Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by diverse group of microbial systems are rapidly emerging as new and industrially important biomaterials. Due to their unique and complex chemical structures and many interesting physicochemical and rheological properties with novel functionality, the microbial EPSs find wide range of commercial applications in various fields of the economy such as food, feed, packaging, chemical, textile, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, agriculture and medicine. EPSs are mainly associated with high-value applications and they have received considerable research attention over recent decades with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and both environmental and human compatibility. However only a few microbial EPSs have achieved to be used commercially due to their high production costs. The emerging need to overcome economic hurdles and the increasing significance of microbial EPSs in industrial and medical biotechnology call for the elucidation of the interrelations between metabolic pathways and EPS biosynthesis mechanism in order to control and hence enhance its microbial productivity. Moreover a better understanding of biosynthesis mechanism is a significant issue for improvement of product quality and properties and also for the design of novel strains. Therefore a systems-based approach constitutes an important step towards understanding the interplay between metabolism and EPS biosynthesis and further enhances its metabolic performance for industrial application. In this review, primarily the microbial EPSs, their biosynthesis mechanism and important factors for their production will be discussed. After this brief introduction, recent literature on the application of omics technologies and systems biology tools for the improvement of production yields will be critically evaluated. Special focus will be given to EPSs with high market value such as xanthan, levan, pullulan and dextran.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common, complex, and multifactorial malignancy of the hematopoietic system. AML diagnosis and treatment outcomes display marked heterogeneity and patient-to-patient variations. To date, AML-related biomarker discovery research has employed single omics inquiries. Multiomics analyses that reconcile and integrate the data streams from multiple levels of the cellular hierarchy, from genes to proteins to metabolites, offer much promise for innovation in AML diagnostics and therapeutics. We report, in this study, a systems medicine and multiomics approach to integrate the AML transcriptome data and reporter biomolecules at the RNA, protein, and metabolite levels using genome-scale biological networks. We utilized two independent transcriptome datasets (GSE5122, GSE8970) in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We identified new multiomics molecular signatures of relevance to AML: miRNAs (e.g., mir-484 and miR-519d-3p), receptors (ACVR1 and PTPRG), transcription factors (PRDM14 and GATA3), and metabolites (in particular, amino acid derivatives). The differential expression profiles of all reporter biomolecules were crossvalidated in independent RNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq datasets. Notably, we found that PTPRG holds important prognostication potential as evaluated by Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. The multiomics relationships unraveled in this analysis point toward the genomic pathogenesis of AML. These multiomics molecular leads warrant further research and development as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health challenge, and the large loads of biocides dumped into the environment augment the spread of antifungal resistance and environmental contamination. Therefore, eco‐friendly antifungal agents must be developed to combat antibiotic resistance and to reduce environmental contamination. In the present investigation, Allium sativum (Hill garlic‐Malai Poondu) extract was used as a green resource to achieve silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production. AgNPs were characterized by various spectral and microscopic analyses. In vitro free radical scavenging assays were instigated to determine the antioxidant capacity of the AgNPs, and the antifungal activity was assessed using Agar well‐diffusion assay again pathogenic fungal strains. The mean particle size of the AgNPs was calculated as 35.1 nm with face‐centered cubic (FCC) structure. AgNPs exhibited free radical scavenging activity against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrzyl (DPPH), 2,2‐azino‐bis (3‐etilbenzotiazolin)‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) radicals. Scavenging of DPPH radicals by AgNPs was impressive, and an IC₅₀ value of 6.3 ± 0.4 μg/ml was obtained in this assay. Among the tested Candida strains, the order of the least susceptibility on exposure to AgNPs synthesized using Hill garlic extract was as follows: C.glabrata ≤ C.tropicalis ≤ C.parapsilosis ≤ C.krusei ≤ C.albicans. The study highlights the synthesis of environment‐friendly nanoparticles using Hill garlic extract with enhanced antifungal properties.