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KaMala Ratnam
Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India

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Journal article
Published: 19 March 2021 in Energies
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The role of renewable energy sources in the power grid is increasing tremendously. However, power electronic converters are used to incorporate RES into the grid without inertia. This article recommends an improved emulated inertia control approach focused on the frequency deviation and rate of change of frequency to enhance the inertia of a power system. The required inertial power calculated from emulated inertia control is delivered through hybrid energy storage systems equipped with a proper hybrid energy storage system control. The fast-varying power calculated from emulated inertia control is linked to super-capacitor. Simultaneously, the battery handles the slow varying power by regulating the DC bus voltage proportionate to the frequency variations. Further, the stability of the emulated inertia control and hybrid energy storage system controller is validated by Bode plots. The simulation results verified the correctness of the proposed emulated inertia control and hybrid energy storage system control. The real-time simulation results with the help of OPAL-RT are presented to validate the proposed method’s feasibility.

ACS Style

Ratnam Sarojini; Palanisamy Kaliannan; Yuvaraja Teekaraman; Srete Nikolovski; Hamid Baghaee. An Enhanced Emulated Inertia Control for Grid-Connected PV Systems with HESS in a Weak Grid. Energies 2021, 14, 1721 .

AMA Style

Ratnam Sarojini, Palanisamy Kaliannan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Srete Nikolovski, Hamid Baghaee. An Enhanced Emulated Inertia Control for Grid-Connected PV Systems with HESS in a Weak Grid. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1721.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ratnam Sarojini; Palanisamy Kaliannan; Yuvaraja Teekaraman; Srete Nikolovski; Hamid Baghaee. 2021. "An Enhanced Emulated Inertia Control for Grid-Connected PV Systems with HESS in a Weak Grid." Energies 14, no. 6: 1721.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2021 in IEEE Access
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Renewable energy sources (RES) have been widely incorporated into the power generation to offset fossil fuels in order to minimize carbon emissions. Typically, RES based power generation integrated into the power grid through the power electronic converters. These power electronic converters decouple the source from the load without providing inertia. As a result, inertia of the power grid decreases, resulting in undesirable load shedding and cascading failures under power imbalances. In order to preserve stability during contingency events, it is important to add inertia support to the grid. This paper demonstrates inertia emulation from the supercapacitor (SC) to resolve the low-inertia issue. Inertia emulator based on supercapacitor (IESC) is formulated to generate inertial power by proportionally linking the grid frequency to the active power reference of SC. This paper proposes an enhanced emulated inertia control (EIC) technique based on the frequency deviation and frequency derivative to address low inertia. EIC technique controls the inverter associated with IESC to exhibit the equivalent inertia characteristics as the synchronous generator. Further, the selection of the capacitance value of SC is derived to achieve the required inertia constant. The small-signal stability of IESC is demonstrated using the power angle curve. Further, the stability of the EIC is verified through bode plot. Simulation and hardware-in-loop (HIL) results are provided to verify the effectiveness of EIC employed IESC in a weak grid.

ACS Style

Ratnam Kamala Sarojini; Palanisamy Kaliannan. Inertia Emulation Through Supercapacitor for a Weak Grid. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 30793 -30802.

AMA Style

Ratnam Kamala Sarojini, Palanisamy Kaliannan. Inertia Emulation Through Supercapacitor for a Weak Grid. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 (99):30793-30802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ratnam Kamala Sarojini; Palanisamy Kaliannan. 2021. "Inertia Emulation Through Supercapacitor for a Weak Grid." IEEE Access 9, no. 99: 30793-30802.

Review
Published: 25 February 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The utilization of power electronic inverters in power grids has increased tremendously, along with advancements in renewable energy sources. The usage of power electronic inverters results in the decoupling of sources from loads, leading to a decrease in the inertia of power systems. This decrease results in a high rate of change of frequency and frequency deviations under power imbalance that substantially affect the frequency stability of the system. This study focuses on the requirements of inertia and the corresponding issues that challenge the various country grid operators during the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources. This study reviews the various control techniques and technologies that offset a decrease in inertia and discusses the inertia emulation control techniques available for inverters, wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and microgrid. This study attempts to explore future research directions and may assist researchers in choosing an appropriate topology, depending on requirements.

ACS Style

KaMala Ratnam; K. Palanisamy; Guangya Yang. Future low-inertia power systems: Requirements, issues, and solutions - A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 124, 109773 .

AMA Style

KaMala Ratnam, K. Palanisamy, Guangya Yang. Future low-inertia power systems: Requirements, issues, and solutions - A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 124 ():109773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

KaMala Ratnam; K. Palanisamy; Guangya Yang. 2020. "Future low-inertia power systems: Requirements, issues, and solutions - A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 124, no. : 109773.