The incorporation of Industry 4.0 has integrated various innovations into fire safety management, thus changing the mode of identifying, assessing, and controlling fire risks. This review aims at how emerging technologies like IoT, AI, cloud technology, and BIM are making changes to fire safety in structural structures. With IoT-enabled sensors, data, and analytics coupled with predictive algorithms for real-time scenarios, fire safety systems have become dynamic systems where early detection, quick response, and risk management can be achieved. In addition, cloud web-based solutions improve the storage of information while providing the predictive aspect for certainty of safety measures. This paper also largely focuses on such activities through the likes of ISO/IEC 30141 and IEEE 802.15.4, thus making a critical role in maintaining effective connectivity between IoT devices, which is necessary for the effective performance of fire safety systems. Furthermore, the implementation issues, including the high costs, the difficulty in scaling up the projects, and the cybersecurity concerns, are considered and compared to the possible solutions, which include upgrading in stages and the possibility of subsidies from the government. The review also points out areas for further study, such as the creation of small cell networks with lower latency, the use of AI to carry out the maintenance of IoTs, and the enhancement of protection mechanisms of systems that are based on the IoTs. In general, this paper highlights the vast possibilities offered by Industry 4.0 technologies to support organizational fire safety management or decrease fire fatalities and improve built environment fire safety.

Alternative fuels have an important role to play for both spark ignition and compression ignition engines, the prime reasons being the need to trim down the dependency on gasoline as a fuel and its economic aspects. Many investigations have primarily focused on using alternative fuels to see the diminishing effect on fuel consumption. The aim of this review is to study and analyze the range of opportunities and future prospects of introducing blends of gasoline–ethanol, gasoline with all other alcohols derivative and subsequent alternative fuels in varying percentage ratios in the existing spark ignition engines by diagnosing various aspects such as air–fuel ratio, operating cylinder pressure, ignition timing and compression ratio related to the performance parameters only. Ethanol blends in lower proportions showed an increment in the range of 2.31–4.16% for the engine torque and 0.29–4.77% for brake power. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased for higher volume of ethanol content in the range of 5.17–56%. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was slightly on a higher side in the range of 2.5–6% when ethanol–gasoline blend was used.