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Current advances and developments in automated mineralogy have made it a crucial key technology in the field of process mineralogy, allowing better understanding and connection between mineralogy and the beneficiation process. The latest developments in X‑ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) have shown a great potential to let it become the next-generation automated mineralogy technique. µCT’s main benefit lies in its capability to allow 3D monitoring of the internal structure of the ore sample at resolutions down to a few hundred nanometers, thus excluding the common stereological error in conventional 2D analysis. Driven by the technological and computational progress, µCT is constantly developing as an analysis tool and successively it will become an essential technique in the field of process mineralogy. This study aims to assess the potential application of µCT systems, for 3D ore characterization through relevant case studies. The opportunities and platforms that µCT 3D ore characterization provides for process design and simulation in mineral processing are presented.
Pratama Istiadi Guntoro; Yousef Ghorbani; Jan Rosenkranz. 3D Ore Characterization as a Paradigm Shift for Process Design and Simulation in Mineral Processing. BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 2021, 166, 384 -389.
AMA StylePratama Istiadi Guntoro, Yousef Ghorbani, Jan Rosenkranz. 3D Ore Characterization as a Paradigm Shift for Process Design and Simulation in Mineral Processing. BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte. 2021; 166 (8):384-389.
Chicago/Turabian StylePratama Istiadi Guntoro; Yousef Ghorbani; Jan Rosenkranz. 2021. "3D Ore Characterization as a Paradigm Shift for Process Design and Simulation in Mineral Processing." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 166, no. 8: 384-389.
Innovative tungsten (W) extraction techniques are continually being sought because of challenges of low leaching efficiencies, despite using advanced processing units such as autoclaves operating high temperatures and pressures. Compared to conventional leaching, mechanochemical treatment improves the efficiency of leaching. Therefore, in this study, an innovative mechanochemical treatment method, referred to as leaching while grinding (LWG), was employed as a reprocessing option to optimize W recovery from historical tungsten tailings. Experiments were run using the regular two-level factorial design to screen through the four factors of stirrer speed, liquid/solid ratio, temperature, and digestion time to assess their criticality and effects in the LWG process. The stirrer speed and the liquid/solid ratio were the most critical factors in the optimization of W recovery. The maximum W recovery (91.2%) was attained at the highest stirrer speed (410 rpm), low liquid/solid ratio (0.8), long digestion time (6 h), and low leaching temperature (60 °C). The attained low leaching temperature (60 °C) was due to the mechanical activation of scheelite resulting from the simultaneous grinding and leaching. For such low- grade W material, liquid/solid ratio optimizing is critical for maintaining the digestion mixture fluidity, and for environmental and economic sustainability regarding the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) consumption, which was low.
Jane Mulenshi; Saeed Chelgani; Jan Rosenkranz. Mechanochemical Treatment of Historical Tungsten Tailings: Leaching While Grinding for Tungsten Extraction Using NaOH. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3258 .
AMA StyleJane Mulenshi, Saeed Chelgani, Jan Rosenkranz. Mechanochemical Treatment of Historical Tungsten Tailings: Leaching While Grinding for Tungsten Extraction Using NaOH. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJane Mulenshi; Saeed Chelgani; Jan Rosenkranz. 2021. "Mechanochemical Treatment of Historical Tungsten Tailings: Leaching While Grinding for Tungsten Extraction Using NaOH." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3258.
Mineral liberation and size reduction are the most critical steps before mineral separation. Several investigations showed that mineral liberation degree could be affected by ore texture and/or loading mechanisms. However, varied definitions have been used for the breakage fundamentals as the leading cause of mineral liberation. This review identifies the breakage fundamentals and analyzes them in terms of process and ore breakage behavior. It is highlighted that the breakage fundamentals are essential for optimizing of comminution environments and designing the comminution machines. Three main areas of breakage processes in regard to fundamentals of breakage are classified and addressed as “Loading mechanism”, “Breakage mechanism”, and “Breakage mode”. Despite the fact that many advances have been made in the design of the comminution machines; still, the combined effect of breakage fundamentals and ore properties such as ore texture in a quantitative manner is not fully understood. In this regard, this study identifies and discusses the material and process factors influencing the breakage phenomenon. This potentially paves the way for improving the comminution environment concerning a particular ore type.
Parisa Semsari Parapari; Mehdi Parian; Jan Rosenkranz. Breakage process of mineral processing comminution machines – An approach to liberation. Advanced Powder Technology 2020, 31, 3669 -3685.
AMA StyleParisa Semsari Parapari, Mehdi Parian, Jan Rosenkranz. Breakage process of mineral processing comminution machines – An approach to liberation. Advanced Powder Technology. 2020; 31 (9):3669-3685.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParisa Semsari Parapari; Mehdi Parian; Jan Rosenkranz. 2020. "Breakage process of mineral processing comminution machines – An approach to liberation." Advanced Powder Technology 31, no. 9: 3669-3685.
In comminution, particle breakage starts with crack induction and propagation. The path of cracks defines the breakage mode, e.g. preferential in phase breakage or phase boundary breakage. For investigating crack formation behavior, the description by displacement fields can be applied. The displacement fields of the mineral phases can then be used to understand breakage mode and liberation. Ore texture and operational conditions such as loading mechanisms will affect the system. One of the ore texture aspects is the ore texture heterogeneity, which is a complex quantity comprising mineral heterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries, and micro-cracks. This study aims at investigating the effects of ore texture and loading displacement rate on minerals breakage mode. By knowing minerals breakage mode it is possible to identify the factors which affect minerals liberation and optimizing these factors in order to liberate minerals even in coarser size fractions. The approach is to describe the spatial displacement fields in different ore textures. In order to obtain these, in-situ compression loading tests with different displacement rates were conducted, followed by X-ray computed micro-tomography (XCT) and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC). In addition, the resulting cracks from ore breakage were analyzed and quantified in order to analyze the breakage mode. Moreover, XCT imaging was used for tracking the propagated cracks in the third dimension. For identifying mineral phases, automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) complemented by energy dispersive spectroscopy was applied. The outcomes showed that both ore texture and loading mechanism should be considered for describing crack formation and consequently mineral liberation.
Parisa Semsari Parapari; Mehdi Parian; Fredrik Forsberg; Jan Rosenkranz. Characterization of ore texture crack formation and liberation by quantitative analyses of spatial deformation. Minerals Engineering 2020, 157, 106577 .
AMA StyleParisa Semsari Parapari, Mehdi Parian, Fredrik Forsberg, Jan Rosenkranz. Characterization of ore texture crack formation and liberation by quantitative analyses of spatial deformation. Minerals Engineering. 2020; 157 ():106577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParisa Semsari Parapari; Mehdi Parian; Fredrik Forsberg; Jan Rosenkranz. 2020. "Characterization of ore texture crack formation and liberation by quantitative analyses of spatial deformation." Minerals Engineering 157, no. : 106577.
Repositories of historical tungsten mining tailings pose environmental risks, but are also potential resources for valuable metals. They still contain large tonnages of useful minerals and metals, reflecting the inefficient extraction methods and/or low metal prices at the time they were mined. The focus of this study is to evaluate the technical viability of reprocessing the tailings to recover some of the contained valuable minerals and metals, as well as reducing the negative environmental impact associated with the tailings. Geometallurgical studies were conducted on drill core samples taken from the Smaltjärnen tailings repository of the closed Yxsjöberg tungsten mine, Sweden. The collected samples were characterized physically, chemically, and mineralogically. Knelson concentrator dry low- and high-intensity magnetic separation methods were tested as potential beneficiation methods. The tailings are dominated by the −600 to +149 µm particles. The highest concentration of tungsten (W) was 0.22% WO3. Using a Knelson concentrator, scheelite (main W mineral) recovery was enhanced, with 75 wt.% tungsten recovered in the 34 wt.% heavy concentrate. Only 1.0 wt.% sulphur (S) reported to the non-magnetic fraction. Based on the findings, a methodology and a preliminary process flowsheet for reprocessing the tailings is proposed.
Jane Mulenshi; Pourya Khavari; Saeed Chehreh Chelgani; Jan Rosenkranz. Characterization and Beneficiation Options for Tungsten Recovery from Yxsjöberg Historical Ore Tailings. Processes 2019, 7, 895 .
AMA StyleJane Mulenshi, Pourya Khavari, Saeed Chehreh Chelgani, Jan Rosenkranz. Characterization and Beneficiation Options for Tungsten Recovery from Yxsjöberg Historical Ore Tailings. Processes. 2019; 7 (12):895.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJane Mulenshi; Pourya Khavari; Saeed Chehreh Chelgani; Jan Rosenkranz. 2019. "Characterization and Beneficiation Options for Tungsten Recovery from Yxsjöberg Historical Ore Tailings." Processes 7, no. 12: 895.
The main advantage of X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) as a non-destructive imaging tool lies in its ability to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) interior of a sample, therefore eliminating the stereological error exhibited in conventional two-dimensional (2D) image analysis. Coupled with the correct data analysis methods, µCT allows extraction of textural and mineralogical information from ore samples. This study provides a comprehensive overview on the available and potentially useful data analysis methods for processing 3D datasets acquired with laboratory µCT systems. Our study indicates that there is a rapid development of new techniques and algorithms capable of processing µCT datasets, but application of such techniques is often sample-specific. Several methods that have been successfully implemented for other similar materials (soils, aggregates, rocks) were also found to have the potential to be applied in mineral characterization. The main challenge in establishing a µCT system as a mineral characterization tool lies in the computational expenses of processing the large 3D dataset. Additionally, since most of the µCT dataset is based on the attenuation of the minerals, the presence of minerals with similar attenuations limits the capability of µCT in mineral segmentation. Further development on the data processing workflow is needed to accelerate the breakthrough of µCT as an analytical tool in mineral characterization.
Pratama Istiadi Guntoro; Yousef Ghorbani; Pierre-Henri Koch; Jan Rosenkranz. X-ray Microcomputed Tomography (µCT) for Mineral Characterization: A Review of Data Analysis Methods. Minerals 2019, 9, 183 .
AMA StylePratama Istiadi Guntoro, Yousef Ghorbani, Pierre-Henri Koch, Jan Rosenkranz. X-ray Microcomputed Tomography (µCT) for Mineral Characterization: A Review of Data Analysis Methods. Minerals. 2019; 9 (3):183.
Chicago/Turabian StylePratama Istiadi Guntoro; Yousef Ghorbani; Pierre-Henri Koch; Jan Rosenkranz. 2019. "X-ray Microcomputed Tomography (µCT) for Mineral Characterization: A Review of Data Analysis Methods." Minerals 9, no. 3: 183.
Demand for high-quality iron concentrate is significantly increasing around the world. Thus, the development of the techniques for a selective separation and rejection of typical associated minerals in the iron oxide ores, such as phosphorous minerals (mainly apatite group), is a high priority. Reverse anionic flotation by using sodium silicate (SS) as an iron oxide depressant is one of the techniques for iron ore processing. This investigation is going to present a synthesized reagent “sodium co-silicate (SCS)” for hematite depression through a reverse anionic flotation. The main hypothesis is the selective depression of hematite and, simultaneously, modification of the pulp pH by SCS. Various flotation experiments, including micro-flotation, and batch flotation of laboratory and industrial scales, were conducted in order to compare the depression selectivity of SS versus SCS. Outcomes of flotation tests at the different flotation scales demonstrated that hematite depression by SCS is around 3.3% higher than by SS. Based on flotation experiment outcomes, it was concluded that SCS can modify the pH of the process at ~9.5, and the plant reagents (including NaOH, Na2CO3, and SS gel) can be replaced by just SCS, which can also lead to a higher efficiency in the plant.
Arash Tohry; Reza Dehghan; Saeed Chehreh Chelgani; Jan Rosenkranz; Omid Ali Rahmani. Selective Separation of Hematite by a Synthesized Depressant in Various Scales of Anionic Reverse Flotation. Minerals 2019, 9, 124 .
AMA StyleArash Tohry, Reza Dehghan, Saeed Chehreh Chelgani, Jan Rosenkranz, Omid Ali Rahmani. Selective Separation of Hematite by a Synthesized Depressant in Various Scales of Anionic Reverse Flotation. Minerals. 2019; 9 (2):124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArash Tohry; Reza Dehghan; Saeed Chehreh Chelgani; Jan Rosenkranz; Omid Ali Rahmani. 2019. "Selective Separation of Hematite by a Synthesized Depressant in Various Scales of Anionic Reverse Flotation." Minerals 9, no. 2: 124.
Lisa Malm; Ann-Sofi Kindstedt Danielsson; Anders Sand; Jan Rosenkranz; Ingvar Ymén. Application of Dynamic Vapor Sorption for evaluation of hydrophobicity in industrial-scale froth flotation. Minerals Engineering 2018, 127, 305 -311.
AMA StyleLisa Malm, Ann-Sofi Kindstedt Danielsson, Anders Sand, Jan Rosenkranz, Ingvar Ymén. Application of Dynamic Vapor Sorption for evaluation of hydrophobicity in industrial-scale froth flotation. Minerals Engineering. 2018; 127 ():305-311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisa Malm; Ann-Sofi Kindstedt Danielsson; Anders Sand; Jan Rosenkranz; Ingvar Ymén. 2018. "Application of Dynamic Vapor Sorption for evaluation of hydrophobicity in industrial-scale froth flotation." Minerals Engineering 127, no. : 305-311.
Mehdi Parian; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. Process simulations in mineralogy-based geometallurgy of iron ores. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 2018, 130, 25 -30.
AMA StyleMehdi Parian, Pertti Lamberg, Jan Rosenkranz. Process simulations in mineralogy-based geometallurgy of iron ores. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2018; 130 (1):25-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Parian; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. 2018. "Process simulations in mineralogy-based geometallurgy of iron ores." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 130, no. 1: 25-30.
Mehdi Parian; Abdul Mwanga; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. Ore texture breakage characterization and fragmentation into multiphase particles. Powder Technology 2018, 327, 57 -69.
AMA StyleMehdi Parian, Abdul Mwanga, Pertti Lamberg, Jan Rosenkranz. Ore texture breakage characterization and fragmentation into multiphase particles. Powder Technology. 2018; 327 ():57-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Parian; Abdul Mwanga; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. 2018. "Ore texture breakage characterization and fragmentation into multiphase particles." Powder Technology 327, no. : 57-69.
Der Trend in der Entwicklung der Flotationstechnologie geht weiterhin in Richtung sehr großer Zellen. Ein Scale-up von Flotationszellen wird zumeist unter Beibehaltung ähnlicher geometrischer Proportionen vorgenommen, d. h. das Verhältnis von Durchmesser zu Höhe wird bei Vergrößerung des Volumens häufig konstant gehalten. Zudem werden bei dem Entwurf von Flotationsanlagen zumeist mehrere Zellen mit identischer Geometrie innerhalb einer Flotationsbank verwendet. Die Verwendung weniger Standardgrößen in einer Flotationsanlage vereinfacht einerseits Entwurf, Herstellung und Wartung der Flotationsapparate. Andererseits werden hierdurch Leistungsfähigkeit und Selektivität des Flotationsprozesses nicht notwendigerweise sichergestellt. Der Geometrieparameter, der bei gegebenem Zellenvolumen die Leistungsfähigkeit bestimmt, ist die Zellenhöhe. Sie hat Einfluss auf den hydrostatischen Druck und die Hydrodynamik der Trübe, die Wegstrecke, die Partikel-Blase-Agglomerate zurücklegen müssen, sowie die Homogenität der Durchmischung. Auch die Dicke der Schaumschicht hängt vom Durchmesser-Höhe-Verhältnis ab. Ziel der Forschungsarbeiten ist es, ein besseres Verständnis der Materialverteilung und der Suspensionseigenschaften innerhalb einer Flotationszelle zu erlangen und anhand dieser Informationen aufzuklären, wie Veränderungen der Zellengeometrie die Trennleistung beeinflussen können. Zu diesem Zweck wurden erste systematische Messungen und Analysen der räumlichen Verteilung der verschiedenen Phasen innerhalb einer 160 m3 Flotationszelle im Rahmen der industriellen Anreicherung eines armen Kupfererzes durchgeführt. Die Konzepte für die Probenahme an verschiedenen vertikalen und seitlichen Positionen der Flotationszelle werden vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Arbeiten geben einen Einblick in die räumliche Verteilung der Trübe innerhalb der Flotationszelle. Auf der Grundlage der gemessenen Phasenverteilung und Konzentrationen sowie der Partikeleigenschaften an verschiedenen Positionen innerhalb der Zelle werden Implikationen für einen optimierten Entwurf von Flotationszelle und -anlage diskutiert. The trend in developing flotation technology is still towards very large flotation cells. A scale-up of cells is usually done by keeping similar geometric proportions, i. e. the ratio between diameter and height is frequently kept constant when increasing the volume. Furthermore, the conventional design of flotation plants involves several cells of identical geometry used within a flotation bank. The utilization of a few standardized cell sizes in a flotation plant, on the one hand, facilitates design, manufacturing and maintenance of flotation machines. On the other hand, this practice does not necessarily ensure performance and selectivity of the flotation process. Cell height is the geometry parameter that determines the performance for a given cell volume. The height affects the hydrostatic pressure and the hydrodynamics of the pulp, the distance the particle-bubble agglomerates need to travel as well as the homogeneity of the mixing. Also the thickness of the froth layer depends on the aspect ratio. The aim of the research work is to gain a better understanding of the material distribution and the pulp properties within a flotation cell. This information shall then be used to clarify how changes of the cell geometry can affect the separation efficiency. For this purpose, initial measurements and systematic analyses of the spatial distribution of the different phases within a 160 m3 cell were conducted in an industrial flotation plant for concentrating a low grade copper ore. The concepts for sampling at different heights and radial positions of the flotation cell are presented. The experimental results give an insight into the spatial distribution of the pulp within the cell. Based on the measured phase distribution and the concentrations as well as the particle properties at different positions in the cell, implications for optimized cell and plant design are discussed.
Jan Rosenkranz; Anders Sand; Lisa Malm; Nils-Johan Bolin. Untersuchung des Einflusses der Zellengeometrie auf den Flotationsprozess. BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 2017, 162, 281 -288.
AMA StyleJan Rosenkranz, Anders Sand, Lisa Malm, Nils-Johan Bolin. Untersuchung des Einflusses der Zellengeometrie auf den Flotationsprozess. BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte. 2017; 162 (8):281-288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Rosenkranz; Anders Sand; Lisa Malm; Nils-Johan Bolin. 2017. "Untersuchung des Einflusses der Zellengeometrie auf den Flotationsprozess." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 162, no. 8: 281-288.
Abdul Mwanga; Jan Rosenkranz; Pertti Lamberg. Development and experimental validation of the Geometallurgical Comminution Test (GCT). Minerals Engineering 2017, 108, 109 -114.
AMA StyleAbdul Mwanga, Jan Rosenkranz, Pertti Lamberg. Development and experimental validation of the Geometallurgical Comminution Test (GCT). Minerals Engineering. 2017; 108 ():109-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Mwanga; Jan Rosenkranz; Pertti Lamberg. 2017. "Development and experimental validation of the Geometallurgical Comminution Test (GCT)." Minerals Engineering 108, no. : 109-114.
Highlights•A generic method for developing particle-based model of mineral processing units is proposed.•The particle-based model was developed for wet low intensity magnetic separator by applying so-called particle tracking.•The semi-empirical model of WLIMS integrates recovery function based on size and composition of particles and entrapment function.•The semi-empirical model of WLIMS was verified in bulk, size and liberation level. AbstractProcess models in mineral processing can be classified based on the level of information required from the ore, i.e. the feed stream to the processing plant. Mineral processing models usually require information on total solid flow rate, mineralogical composition and particle size information. The most comprehensive level of mineral processing models is the particle-based one (liberation level), which gives particle-by-particle information on their mineralogical composition, size, density, shape i.e. all necessary information on the processed material for simulating unit operations. In flowsheet simulation, the major benefit of a particle-based model over other models is that it can be directly linked to any other particle-based unit models in the process simulation. This study aims to develop a unit operation model for a wet low intensity magnetic separator on particle property level. The experimental data was gathered in a plant survey of the KA3 iron ore concentrator of Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB in Kiruna. Corresponding feed, concentrate and tailings streams of the primary magnetic separator were sampled, assayed and mass balanced on mineral liberation level. The mass-balanced data showed that the behavior of individual particles in the magnetic separation is depending on their size and composition. The developed model involves a size and composition dependent entrapment parameter and a separation function that depends on the magnetic volume of the particle and the nature of gangue mineral. The model is capable of forecasting the behavior of particles in magnetic separation with the necessary accuracy. This study highlights the benefits that particle-based models in simulation offer whereas lower level process models fail to provide.
Mehdi Parian; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. Developing a particle-based process model for unit operations of mineral processing – WLIMS. International Journal of Mineral Processing 2016, 154, 53 -65.
AMA StyleMehdi Parian, Pertti Lamberg, Jan Rosenkranz. Developing a particle-based process model for unit operations of mineral processing – WLIMS. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2016; 154 ():53-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Parian; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. 2016. "Developing a particle-based process model for unit operations of mineral processing – WLIMS." International Journal of Mineral Processing 154, no. : 53-65.
Comminution tests are an important element in the proper design of ore beneficiation plants. In the past, test work has been conducted for particular representative reference samples. Within geometallurgy the entire ore body is explored in order to further identify the variation within the resource and to establish spatial geometallurgical domains that show the differential response to mineral processing. Setting up a geometallurgical program for an ore deposit requires extensive test work. Methods for testing the comminution behavior must therefore be more efficient in terms of time and cost but also with respect to sample requirements. The integration of the test method into the geometallurgical modeling framework is also important. This paper provides an overview of standard comminution test methods used for the investigation of ore comminution behavior and evaluates their applicability and potential in the geometallurgical context.
Abdul Mwanga; Jan Rosenkranz; Pertti Lamberg. Testing of Ore Comminution Behavior in the Geometallurgical Context—A Review. Minerals 2015, 5, 276 -297.
AMA StyleAbdul Mwanga, Jan Rosenkranz, Pertti Lamberg. Testing of Ore Comminution Behavior in the Geometallurgical Context—A Review. Minerals. 2015; 5 (2):276-297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Mwanga; Jan Rosenkranz; Pertti Lamberg. 2015. "Testing of Ore Comminution Behavior in the Geometallurgical Context—A Review." Minerals 5, no. 2: 276-297.
Abdul Mwanga; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. Comminution test method using small drill core samples. Minerals Engineering 2015, 72, 129 -139.
AMA StyleAbdul Mwanga, Pertti Lamberg, Jan Rosenkranz. Comminution test method using small drill core samples. Minerals Engineering. 2015; 72 ():129-139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Mwanga; Pertti Lamberg; Jan Rosenkranz. 2015. "Comminution test method using small drill core samples." Minerals Engineering 72, no. : 129-139.
Jan Rosenkranz; Pertti Lamberg. Sustainable Processing of Mineral Resources. International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources 2014, 20, 17 -22.
AMA StyleJan Rosenkranz, Pertti Lamberg. Sustainable Processing of Mineral Resources. International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources. 2014; 20 (1):17-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Rosenkranz; Pertti Lamberg. 2014. "Sustainable Processing of Mineral Resources." International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources 20, no. 1: 17-22.
Anders Sand; Jan Rosenkranz; Halit Z. Kuyumcu. Modelling and simulation of stamp-charged coke making by 2-D discrete element method. Advanced Powder Technology 2013, 24, 1039 -1047.
AMA StyleAnders Sand, Jan Rosenkranz, Halit Z. Kuyumcu. Modelling and simulation of stamp-charged coke making by 2-D discrete element method. Advanced Powder Technology. 2013; 24 (6):1039-1047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders Sand; Jan Rosenkranz; Halit Z. Kuyumcu. 2013. "Modelling and simulation of stamp-charged coke making by 2-D discrete element method." Advanced Powder Technology 24, no. 6: 1039-1047.