The utility network cadastre in Serbia is the main register of utility lines and the rights to them. The Law on State Survey and Cadastre states the necessity for implementing a unified information system of both a real estate and utility network cadastre, but this has not been achieved in practice. The reasons for such a unified information system are to ensure easier maintenance of the rights of both the utilities and properties located above or below them, to ensure more efficient procedures for obtaining the consent for placement, repair, or removal of the utility line, to prevent procedures being executed based on outdated data, to build an information system as the law prescribes, and to facilitate the business processes in the Serbian geodetic authority, since it is responsible for both registers. Therefore, an already-developed LADM (Land Administration Domain Model)-based country profile for Serbia should be extended to include information from the utility network cadastre. An analysis of Serbian legislation showed the necessity of extending the class set of the utility network cadastre by further specialization of the LADM LA_LegalSpaceUtilityNetwork class. Furthermore, such a system will support the maintenance of utility network data. In practice, when there is a change made on utility lines by the right holders, it is necessary to implement the change in the register. In many situations, this is not done, and the actual state does not correspond to the one in the register. Usually, modern technologies, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) and LIDAR, are used for data acquisition in order to provide an update of the utility network data. Since these technologies produce 3D data, we analyzed how to link that data to the traditional 2D spatial paradigm.

This paper focuses on the use of the Canny edge detector as the first step of an advanced imaging algorithm for automated detection of hyperbolic reflections in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. Since the imaging algorithm aims to work in real time; particular attention is paid to its computational efficiency. Various alternative criteria are designed and examined, to fasten the procedure by eliminating unnecessary edge pixels from Canny-processed data, before such data go through the subsequent steps of the detection algorithm. The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed methodology are tested on a wide set of synthetic and experimental radargrams with promising results. The finite-difference time-domain simulator gprMax is used to generate synthetic radargrams for the tests, while the real radargrams come from GPR surveys carried out by the authors in urban areas. The imaging algorithm is implemented in MATLAB.

This paper presents the results of a research study where ground penetrating radar (GPR) was successfully used to reveal the remains of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in the subsurface of Republic Square, in Belgrade, Serbia. GPR investigations were carried out in the context of renovation works in the square, which involved rearranging traffic control, expanding the pedestrian zone, renewing the surface layer, and valorising existing archaeological structures. The presence of the gate remains was suggested by historical documents and information from previous restoration works. A pulsed radar unit was used for the survey, with antennas having 200- and 400-MHz central frequencies. Data were recorded over a grid and two three-dimensional models were built, one for each set of antennas. The grid was the same for both sets of antennas, therefore the two models could be compared. Several horizontal cross sections of the models were plotted, corresponding to different depths; these images were carefully examined and interpreted, paying particular attention to signatures that could originate from the sought archaeological structures. Reflections coming from the gate remains were identified in both models, in the same region of the survey area and at the same depth; the geometry, size, and layout of the gate columns, as well as of other construction elements belonging to the gate, were determined with very good accuracy. Based on the GPR findings, archaeological excavation works were carried out in the region where the foundation remains were estimated to be. The presence of the remains was confirmed, with various columns and side walls. This case study demonstrates and further corroborates the effectiveness and reliability of GPR for the non-invasive prospection of archaeological structures hidden in the heterogeneous subsurface of urban environments. In the opinion of the authors, GPR should be incorporated as a routine field procedure in construction and renovation projects involving historical cities.

Spatial planning deals with the organization and regulation of space with the goal to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. Spatial planning plays a vital role in land administration, encompassing land development, management, land use assessment, resource allocation, and environmental protection. The significance of integrating spatial-planning information into the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) framework has been recognized in the LADM second edition, Part 5, where a part for spatial plan information is introduced. The aim of this paper is to analyze the applicability of the LADM Part 5: Spatial Plan Information draft international standard to the Serbian spatial and urban planning system and to develop a country profile for Serbia in alignment with Serbian laws and regulations. An analysis of spatial and urban planning in Serbia will be performed, determining the hierarchy of spatial and urban plans based on an analysis of laws on spatial planning. The created conceptual model for spatial planning for Serbia based on the LADM Part 5: Spatial Plan Information will be harmonized with the previously created LADM country profile for Serbia.

In this paper an application of GPR in the analysis of concrete structure is presented. Scanning is done as a part of preparation for mitigation works of dam ’Grančarevo’. The goal was to inspect existing small cracks and leakages. The dam is arc-shaped concrete dam with double curvatures. It is operational since 1968, and is situated 18km downstream from the wellspring of Trebišnjica river and 17km upstream from the town Trebinje, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Relative height of the dam is 123m, while its width along the crown is 439m. Continuous monitoring of dam’s construction and surrounding terrain is conducted at over 800 measuring points. In order to determine precise position, geometry and propagation of cracks, this was the first time GPR was used.GPR scanning was done on several important locations: on the crown, downstream face, internal galleries, down- and upstream walls, using antennas with 900 and 400MHz central frequencies. Based on scanning results, position and geometry of cracks within the concrete are successfully determined. Lateral scanning (on downstream face of the dam) are correlated with the results obtained on the crown. Also, at several locations, zones with higher humidity are noticed. These zones are significant since they present areas of higher priority during mitigation and they are often found in the vicinity of junctions between two concrete segments of the dam.Obtained results indicate that GPR technology is rather useful tool for structure health monitoring which provides information that are significant in planning mitigation measures and extending a lifetime of a concrete object. 

Technology development enabled real-time monitoring of terrain and artificial structures through the use of the systems comprised of geodetic and geotechnical sensors. Although the structure and the architecture of those systems can vary, they have many common features: automated measurements which provide monitoring and alarming when tolerances are exceeded, systems robustness involving hot-swapping sensors, its redundancy and error detection. Also, they can be structured and configured to achieve desired functionality and performance. Generalized model of real-time deformation measurements, presented in this paper, involves these common characteristics. The model is presented as a flowchart, and later applied within an experiment carried out in laboratory environment. The established system includes geodetic and geotechnical sensors and measurements are done on a physical model of a landslide. Several functions included in generalized model were implemented in the experiment. Results show that system designed using the proposed model can provide required functionality, accuracy, robustness and configurability. Aim of the paper is to propose a general procedure which, with minor modifications, can be applied as a starting point in designing various systems for monitoring landslides, bridges, high buildings etc., and which overcomes some limitations that can be found in commercial software solutions.