This article presents a common typology of multi-sided platforms and virtual communities. The analysed entities comprise 69 of Poland’s most prominent websites, representing one of two business models. Based on three dimensions: collaboration among users, reputation-based user competition, and user multi-sidedness, we identified four business models. These are problem community, object community, object market, and reputation market. The differences in their logics of value creation go beyond the traditional division between multi-sided platforms and virtual communities. The identified business models were depicted in qualitative system dynamics diagrams. The typology was verified using the statistical clustering technique, which yielded corresponding results.

This book is a multifaceted examination of the nature of inequalities in CEE countries. While progress has been made, significant inequalities persist, and a deeper understanding of these challenges is essential to fostering meaningful action towards a more inclusive and prosperous future. Written by scholars from two leading higher education institutions in Poland – the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and the SGH Warsaw School of Economics – this comprehensive research monograph examines the disparities that shape the region and offers a nuanced understanding of their origins, manifestations, and consequences. Moving beyond simplistic narratives of post-communist transformation, the book analyses the contemporary realities of CEE, exploring socioeconomic, technological, and infrastructural disparities. It investigates inequalities in income, healthcare, education, energy access, public transport, innovation, and digital inclusion, revealing the vast differences within and between countries. The book is an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand the complex realities of Central and Eastern Europe and explore the root causes of inequality in the region. It also includes policy recommendations on how to bridge inequalities to promote equal opportunities for various stakeholders. Combining rigorous research with accessible language, the book provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities ahead and will appeal to those interested in the future of the region, from researchers, academics, and students to policymakers. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

This chapter examines digital inequalities in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries through the concept of 'meaningful use'. It is defined as the ability to consciously and effectively use digital technologies, critically evaluate information and transform data into actionable knowledge. Through an analysis of the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) and selected indicators of human capital development, the study shows that while the infrastructure gap between CEE and Western European countries is narrowing, significant differences remain in the meaningful use of digital technologies. This is particularly evident in the digitisation of enterprises and e-government services. Three key indicators with predictive value for future development are more worrying: ability to evaluate online information, employment of ICT professionals and STEM graduates. These metrics show that CEE countries (with the exception of Estonia) lag significantly behind Western Europe in their ability to make good use of digital technologies. The authors conclude that reducing digital inequalities will be particularly challenging for CEE countries, as it requires long-term human capital development rather than just infrastructure investment. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->