Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterized by an obsession with healthy eating, which may lead to severe physical, psychological and social disorders. It is particularly important to research this problem in populations that do not receive clinical care in order to improve early detection and treatment. The aim of this study was to research the prevalence of ON in a population of Spanish university students and to analyze the possible associations between ON and psychological traits and behaviors that are common to ED. A cross-sectional study with 454 students from the University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain. In total, 295 women and 159 men participated, aged between 18 and 41 years. The ORTO-11-ES questionnaire and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) were used for this study. The chi squared test was used to compare the homogeneity among the different groups. The scores on the ORTO-11-ES suggested that 17% of students were at risk of ON. The scores on the EDI-2 for the group at risk of ON were significant, compared to the remaining individuals, regarding their drive for thinness (17.1% vs 2.1%), bulimia (2.6% vs 0%), body dissatisfaction (26.3% vs. 12.4%), perfectionism (14.5% vs 4.8%), interoceptive awareness (13.2% vs 1.3%), asceticism (15.8% vs 3.7%) and impulsiveness (9.2% vs 1.9%). These findings suggest that many of the psychological and behavioral aspects of ED are shared by people who are at risk of ON. Future research should use longitudinal data, examining the temporal relationship among these variables or other underlying variables that may contribute to the concurrence of ED and ON.

The aim of this study was the validation and analysis of the psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the ORTO-15 questionnaire; an instrument designed to assess orthorexia nervosa behavior. Four hundred and fifty-four Spanish university students (65% women) aged between 18 and 51 years (M = 21.48 ± 0.31) completed the Spanish version of ORTO-15 and the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The Principal Component Analysis suggested a three-factor structure for the abbreviated 11-item version of the instrument. The internal consistency of the measurement was adequate (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80). The proposed test demonstrated a good predictive capacity at a threshold value of <25 (efficiency 84%, sensitivity 75% and specificity 84%). Our results support the psychometric properties of the proposed Spanish shortened-version of the ORTO-15 as being a reliable tool for assessing orthorexia nervosa. Its use is expected to greatly contribute to a better understanding of the impact of this disorder in Spain.

The combustion of two non-woody types of biomass (almond shells and exhausted olive cake) in a domestic boiler at different loads was studied in order to evaluate their suitability as fuels. To select the optimal boiler operating conditions (excess air, primary/secondary air ratio and grate vibration), which allows for lower CO and particulate matter emissions for each biomass and load, a statistical design of experiments was performed. Similar optimal operating conditions were found for both fuels at nominal load (excess air: 1.5, primary/secondary air ratio: 20/80), the grate vibration being the only parameter to be modified due to the different ash content (45 and 20 s for almond shells and exhausted olive cake, respectively). At partial load, a slightly higher excess air (1.6) and a higher proportion of primary air (50/50) were needed in the case of almond shells. Results showed higher CO and lower NO_x and PM emissions at partial load for both fuels. The high ash content of exhausted olive cake deteriorated its combustion process (accumulated ashes were observed in the fireplace). Gaseous and solid emissions did not fulfil the UNE-EN 303-5 limits for any fuel or condition; although, almond shells seem to be a much more suitable fuel since they could be used just blended with a small quantity of a high-quality biomass or additive. However, exhausted olive cake not only led to a very poor efficiency at partial load (74%), clearly below the minimum required by the standard (77%), but also to an unacceptable pollutant emission level. So, this latter fuel would require a high blending ratio with another type of biomass, pre-treatments for reducing the alkali compounds and/or significant technological modifications allowing for a proper ash handling.

The aim of this retrospective and international study is to identify those clinical variables associated with diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and to explore the impact of DAD on hospital mortality risk. Inclusion criteria were: adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) undergoing open lung biopsy (OLB) during their intensive care unit (ICU) management. The main end-points were: DAD and hospital mortality. In the training (n = 193) and validation cohorts (n = 65), the respiratory rate (odd ratio (OR) 0.956; confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.918; 0.995) and coronary ischemia (OR 5.974; CI95% 1.668; 21.399) on the day of ARDS had an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.660 (CI95% 0.585; 0.736) and 0.562 (0.417; 0.706), respectively. PEEP (OR 1.131; CI95% 1.051; 1.218) and coronary ischemia (OR 6.820; CI95% 1.856; 25.061) on the day of OLB had an average AUROC of 0.696 (CI95% 0.621; 0.769) and 0.534 (CI95% 0.391; 0.678), respectively, to predict DAD. DAD (OR 2.296; CI95% 1.228; 4.294), diabetes mellitus requiring insulin (OR 0.081; CI95% 0.009; 0.710) and the respiratory rate (OR 1.045; CI95% 1.001; 1.091) on the day of ARDS had an average AUROC of 0.659 (CI95% 0.583; 0.737) and 0.513 (CI95% 0.361; 0.664) to predict hospital mortality and DAD (OR 2.081; CI95% 1.053; 4.114), diabetes mellitus requiring insulin (OR 0.093; CI95% 0.009; 0.956), PaCO₂ (OR 1.051; CI95% 1.019; 1.084), and platelets count (OR 0.999; CI95% 0.999; 0.999) the day of OLB had an average AUROC of 0.778 (CI95% 0.710; 0.843) and 0.634 (CI95%0.481; 0.787) to predict hospital mortalty in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. In conclusion, DAD could not to be predicted clinically and was significantly associated with hospital mortality.