Rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic autoimmune disorders characterized by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to joint damage and reduced quality of life. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to diet as a modifiable environmental factor that can complement pharmacological therapy. This review summarizes current evidence on how key dietary components—such as omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, polyphenols, and antioxidant vitamins—affect inflammatory pathways and oxidative balance. Special emphasis is placed on the Mediterranean diet, low-starch diets, and hypocaloric regimens, which have shown potential in improving disease activity. The gut microbiota emerges as a critical mediator between diet and immune function, with dietary interventions capable of restoring eubiosis and strengthening the intestinal barrier. Additionally, this paper discusses challenges in the clinical implementation of diet therapy, the need for personalized nutritional strategies, and the importance of integrating diet into holistic patient care. Collectively, findings suggest that dietary interventions may reduce disease activity, mitigate systemic inflammation, and enhance patients’ overall well-being.

Melatonin (MEL)is an endogenous hormone with antioxidant potential that plays an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis. MEL and its derivatives directly scavenge free oxygen and nitrogen radicals. Melatonin inhibits lipid peroxidation, stimulates antioxidant enzymes, and reduces metal toxicity. It stabilizes mitochondrial activity and suppresses inflammatory signaling. It takes part in neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and modulation of the cardiovascular system. It prevents many diseases of free radical etiology, i.e., neurodegenerative and circulatory system diseases and ischemic stroke. Supplementation with this antioxidant can slow down the aging process and provide protection against diseases of the central nervous system and support the body’s natural antioxidant system. This study uses current reports from the literature and meta-analyses of the antioxidant mechanisms of melatonin and its importance in neurodegenerative diseases.

Oxime ethers are a class of compounds containing the >C=N-O-R moiety. The presence of this moiety affects the biological activity of the compounds. In this review, the structures of oxime ethers with specific biological activity have been collected and presented, and bactericidal, fungicidal, antidepressant, anticancer and herbicidal activities, among others, are described. The review includes both those substances that are currently used as drugs (e.g., fluvoxamine, mayzent, ridogrel, oxiconazole), as well as non-drug structures for which various biological activity studies have been conducted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of the biological activity of compounds containing such a moiety. The authors hope that this review will inspire scientists to take a greater interest in this group of compounds, as it constitutes an interesting research area.

Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are secreted by the adrenal cortex, are important regulators in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. For the proper functioning of the body, strict control of their release is necessary, as increased GCs levels may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathological conditions contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) locally controls the availability of the active glucocorticoid, namely cortisol and corticosterone, for the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, the participation of 11β-HSD1 in the development of metabolic diseases makes both this enzyme and its inhibitors attractive targets in the pharmacotherapy of the above-mentioned diseases.

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic autoimmune diseases characterized by persistent inflammation and oxidative imbalance. Oxidative stress, caused by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysfunction in antioxidant mechanisms, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of both conditions, leading to increased inflammatory processes and tissue damage. This study aims to review current antioxidant-based therapeutic options and analyze oxidative stress biomarkers in the context of psoriasis and PsA. Based on available literature, key biomarkers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), were identified as being elevated in patients with psoriasis and PsA. Conversely, antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), showed reduced activity, correlating with symptom severity. The study also examines the efficacy of various antioxidant therapies, including curcumin, resveratrol, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins C and E, which may aid in reducing oxidative stress and alleviating inflammation. The findings indicated that antioxidants can play a significant role in alleviating symptoms and slowing the progression of psoriasis and PsA through modulation of redox mechanisms and reduction of ROS levels. Antioxidant-based therapies offer a promising direction in treating autoimmune diseases, highlighting the need for further research on their efficacy and potential clinical application.

Exposure to heavy metals and lifestyle factors like smoking contribute to the production of free oxygen radicals. This fact, combined with a lowered total antioxidant status, can induce even more damage in the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Despite the fact that some researchers are looking for more genetic factors underlying AS, most studies focus on polymorphisms within the genes encoding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The biggest challenge is finding the effective treatment of the disease. Genetic factors and the influence of oxidative stress, mineral metabolism disorders, microbiota, and tobacco smoking seem to be of great importance for the development of AS. The data contained in this review constitute valuable information and encourage the initiation and development of research in this area, showing connections between inflammatory disorders leading to the pathogenesis of AS and selected environmental and genetic factors.