We address the problem of centralized detection of a binary event in the presence of β fraction falsifiable sensor nodes (SNs) (i.e., controlled by an attacker) for a bandwidth-constrained under-attack spatially uncorrelated distributed wireless sensor network. The SNs send their 1-bit test statistics over orthogonal channels to the fusion center (FC), which linearly combines them to reach to a final decision. Adopting the modified deflection coefficient as an alternative function to be optimized, we first derive in a closed-form the FC optimal weights combining. But as these optimal weights require a priori knowledge that cannot be attained in practice, this optimal weighted linearFC rule is not implementable. We also derive in a closed-form the expressions for the attacker “flipping probability” (defined in paper) and the minimum fraction of compromised SNs that makes the FC incapable of detecting. Next, based on the insights gained from these expressions, we propose a novel and noncomplex reliability-based strategy to identify the compromised SNs, and then, adapt the weights combining proportional to their assigned reliability metric. In this way, the FC identifies the compromised SNs and decreases their weights in order to reduce their contributions towards its final decision. Finally, simulation results illustrate that the proposed strategy significantly outperforms (in terms of FC's detection capability) the existing compromised SNs identification and mitigation schemes.

We consider distributed detection in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed randomly in a large field for the purpose of intrusion detection. The WSN is modeled by a homogeneous Poisson point process. The sensor nodes (SNs) compute local decisions about the intruder’s presence and send them to the cluster heads (CHs). A stochastic geometry framework is employed to derive the optimal cluster-based fusion rule (OCR), which is a weighted average of the local decision sum of each cluster. Interestingly, this structure reduces the effect of false alarm on the detection performance. Moreover, a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for cluster-based fusion (GCR) is developed to handle the case of unknown intruder’s parameters. Simulation results show that the OCR performance is close to the Chair-Varshney rule. In fact, the latter benchmark can be reached by forming more clusters in the network without increasing the SN deployment intensity. Simulation results also show that the GCR performs very closely to the OCR when the number of clusters is large enough. The performance is further improved when the SN deployment intensity is increased.

Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things (SIL-IoT) nodes are susceptible to failures due to the harsh environment, burn-in, theft, and vandalism in the agricultural setting. Most state-of-the-art research mainly focuses on fault detection without considering hardware and communication performance in terms of potential fault modes, energy consumption, and network loads. This study presents a completely decentralized solution, namely a SIL-oriented binary sliding window-based fault self-detection scheme (SILOS), which can be performed on each SIL-IoT node. The problem we are trying to answer is how to detect faults as accurately as possible while keeping the communication overhead, memory, and computational costs low. Specifically, we develop a fault dictionary concept to 1) model the faults of SIL-IoT nodes; 2) construct the fault dictionary according to the characteristics of measurements; and 3) detect faults via the fault dictionary. In addition, a binary-based sliding window (BSW) fault self-detection approach is proposed to save detection costs and reduce the false alarm rate (with only 92 B system caches). A series of experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The result demonstrates that the BSW method can detect faults with an average accuracy of 99.14% with less than 1% energy consumption. By only sending the fault code, 71-B data (i.e., data transmitting and forwarding) can be reduced, saving energy consumption, and decreasing network congestion.

We address the problem of centralized detection of a binary event in the presence of falsifiable sensor nodes (SNs) (i.e., controlled by an attacker) for a bandwidth constrained under-attack spatially uncorrelated distributed wireless sensor network. The SNs send their quantized test statistics over orthogonal channels to the fusion center (FC), which linearly combines them to reach a final decision. First (considering that the FC and the attacker do not act strategically), we derive: the FC optimal weight combining; the optimal SN to FC transmit power; and the test statistic quantization bits that maximize the probability of detection (P _d ). We also derive an expression for the attacker strategy that causes the maximum possible FC degradation. But in these expressions, both the optimum FC strategy and the attacker strategy require a-priori knowledge that cannot be obtained in practice. The performance analysis of sub-optimum FC strategies is then characterized, and based on the (compromised) SNs willingness to collaborate, we also derive analytically the sub-optimum attacker strategies. Then, considering that the FC and the attacker now act strategically, we recast the problem as a minimax game between the FC and the attacker and prove that the Nash equilibrium (NE) exists. Finally, we find this NE numerically in the simulation results and this gives insight into the detection performance of the proposed strategies.

The Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things (SIL-IoTs) is an emerging paradigm that extends Internet of Things (IoT) technology to agricultural-enabled electronic devices. Ensuring the dependability and safety of SIL-IoTs is crucial for pest monitoring, prediction, and prevention. However, SIL-IoTs can experience system performance degradation due to failures, which can be attributed to complex environmental changes and device deterioration in agricultural settings. This study proposes a sensor-level lightweight fault-detection scheme that takes into account realistic constraints such as computational resources and energy. By analyzing fault characteristics, we designed a distributed fault-detection method based on operation condition differences, interval number residuals, and feature residuals. Several experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results demonstrated that our method achieves an average F1-score of 95.59%. Furthermore, the proposed method only consumes an additional 0.27% of the total power, and utilizes 0.9% RAM and 3.1% Flash on the Arduino of the SIL-IoTs node. These findings indicated that the proposed method is lightweight and energy-efficient.