Recently, a hybrid microgrid system is playing a vital role to supply sustainable power to remote areas using renewable energy sources. The main motto of this research is to design the optimal hybrid microgrid system by identifying the potentials of power production in selected location. The proposed design provides sustainable power to meet the different load demands of various communities in Doddipalli village, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India. Here, a Hydrogen tank and hydrogen loads are also integrated with the grid-integrated hybrid microgrid system for hydrogen production with excess electricity for energy management strategies. Optimization process, techno-economic, and environmental analysis were carried out to construct the optimal system using HOMER software. The domestic average daily load demand is about 704.86 kWh/day. Homer software generates several possible designs, and the top eight are evaluated for use in the case studies. The optimal system (PV/WT/Grid) is decided by comparing the lowest levelized cost of energy ($0.0751/kWh/day), minimum net present cost ($6.92M) and the high renewable energy fraction (97.8%). The proposed design consists of solar photovoltaic (PV)-13.9 kW, wind turbine (WT)-800kW (4), hydrogen tank-10 kg, electrolyser-700 kW and power converter-94 kW. Based on the results, the proposed system has less carbon dioxide ( CO ₂ ) emission, making it better for the environment. In this research work, the optimal design would be more economical when solar PV, Wind Turbine became the primary energy sources. This analysis shows that proposed hybrid system can be an appropriate model to provide reliable power at a low generation cost for the considered area.

Optimization methods for a hybrid microgrid system that integrated renewable energy sources (RES) and supplies reliable power to remote areas, were considered in order to overcome the intermittent nature of RESs. The hybrid AC/DC microgrid system was constructed with a solar photovoltaic system, wind turbine, battery storage, converter, and diesel generator. There is a steady increase in the utilization of hybrid renewable energy sources with hybrid AC/DC microgrids; consequently, it is necessary to solve optimization techniques. Therefore, the present study proposed utilizing multi-objective optimization methods using evolutionary algorithms. In this context, a few papers were reviewed regarding multi-objective optimization to determine the capacity and optimal design of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with RESs. Here, the optimal system consisted of the minimum cost of energy, minimum net present cost, low operating cost, low carbon emissions and a high renewable fraction. These were determined by using multi-objective optimization (MOO) algorithms. The sizing optimization of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid was based on the multi-objective grey wolf optimizer (MOGWO) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). Similarly, multi-objective optimization with different evolutionary algorithms (MOGA, MOGOA etc.) reduces energy cost and net present cost, and increases the reliability of islanded hybrid microgrid systems.

Due to the lack of grid power availability in rural areas, hybrid renewable energy sources are integrated with microgrids to distribute reliable power to remote locations. This optimal hybrid system is created using a solar photovoltaic system, wind turbine, diesel generator, battery storage system, converter, electrolyzer and hydrogen tank to provide uninterrupted power and meet different load demands of different communities in Doddipalli village, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India. Optimization and techno-economic analysis are performed to design the proposed system using HOMER Software. Various configurations are obtained from the software among which the best four combinations are considered for case studies. This research article aims to design the optimal hybrid renewable energy system, wherein the design consists of PV/BS (1476 kW-solar PV, 417 batteries, electrolyser-200 kW, hydrogen tank-20 kg and 59.6 kW-converter) by comparing the minimum net present cost (NPC: $7.01 M), levelized cost of energy (LCOE: 0.244 $/kWh), and the high renewable fraction (RF: 84.1%). In this research, the proposed system would be more economical when solar energy becomes the primary source and is integrated with the battery. This research also presents a sensitivity analysis of the off-grid HRES system with various electrical load demands, project lifetime, and derating factors.

Continuous assessment of voltage stability (VS) is an important aspect to safeguard electrical power system (EPS) operation. The conservative methods for online assessment in terms of stability check for voltage are extremely time consuming and also absurd for supervising any application online. In agreement with this, a model which is an amalgamation of the Salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and support vector machine (SVM) is aimed at supervising the VS in the paper. The method anticipated for the aforesaid problem utilises the magnitude of voltage and its corresponding phase angle which are attained from the PMU as the inputs to the ML model and the respective output are considered to be the voltage stability margin index (VSMI). The proficiency of the anticipated model (SSA – SVM) is verified by means of various test cases under the real-time scenario and compared with the same data set to attest its pre-eminence.