping sediments into a hydraulic structure. The authors tested a scenario by improving the crop management factor in RUSLE as a catchment management option. The results show that improving the crop management factor makes little difference in reducing the erosion rates in the sub-catchment, suggesting other RUSLE factors, and perhaps slope is a more obvious reason for high erosion rates. This research also explores the efficiency of a proposed settling reservoir as a sediment load management option for the flows diverted from the barrage. The proposed settling reservoir is simulated using a computer-based sediment transport model. The modeling results suggest that a settling reservoir can reduce sediment entry into the irrigation network by trapping 95% and 25% for sand and silt particles, respectively. The findings of the study suggest that managing the sub-catchment characterizing an arid region and having steep slopes and barren mountains is a less compelling option to reduce sediment entry into the irrigation system compared to the settling reservoir at the diversion barrage. Managing the entire catchment (including upstream of Gomal Zam dam) can be a potential solution, but it would require cooperative planning due to the transboundary nature of the Gomal river catchment. The output of this research can aid policy and decision-makers to sustainably manage sedimentation issues in the irrigation network.
Muhammad Bhatti; Muhammad Ashraf; Arif Anwar. Soil Erosion and Sediment Load Management Strategies for Sustainable Irrigation in Arid Regions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3547 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Bhatti, Muhammad Ashraf, Arif Anwar. Soil Erosion and Sediment Load Management Strategies for Sustainable Irrigation in Arid Regions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Bhatti; Muhammad Ashraf; Arif Anwar. 2021. "Soil Erosion and Sediment Load Management Strategies for Sustainable Irrigation in Arid Regions." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3547.
The Indus Basin Irrigation System is characterized as a gravity surface irrigation system, with minimal on-line or off-line storage and limited distribution control. An important characteristic is the limited water availability. On field irrigation within the Indus Basin Irrigation System is almost entirely using surface irrigation and only very few farms adopting pressurized irrigation systems. The objective of the warabandi management system that characterizes the Indus Basin Irrigation System is to distribute the limited available water as equitably as possible. This research evaluates surface irrigation under furrow and border strip irrigation using canal water and groundwater conjunctively. This paper presents results from a numerical model and field observations, to examine the precision surface irrigation paradigm within the water supply constraints imposed by the warabandi system of the Indus Basin Irrigation System. We conclude that laser grading within the IBIS is achievable at a modest cost and effort. Our findings suggest that the improved laser-graded profile persists for at least three crop seasons. Furrow irrigation can attain a high performance using either available canal or groundwater with low quarter distribution uniformity and low quarter application efficiency as performance indicators. Border irrigation can also attain a high performance provided irrigation is changed to fortnightly. Model predictions of advance curve and low quarter distribution uniformity are compared to field observations and in-situ measurement.
Arif A. Anwar; Waqas Ahmad. Precision surface irrigation with conjunctive water use. Sustainable Water Resources Management 2020, 6, 1 -17.
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Waqas Ahmad. Precision surface irrigation with conjunctive water use. Sustainable Water Resources Management. 2020; 6 (5):1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Waqas Ahmad. 2020. "Precision surface irrigation with conjunctive water use." Sustainable Water Resources Management 6, no. 5: 1-17.
The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) lacks a system for measuring canal inflows, storages, and outflows that is trusted by all parties, transparent, and accessible. An earlier attempt for telemetering flows in the IBIS did not deliver. There is now renewed interest in revisiting telemetry in Pakistan’s IBIS at both national and provincial scales. These investments are typically approached with an emphasis on hardware procurement contracts. This paper describes the experience from field installations of flow measurement instruments and communication technology to make the case that canal flows can be measured at high frequency and displayed remotely to the stakeholders with minimal loss of data and lag time between measurement and display. The authors advocate rolling out the telemetry system across IBIS as a data as a service (DaaS) contract rather than as a hardware procurement contract. This research addresses a key issue of how such a DaaS contract can assure data quality, which is often a concern with such contracts. The research findings inform future telemetry investment decisions in large-scale irrigation systems, particularly the IBIS.
Muhammad Tousif Bhatti; Arif A. Anwar; Muhammad Azeem Ali Shah. Revisiting Telemetry in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System. Water 2019, 11, 2315 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Tousif Bhatti, Arif A. Anwar, Muhammad Azeem Ali Shah. Revisiting Telemetry in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System. Water. 2019; 11 (11):2315.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Tousif Bhatti; Arif A. Anwar; Muhammad Azeem Ali Shah. 2019. "Revisiting Telemetry in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System." Water 11, no. 11: 2315.
The Washington Accord is one of seven mutual recognition agreements managed by the International Engineering Alliance. Its signatories recognize the substantial equivalency of programs accredited by the signatory bodies, and they agree to make every reasonable effort to ensure that licensing boards in their respective countries recognize this. Despite 25 years of the Washington Accord, however, only a minority of U.S. state licensing boards acknowledge it in their statutes. This paper compares Engineering Council (EC) guidelines for accreditation with those of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). It concludes that there are substantial similarities in the EC and ABET accreditation criteria. This should encourage U.S. state licensing boards to acknowledge EC-accredited programs in their statutes explicitly if not through the Washington Accord. A number of key differences in EC and ABET accreditation criteria are also highlighted. Both the ABET and the EC accredit programs at various levels. This paper recommends that the International Engineering Alliance clarify the correspondence between the various levels of accredited programs of the Washington Accord signatories.
Arif A. Anwar; David Richards. Comparison of EC and ABET Accreditation Criteria. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 2018, 144, 06018001 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, David Richards. Comparison of EC and ABET Accreditation Criteria. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 2018; 144 (3):06018001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; David Richards. 2018. "Comparison of EC and ABET Accreditation Criteria." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 144, no. 3: 06018001.
The apportionment of waters of the Indus River System between the provinces of Pakistan is widely hailed as a historic agreement. This agreement (herein referred to as the Accord) was signed into effect in 1991, just over 25 years ago. The Accord lacks a clearly stated objective and hence it is difficult to review the Accord against its objective. This paper presents a detailed thematic review of the Accord and interprets the literature and data sets that have become available over the last 25 years. Although the Accord leaves room for interpretation, which is often biased to a particular perspective, an obvious starting point that has been highlighted in the literature is to improve water accounting in the Indus basin and to clarify and document the Operating Rules. Over the next 25 years, demographic change, socioeconomic change, and climate change in the Indus Basin will place this Accord under increased scrutiny.
Arif A. Anwar; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. Pakistan’s Water Apportionment Accord of 1991: 25 Years and Beyond. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2018, 144, 05017015 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. Pakistan’s Water Apportionment Accord of 1991: 25 Years and Beyond. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 2018; 144 (1):05017015.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. 2018. "Pakistan’s Water Apportionment Accord of 1991: 25 Years and Beyond." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 144, no. 1: 05017015.
Tonny T. De Vries; Arif A. Anwar; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. Canal Operations Planner. III: Minimizing Inequity with Delivery Performance Ratio Relaxation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2017, 143, 04017038 .
AMA StyleTonny T. De Vries, Arif A. Anwar, Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. Canal Operations Planner. III: Minimizing Inequity with Delivery Performance Ratio Relaxation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2017; 143 (9):04017038.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTonny T. De Vries; Arif A. Anwar; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. 2017. "Canal Operations Planner. III: Minimizing Inequity with Delivery Performance Ratio Relaxation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 143, no. 9: 04017038.
Arif A. Anwar; Tonny T. De Vries. Sequential Irrigation Scheduling Avoiding Night Irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2017, 143, 04017012 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Tonny T. De Vries. Sequential Irrigation Scheduling Avoiding Night Irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2017; 143 (7):04017012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Tonny T. De Vries. 2017. "Sequential Irrigation Scheduling Avoiding Night Irrigation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 143, no. 7: 04017012.
Online inventory of tube-wells in a canal command through digital photography.Farmer Organization engaged in groundwater monitoring as an institution.Automatic recording instruments for monitoring groundwater levels and quality. Due to extensive groundwater development in the recent past, Pakistan now faces enormous challenges of groundwater management as it struggles to ensure food security for its rapidly growing population. These management challenges require a re-balancing of surface and groundwater monitoring objectives and approaches in the country. This article presents the current status of the groundwater monitoring and management in Pakistan. A compelling case is presented for optimization of material resources in improving groundwater level and quality data by proposing to use farmer organizations as a source of crowd sourced groundwater information. The authors showcase new methods to collect groundwater data and demonstrate use of automatic recording instruments for groundwater monitoring in a tertiary canal command area in the Pakistans Punjab. The results suggest that the potential for broader impact by engaging farmer organization and expanding monitoring networks is attractive. A common concern about long term deployment of automatic instruments is that the observation wells are not purged before extracting water quality samples. The authors address this concern through a field experiment by utilizing capabilities of automatic recording instruments.
Muhammad Tousif Bhatti; Arif Anwar; Muhammad Aslam. Groundwater monitoring and management: Status and options in Pakistan. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2017, 135, 143 -153.
AMA StyleMuhammad Tousif Bhatti, Arif Anwar, Muhammad Aslam. Groundwater monitoring and management: Status and options in Pakistan. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2017; 135 ():143-153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Tousif Bhatti; Arif Anwar; Muhammad Aslam. 2017. "Groundwater monitoring and management: Status and options in Pakistan." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 135, no. : 143-153.
Multimachine scheduling problems with earliness/tardiness costs and sequence-dependent setup times are analogous to the simultaneous irrigation scheduling problem with water travel times between outlets in a canal irrigation system where all the farmers are supplied with identical discharges at their requested time, i.e., arranged demand irrigation scheduling. The multimachine scheduling problem with earliness/tardiness costs even without setup consideration is computationally very demanding and optimum solutions are not possible in practical time limits. The addition of the sequence-dependent setup time and the dual goal of minimizing earliness/tardiness and the number of machines makes it even more difficult, complicated, and novel. For practical applications, meta-heuristics such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, or tabu search methods need to be used. This study employs the genetic algorithm (GA) model. The model presented here is an improvement over earlier work as it considers travel time in a multimachine or simultaneous irrigation system and resolves the issue of computational time by using an approximate algorithm instead of an exact algorithm. However, no quantitative comparison can be done with earlier models as the current model accommodates travel time; hence, its objective function is numerically different than earlier models. The problem is successfully modeled using GA and its implementation is demonstrated. No comprehensive data set is available that completes the requirements of rigorous testing of the GA model. Therefore, to evaluate the performance of the GA model with travel time, instances were randomly generated from a uniform distribution, for three different values of travel times. The GA model was able to obtain feasible schedules for all the instances tested.
Zia Ul Haq; Arif A. Anwar. Simultaneous-Irrigation Scheduling GA Model with Identical Discharges and Travel Time. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2017, 143, 06016014 .
AMA StyleZia Ul Haq, Arif A. Anwar. Simultaneous-Irrigation Scheduling GA Model with Identical Discharges and Travel Time. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2017; 143 (2):06016014.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZia Ul Haq; Arif A. Anwar. 2017. "Simultaneous-Irrigation Scheduling GA Model with Identical Discharges and Travel Time." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 143, no. 2: 06016014.
A key operational objective for the management of the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan is the distribution of water among tertiary canals in a transparent and equitable manner. Decisions on canal operations are disseminated as a Canal Operation Plan, or a Rotational Program, for each crop season for every canal system. The current practice for developing these plans is qualitative based on heuristics that have remain unchanged since the early development of this vast irrigation system. This paper uses operations research tools to develop a Canal Operations Planner. Allocation cost is defined as a function of the delivery performance ratio and maximizing this function. The performance of the modules is evaluated using spillage and the Gini index as a measure of equity. Two models, namely; linear programme-delivery performance ratio (LP-DPR) and non linear programme-delivery performance ratio (NLP-DPR) are presented and the results are compared to performance under current canal planning and operational practice. Both models improve the equity when compared to existing operations. The NLP-DPR model outperforms the LP-DPR both on equity and minimizing spillage.
Arif A. Anwar; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti; Tonny T. De Vries. Canal Operations Planner. I: Maximizing Delivery Performance Ratio. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2016, 142, 04016057 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Muhammad Tousif Bhatti, Tonny T. De Vries. Canal Operations Planner. I: Maximizing Delivery Performance Ratio. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2016; 142 (12):04016057.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti; Tonny T. De Vries. 2016. "Canal Operations Planner. I: Maximizing Delivery Performance Ratio." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 142, no. 12: 04016057.
This paper examines the fairness in distribution of water in a tertiary canal within the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Two methodologies are proposed: canal rating equations, and outlet discharge equations. The methodology is applied to a tertiary canal located in the Punjab, Province of Pakistan. Fairness/equity is expressed quantitatively using the Gini index. There is a difference in the estimated discharge depending on the methodology employed, however as we move along the canal the water allowance does not vary significantly with the distance along the canal. Hence for this particular canal the head-middle-tail inequity often reported and generalized in the literature is not observed. The advantage of a quantitative measure of inequity such as the Gini is exemplified by comparing the Gini with that at the secondary canal and also against itself if the tertiary canal could be operated “as designed”. We introduce two new concepts: systematic and operational inequity. Provided the costs of data acquisition can be reduced this technology has the potential to be scaled up and included in future development investments in large scale irrigation systems. Further work exploring the impact of information on stakeholders needs to be undertaken
M. Azeem Ali Shah; Arif A. Anwar; Andrew Reid Bell; Zia Ul Haq. Equity in a tertiary canal of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). Agricultural Water Management 2016, 178, 201 -214.
AMA StyleM. Azeem Ali Shah, Arif A. Anwar, Andrew Reid Bell, Zia Ul Haq. Equity in a tertiary canal of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). Agricultural Water Management. 2016; 178 ():201-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Azeem Ali Shah; Arif A. Anwar; Andrew Reid Bell; Zia Ul Haq. 2016. "Equity in a tertiary canal of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)." Agricultural Water Management 178, no. : 201-214.
Equity of water distribution is an oft-repeated and stated aim of the warabandi irrigation systems prevalent in Pakistan and parts of India. The Canal Operations Plan is one tool used to operationalize equitable distribution of water. These plans are created for every canal system every crop season. This companion paper applies operations research tools to this problem and explicitly minimizes inequity as measured by the Gini index of the cumulative depth of water supplied. The results are analyzed and compared with those obtained from the models of the companion paper that maximize delivery performance ratio (DPR) and conclude that the linear programme-delivery performance ratio (LP-DPR) model given in the companion paper is overall slightly superior to the linear programme-inequity (LP-INEQ) model presented in this paper. This paper highlights that a performance indicator of equity such as the Gini may not fully capture the sense of fairness from a farmer’s perspective. Application of this research is demonstrated through an engineering application in the preparation of a canal operations plan for the summer 2016 and winter 2016–2017 crop season.
Arif A. Anwar; Tonny T. De Vries; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. Canal Operations Planner. II: Minimizing Inequity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2016, 142, 04016058 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Tonny T. De Vries, Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. Canal Operations Planner. II: Minimizing Inequity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2016; 142 (12):04016058.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Tonny T. De Vries; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti. 2016. "Canal Operations Planner. II: Minimizing Inequity." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 142, no. 12: 04016058.
Several irrigation water delivery methods are in practice in irrigated agriculture throughout the world, and a variety of classifications have been suggested by different researchers. Demand, arranged-demand, and rotation are the three main types of irrigation schedules/delivery methods. Irrigation systems may also be classified as either sequential or simultaneous. Supplying water sequentially to farmers according to their requested times constitutes an irrigation scheduling problem analogous to the classical earliness/tardiness single machine scheduling problems in Operational Research (OR). In this paper, the authors describe an irrigation scheduling problem analogous to the complex multimachine scheduling problem. The authors develop a genetic algorithm (GA) and test this algorithm against solutions obtained from an integer program to draw conclusions about the solution quality of the GA. The researchers demonstrate the potential of this GA through an engineering application of the Maira Branch Canal. The authors show that if this canal is operated at a constant discharge, the arranged-demand schedule requires the canal to be operated at 75% of the discharge required if this canal were operated on an on-demand schedule.
Arif A. Anwar; Zia Ul Haq. Arranged-Demand Irrigation Scheduling with Nonidentical Discharges. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2016, 142, 04016033 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Zia Ul Haq. Arranged-Demand Irrigation Scheduling with Nonidentical Discharges. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2016; 142 (9):04016033.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Zia Ul Haq. 2016. "Arranged-Demand Irrigation Scheduling with Nonidentical Discharges." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 142, no. 9: 04016033.
In this research we explore the potential of precision surface irrigation to improve irrigation performance under the warabandi system prevalent in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Data on field dimensions, field slopes along with characteristic soil infiltration properties and outlet discharge were collected through a survey of a sample tertiary unit of Maira Branch Canal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The performance of all fields in the tertiary unit was analysed and reported in aggregate, with detailed results of one field presented for illustration. The objective is to determine the optimum field layout, defined as the number of border strips, for the observed field characteristics to maximize performance. The results indicate that performance improvement is relatively easily achievable through changes in field layout within current irrigation services. Estimated application efficiency is sensitive to the selected depth of application, and it is important that a practical depth of application is selected. We recommend a depth of application of 50 mm and show how this is achievable and leads to a low quarter distribution uniformity of 0.750 and an application efficiency of 80 %. We also explore the feasibility of a 10-day warabandi rather than the 7-day warabandi and show that there is no significant change in the performance under a 10-day warabandi.
Arif A. Anwar; Waqas Ahmad; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti; Zia Ul Haq. The potential of precision surface irrigation in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Irrigation Science 2016, 34, 379 -396.
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Tousif Bhatti, Zia Ul Haq. The potential of precision surface irrigation in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Irrigation Science. 2016; 34 (5):379-396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; Waqas Ahmad; Muhammad Tousif Bhatti; Zia Ul Haq. 2016. "The potential of precision surface irrigation in the Indus Basin Irrigation System." Irrigation Science 34, no. 5: 379-396.
Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS) is one of the largest contiguous irrigation systems of the world. The surface canal water supplies are far less than the crop water demands which lead farmers to use groundwater to cope surface water scarcity. Although many studies in the IBIS are conducted to analyze the equitable distribution of canal water, there is hardly any study which comprehensively analyze the equitable use of canal water and groundwater at different spatial and temporal scales. One of the main reasons is lack of reliable information on the volume of groundwater abstraction. The objective of the current study is to develop an approach for estimating the equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial (canal command, distributaries, head, middle and tail end reaches) and temporal (daily, monthly and seasonal) scales of Hakra canal command area of IBIS. Results show that canal water and groundwater use to meet actual evapotranspiration is 34 and 42 %, respectively, which makes groundwater as an integral part of the large canal irrigation schemes of IBIS. The canal water and groundwater use varies significantly during the cropping colander. The maximum groundwater use is during May (51 mm) whereas the maximum canal water use is during August (24 mm). Farmers located at the head end reaches of Hakra canal use 42 % groundwater of total groundwater use whereas farmers located at the middle and tail end reaches use only 35 and 23 %, respectively. The canal water use at the head, middle and tail end reaches is 40, 34 and 26 %, respectively. These results show that the farmers located at the head of Hakra canal command area use more canal water and groundwater as compared to those located at the middle and tail end reaches. This methodology can provide guidelines to water managers in the region for equitable use of both canal water and groundwater
Usman Khalid Awan; Arif Anwar; Waqas Ahmad; Mohsin Hafeez. A methodology to estimate equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial and temporal scales: a geo-informatics approach. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1 -13.
AMA StyleUsman Khalid Awan, Arif Anwar, Waqas Ahmad, Mohsin Hafeez. A methodology to estimate equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial and temporal scales: a geo-informatics approach. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (5):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsman Khalid Awan; Arif Anwar; Waqas Ahmad; Mohsin Hafeez. 2016. "A methodology to estimate equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial and temporal scales: a geo-informatics approach." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 5: 1-13.
Arif A. Anwar; David Richards. The Washington Accord and U.S. Licensing Boards. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 2015, 141, 04015001 .
AMA StyleArif A. Anwar, David Richards. The Washington Accord and U.S. Licensing Boards. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 2015; 141 (4):04015001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArif A. Anwar; David Richards. 2015. "The Washington Accord and U.S. Licensing Boards." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 141, no. 4: 04015001.
Tonny T. De Vries; Arif A. Anwar. Equitable Canal Water Allocation. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleTonny T. De Vries, Arif A. Anwar. Equitable Canal Water Allocation. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTonny T. De Vries; Arif A. Anwar. 2015. "Equitable Canal Water Allocation." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015 , no. : 1.
Tonny T. De Vries; Arif A. Anwar. Irrigation Scheduling Using Complex Machine Scheduling. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2015, 141, 04014065 .
AMA StyleTonny T. De Vries, Arif A. Anwar. Irrigation Scheduling Using Complex Machine Scheduling. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2015; 141 (5):04014065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTonny T. De Vries; Arif A. Anwar. 2015. "Irrigation Scheduling Using Complex Machine Scheduling." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 141, no. 5: 04014065.
Andrew Reid Bell; M. Azeem A. Shah; Arif Anwar; Claudia Ringler. What role can information play in improved equity in Pakistan’s irrigation system? Evidence from an experimental game in Punjab. Ecology and Society 2015, 20, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrew Reid Bell, M. Azeem A. Shah, Arif Anwar, Claudia Ringler. What role can information play in improved equity in Pakistan’s irrigation system? Evidence from an experimental game in Punjab. Ecology and Society. 2015; 20 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew Reid Bell; M. Azeem A. Shah; Arif Anwar; Claudia Ringler. 2015. "What role can information play in improved equity in Pakistan’s irrigation system? Evidence from an experimental game in Punjab." Ecology and Society 20, no. 1: 1.
The Indus basin of Pakistan is vulnerable to climate change which would directly affect the livelihoods of poor people engaged in irrigated agriculture. The situation could be worse in middle and lower part of this basin which occupies 90% of the irrigated area. The objective of this research is to analyze the long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower parts of Indus basin of Pakistan. We used monthly data from 1971 to 2010 and applied non-parametric seasonal Kendal test for trend detection in combination with seasonal Kendall slope estimator to quantify the magnitude of trends. The meteorological parameters considered were mean maximum and mean minimum air temperature, and rainfall from 12 meteorological stations located in the study region. We examined the reliability and spatial integrity of data by mass-curve analysis and spatial correlation matrices, respectively. Analysis was performed for four seasons (spring—March to May, summer—June to August, fall—September to November and winter—December to February). The results show that max. temperature has an average increasing trend of magnitude +0.16, +0.03, 0.0 and +0.04 °C/decade during all the four seasons, respectively. The average trend of min. temperature during the four seasons also increases with magnitude of +0.29, +0.12, +0.36 and +0.36 °C/decade, respectively. Persistence of the increasing trend is more pronounced in the min. temperature as compared to the max. temperature on annual basis. Analysis of rainfall data has not shown any noteworthy trend during winter, fall and on annual basis. However during spring and summer season, the rainfall trends vary from -1.15 to +0.93 and -3.86 to +2.46 mm/decade, respectively. It is further revealed that rainfall trends during all seasons are statistically non-significant. Overall the study area is under a significant warming trend with no changes in rainfall
Waqas Ahmad; Aamira Fatima; Usman Khalid Awan; Arif Anwar. Analysis of long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower Indus Basin of Pakistan—A non-parametric statistical approach. Global and Planetary Change 2014, 122, 282 -291.
AMA StyleWaqas Ahmad, Aamira Fatima, Usman Khalid Awan, Arif Anwar. Analysis of long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower Indus Basin of Pakistan—A non-parametric statistical approach. Global and Planetary Change. 2014; 122 ():282-291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaqas Ahmad; Aamira Fatima; Usman Khalid Awan; Arif Anwar. 2014. "Analysis of long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower Indus Basin of Pakistan—A non-parametric statistical approach." Global and Planetary Change 122, no. : 282-291.