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László Miklós
Department of Landscape Ecological Syntheses, Institute of Landscape Ecology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Štefánikova 3, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Journal article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Sustainability
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The major problems of our environment have become mainstream themes in everyday life of the society, with corresponding moral, political, and financial consequences. The concept of ecosystem services (ESS) surely belongs to such mainstream popular topics regarded also by EU environmental strategies. Moreover, the right assessment and utilisation of ESS are without any doubt one of the precondition of sustainable development. In general, we can say that this concept has important influence on the spheres of economics and politics; these formulate demands towards the science, and consecutively, the science efforts to answer these demands. The paper is aimed at two goals: the first one is to zoom in on the landscape-ecological concept of ESS by the geosystem approach, for the correct understanding of the basic terms, such as as ecosystem, geosystem, landscape, utility values, and services. The second goal is to present examples of several types of ESS evaluation in different study areas using the integrated landscape-ecological (geosystem) approach. The methods used are based on the geosystem approach to the landscape; the process is based on the methods of landscape ecological planning. The results are the assessment of 4 types of ecosystem services on study areas.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová; Ingrid Belčáková; Monika Offertálerová; Viktória Miklósová. Ecosystem Services: The Landscape-Ecological Base and Examples. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10167 .

AMA Style

László Miklós, Anna Špinerová, Ingrid Belčáková, Monika Offertálerová, Viktória Miklósová. Ecosystem Services: The Landscape-Ecological Base and Examples. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová; Ingrid Belčáková; Monika Offertálerová; Viktória Miklósová. 2020. "Ecosystem Services: The Landscape-Ecological Base and Examples." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10167.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment
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Nowadays, changes in environment have become characteristic of notorious mainstream political topics, with a corresponding moral, political, and financial support. The presented article deals with the landscape-ecological scientific aspects of climatic changes and of ecosystem services. The research of both phenomena is based on the complex investigation of the geosystem and, as a second step, on the scientifically-based interpretation of the obtained results. The problem resides in the question concerning the capability of scientific institutions and teams to deal with these topics with scientific profoundness, taking into account intensive public pressure and high expectations.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová; Monika Offertálerová. Critical approach to landscape-ecological mainstream topics. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 2019, 11, 60 -71.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Anna Špinerová, Monika Offertálerová. Critical approach to landscape-ecological mainstream topics. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment. 2019; 11 (1):60-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová; Monika Offertálerová. 2019. "Critical approach to landscape-ecological mainstream topics." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 11, no. 1: 60-71.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Sustainability
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The integrated approach to landscape management is generally accepted, but its application is not on the desired practical level. Sectoral approaches to decision-making and planning processes still dominate. The presented paper concerns selected aspects of integrated landscape management in Slovakia. This paper reflects the present state of the long-term effort and experiences of the authors in the integration of ecological knowledge in landscape management tools. The basic methodological procedure needed to achieve this goal consists of analysis, mutual comparison, and confrontation of the existing principles and tools used in applied landscape ecology, as well as in legislation and planning practice. The landscape ecological base for the implementation of scientific achievements in landscape management consists of two methods: landscape ecological planning and ecological network planning. These two methods were implemented into the legislation and practice of nature conservation, physical/territorial planning, watershed management, land arrangement projecting, forestry planning, and flood prevention management. Such systematic landscape ecological regulations in planning practice can be considered the basis for sustainable development.

ACS Style

Zita Izakovičová; László Miklós; Viktória Miklósová; František Petrovič. The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4554 .

AMA Style

Zita Izakovičová, László Miklós, Viktória Miklósová, František Petrovič. The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zita Izakovičová; László Miklós; Viktória Miklósová; František Petrovič. 2019. "The Integrated Approach to Landscape Management —Experience from Slovakia." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4554.

Book
Published: 01 January 2019 in Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP
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This book provides a comprehensive description of the landscape-ecological planning system LANDEP, and introduces the methodical procedure. LANDEP was developed at the Institute of Landscape Ecology of Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava and has been applied in various planning processes at home and abroad. Despite the fact that the LANDEP methodology was defined in 1979, the methodological content, sequence of procedures and the application of concept in practice are still valid. The first two steps – analyses and syntheses – have the nature of fundamental research and result in the design and characteristics of complex landscape-ecological-spatial units. The final two steps – evaluations and proposals – address the needs of planning practice. The intermediate step – interpretations – has the character of applied research and forms the arguments and criteria for the assessment of landscape for its utilisation by humans.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

László Miklós, Anna Špinerová. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. 2019. "Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP." Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP , no. : 1.

Book
Published: 01 January 2019 in Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability
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This book provides a wealth of information for all those involved in using ecological networks for biodiversity protection and environmental management, as well as their significance for planning. It describes the concept of ecological networks, and presents methods and real-world examples of the use of a territorial system of ecological stability (TSES) in Slovakia at national, regional and local levels, including the assessment of the significance of biocentres, biocorridors and interactive elements. Using both a functional model for preserving the living conditions of habitats or preventing their collapse, and the connectivity of biotopes in a landscape as an original type of ecological network based on landscape-ecological principles, TSES represents a modern concept of nature and biodiversity protection based on the principles of protection of the conditions and forms of biota.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

László Miklós, Andrea Diviaková, Zita Izakovičová. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. 2019. "Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability." Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability , no. : 1.

Book
Published: 01 January 2019 in Landscape as a Geosystem
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The book analyses the landscape as a geosystem in all its complexity (from the abiotic environment, and land use to socio-economic character) as an integrated natural resource, as society’s life space, as well as an object of planning and decision making on sustainable land use. It presents the landscape properties in the form of databases that comply with the INSPIRE Directive 2007/2/EC (INSPIRE – Infrastructure for Spatial InfoRmation in Europe) requirements, which can be used for a variety of purposes and can serve as a national spatial information database for the needs of applied landscape-ecological research and real-world spatial planning processes. The book also provides overview legends with complete domain values of selected attributes of all three landscape structures (primary, secondary and tertiary) routinely used in Slovakia. Lastly, the book offers an example of the construction and mapping of geocomplexes as well as the database creation on the model territory at the regional level.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. Landscape as a Geosystem. Landscape as a Geosystem 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

László Miklós, Erika Kočická, Zita Izakovičová, Dušan Kočický, Anna Špinerová, Andrea Diviaková, Viktória Miklósová. Landscape as a Geosystem. Landscape as a Geosystem. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. 2019. "Landscape as a Geosystem." Landscape as a Geosystem , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2018 in Sustainability
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Changes in land use are reflected primary in changes of land cover, but subsequently cause conflict of interest of sectors and are the main initiation of many environmental problems. The basic tool for sustainable utilization of the landscape is integrated landscape management, which, in our understanding, is the environmentally biased harmonization of tools which regulate the spatial organization and functional utilization of the landscape to avoid the conflicts of interest of sectors. “Integrated” in this case means the systematic assessment of the interests of all relevant sectors from the environmental point of view. The scientific base of this approach is the understanding of the landscape as a geosystem, and, in particular, the proper interpretation of the mutual relations of primary, secondary and tertiary landscape structures and their role in the assessment of the conflicts of interest. This paper presents a theoretical and methodical base for the integrated approach to the assessment of the conflicts of interest of the sectors in the landscape. The theoretical-methodical base was applied to the model territory of the Trnava district (south-west Slovakia). Mutual conflicts of interest of endangering and endangered sectors cause diverse problems, which were ranked in three basic groups as: problems of endangering of the ecological stability of the landscape (including endangering of biodiversity and nature conservation areas); problems of endangering of natural resources (in particular forests, soils, waters); and, problems of endangering the immediate human environment (stress factors in residential and recreational areas). The result is the identification and analysis of the conflicts of interest in the territory and their projection to a map. This research should be followed by implementation of procedures of ecologically optimal spatial organization and utilization of the territory for regular spatial planning processes.

ACS Style

Zita Izakovičová; László Miklós; Viktória Miklósová. Integrative Assessment of Land Use Conflicts. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3270 .

AMA Style

Zita Izakovičová, László Miklós, Viktória Miklósová. Integrative Assessment of Land Use Conflicts. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zita Izakovičová; László Miklós; Viktória Miklósová. 2018. "Integrative Assessment of Land Use Conflicts." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3270.

Chapter
Published: 14 August 2018 in Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability
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Territorial system of ecological stability (TSES) represents the most significant integration of landscape ecology principles into real environment policies and spatial planning practice. It has become a part of the legislation, general ecological regulation of various plans and projects, and it has become a common part of decision-making processes, as well as town-planning procedures at all hierarchical levels.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. Introduction. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability 2018, 1 -4.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Andrea Diviaková, Zita Izakovičová. Introduction. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. 2018; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. 2018. "Introduction." Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability , no. : 1-4.

Chapter
Published: 14 August 2018 in Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability
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Current policies for the protection of nature and natural resources promote complexity and integrated approaches. Since their inception, territorial systems of ecological stability were considered a part of the comprehensive concept of landscape-ecological planning (LANDEP) (Ružička and Miklós in Ekologia (CSSR) 1(3):297–312, 1982; Miklós in Ecological and landscape consequences of land-use change in Europe. ECNC publication series on Man and Nature 2, Tilburg, 1996), as well as an essential part of all spatial planning processes.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. Conclusion. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability 2018, 119 -120.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Andrea Diviaková, Zita Izakovičová. Conclusion. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. 2018; ():119-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. 2018. "Conclusion." Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability , no. : 119-120.

Chapter
Published: 14 August 2018 in Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability
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The chapter is the core part of the publication. The methodical procedure of TSES has several specific features as compared to other ecological networks. TSES in Slovakia focuses not only on the traditional frame of the ecological networks—as biocentres and biocorridors—but also on the proposal of whole-territory covering ecostabilisation measures, thus moving the ideas of ecological networks towards integrated management of optimum organisation and utilisation of the landscape as a whole. The methodical process consists five basic steps as analyses, syntheses, interpretations, evaluations and propositions. Analyses deal with all structures of landscape, namely with primary (abiotic), secondary (biotic–anthropic) and tertiary (socio-economic) structures, with specific regards to the real biota. The most important result of syntheses is the definition of potential representative geoecosystems for each model territory. The interpretations are oriented to definition of selective, localisation and realisation criteria for creation of ecological network, with specific emphasis on the interpretation of the ecological quality of the landscape structure. The evaluations are concerned with the definition of the suitability of geoecosystems to fulfil the functions of biocentres, biocorridors and interactive elements. The results of TSES are formulated in propositions which have several steps as: Delineation of frame of TSES: biocentres, biocorridors and interactive elements; Proposal of multifunctional ecostabilising measures, which should improve the spatial ecological stability and the environmental quality of the landscape as a whole. They are: Location of new ecostabilising elements: groups and belts of multifunctional vegetation aimed to improvement of overall ecological spatial stability of the landscape, water retention, decrease of run-off, erosion and pollution, Ecologically optimal land use of agricultural landscape: agrotechnical, agrochemical and agroameliorative proposals, Measures for forest management: increase of diversity, revitalisation, considerate forestry techniques, Measures within urbanised areas: improvement of the green infrastructure, Elimination of stress factors, e.g. revitalisation of devastated areas, reduction of barrier effects. These “physical” proposals are completed by realisation measures, as proposals for legal protection of the TSES elements, passportisation of TSES elements and, as the final result, the formation of regulations for spatial planning procedures. By combination of all groups of actions, the TSES becomes a whole-space covering tool for ecologisation of sectoral planning processes, as well as for integrated landscape management.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. Procedures of Designing the Territorial System of Ecological Stability. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability 2018, 43 -118.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Andrea Diviaková, Zita Izakovičová. Procedures of Designing the Territorial System of Ecological Stability. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. 2018; ():43-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. 2018. "Procedures of Designing the Territorial System of Ecological Stability." Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability , no. : 43-118.

Chapter
Published: 14 August 2018 in Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability
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The definition of TSES is as follows: TSES is a whole-territory covering system of an ecologically optimum structure of the landscape composed of elements with different degrees of ecological stability and different uses, but in its entirety ensuring both the internal functioning of individual core ecosystems and the functionality of the spatial relations among them as a precondition for the maintenance of the spatial landscape-ecological stability and so the diversity of both conditions and forms of life. TSES has two equally important essential parts: the skeleton of TSES—a system of biocentres, biocorridors and interactive elements, and a system of ecostabilising measures. Both these parts are of the same importance. The functioning of TSES can be maintained only by safeguarding both of them. The criteria for determining the functions of landscape elements for the TSES are following: Selective criteria—determine whether a landscape element is able to fulfil the functions as shelter, nourishment and reproduction. An important criterion is geoecological representativeness. These are the strategic criteria mainly for selection of biocentres. Localisation criteria—determine whether the landscape elements perform a function within the spatial arrangement of the biocentres, biocorridors and interactive elements as the change of genetic information and migration, as well as specific functions as retention, anti-erosive, microclimatic, hygienic, aesthetic functions, etc. Realisation criteria—determine the conditions for the realisation of the TSES in relation to the human activities. Most important indicator in this group is the spatial arrangement of the land-use elements and the legal frame of nature and nature resources protection. TSES in Slovakia is projected on three hierarchical levels: the General Plan of the supra-regional TSES related to the whole territory of Slovakia, the regional TSES-s related to the districts of Slovakia and the local TSES-s related to the municipalities. TSES is incorporated in several acts. For an effective implementation of TSES, the decisive importance has the legal determination of the position of the TSES in the territorial planning documentations where the elements of the TSES are defined as obligatory regulations on all level of the planning process.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. Methodical Base of Development of the Territorial System of Ecological Stability. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability 2018, 31 -41.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Andrea Diviaková, Zita Izakovičová. Methodical Base of Development of the Territorial System of Ecological Stability. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. 2018; ():31-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. 2018. "Methodical Base of Development of the Territorial System of Ecological Stability." Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability , no. : 31-41.

Chapter
Published: 14 August 2018 in Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability
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Establishing ecological networks is currently one of the main objectives of landscape ecology, nature and landscape protection. In Slovak Republic, the concept of “ecological networks” was institutionally adopted as the territorial system of ecological stability (TSES) by Decision of the Government of the SR in July 1991. TSES represents the most significant integration of landscape ecology principles into real environment policies and spatial planning practice. It has become a part of the legislation, common part of decision making, general ecological regulation of various plannings. The TSES concept is based on a geosystem approach to the landscape. This necessitates viewing the landscape space as an integrated complex of given area. The chapter characterises the functions of the primary, secondary and tertiary landscape structures for the TSES. Basic spatial units for creation of TSES considered the potential representative geoecosystems (REPGES) which are bearers of geoecodiversity, i.e. the diversity of both the conditions and forms of the life. The list of types of representative geoecosystems should serve as an ecologically based systematic framework for proposals of biocentres, as well as for other types of areas to be protected. The chapter deals also with most frequent theoretical landscape-ecological questions related to creation of ecological networks, as the stability of ecosystems and spatial ecological stability of the landscape, spatial configuration and composition of landscape. Specific attention is given to the relation of TSES to traditional nature conservation and to other types of the networks of protected areas. Concept of TSES changes the “classic” idea of the nature conservation based on the division of the landscape to protected and non-protected areas towards a system which maintains the ecological stability of the whole territory by an ecologically suitable spatial structure of the landscape even in the case that it is exploited in a different way. The TSES in Slovakia is legally defined in the act on nature conservation, and it is incorporated to the acts on territorial planning, agricultural land arrangement, watershed management, flood protection, environment impact assessment, integrated prevention and pollution control. The final part of the chapter deals with the development of the TSES and its place in the mentioned acts.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. Principles for Creating Ecological Networks. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability 2018, 5 -29.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Andrea Diviaková, Zita Izakovičová. Principles for Creating Ecological Networks. Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability. 2018; ():5-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Andrea Diviaková; Zita Izakovičová. 2018. "Principles for Creating Ecological Networks." Ecological Networks and Territorial Systems of Ecological Stability , no. : 5-29.

Chapter
Published: 11 August 2018 in Landscape as a Geosystem
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The chapter presents the set of detailed indicators of the geocomplexes including the tables of domain values of these indicators often used in landscape-ecological studies. Chapter includes the description, definition and characteristics of indicators of all three structures of the landscape as: A substantial part of the chapter is the tables with the domain values of indicators. The chapter is illustrated by 25 tables.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. Characteristics of the Indicators of Geocomplexes. Landscape as a Geosystem 2018, 85 -126.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Erika Kočická, Zita Izakovičová, Dušan Kočický, Anna Špinerová, Andrea Diviaková, Viktória Miklósová. Characteristics of the Indicators of Geocomplexes. Landscape as a Geosystem. 2018; ():85-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. 2018. "Characteristics of the Indicators of Geocomplexes." Landscape as a Geosystem , no. : 85-126.

Chapter
Published: 11 August 2018 in Landscape as a Geosystem
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The chapter introduces the application of the geosystem theory for the creation of practically usable, complex spatial landscape-ecological units—geocomplexes of different character. The content and characteristics of these units represent the spatial/contentual frame for geosystem based information system on the landscape. The basic steps for creation and spatial design of these spatial units are the landscape-ecological analyses and landscape-ecological syntheses. The result of this procedure is the definition of the content, assignation and spatial display of geocomplexes of different complexity in the following range: abiotic complex → physical-geographical complex → complex of land cover/land use and real vegetation → landscape-ecological complex → socio-economic complex → integrated geocomplex. The analyses and syntheses are of character of basic research on the landscape, as well as the initial step to the applied procedures and planning practice. The use of a proper information system for the systematic characteristics of the geocomplexes is an inevitable necessity. The chapter introduces the methodical and practical problems of the creation of such database within a GIS frame. The synthetic, well defined and precisely mapped geocomplexes are considered the basic operational units of the decision-making process for integrated landscape management. The final part of the chapter describes the real situation of the creation and problems of the database of geocomplexes in Slovakia. The text is completed with numerous tables which illustrate the most frequently used state variables and typological characteristics of different complexes.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. Construction and Mapping of Geocomplexes. Landscape as a Geosystem 2018, 43 -84.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Erika Kočická, Zita Izakovičová, Dušan Kočický, Anna Špinerová, Andrea Diviaková, Viktória Miklósová. Construction and Mapping of Geocomplexes. Landscape as a Geosystem. 2018; ():43-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. 2018. "Construction and Mapping of Geocomplexes." Landscape as a Geosystem , no. : 43-84.

Chapter
Published: 11 August 2018 in Landscape as a Geosystem
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The chapter presents the application of the geosystem approach to the creation of a proper spatial informational system with respects to the principles described in previous chapters. The application is presented on concrete model territory of the watershed of the Ipel’ river (South Central Slovakia). Those principles were the followings a unified mathematical depiction of the map base, namely in depiction UTM Zone 34N; Gauss–Krüger projection of the cartographic base the spatial projection base is a digital elevation model of DTM relief; the framework for each thematic layer is unified topographic object base. Maps are processed in a uniform format in the ESRI filegeodatabase; the carriers of spatial information are carefully compiled in the system of georeferencing elements, namely: raster—for morphometric parameters of relief; point—hydrological and weather stations; section—sections of rivers and roads; polygon—indicators of other geosystem elements that are displayed in the form of areals, i.e. abiotic, biotic and socio-economic elements and complexes, including elements of land use and buildings in GIS base. contains a purposefully selected set of indicators and values that characterize the primary structure (abiotic complex), secondary structure (biotic complex and land use), as well as the tertiary landscape structure (socio-economic complex), including statistical indicators, which are linked to the village and cadastral area; the system of georeferenced elements and indicators enables permanent updating of values as well as the addition of new variables into the system. The indicators and their domain values were arranged to a purpose-oriented catalogue that allows a quick and easy access to the database and map content. The catalogue was constructed hierarchically, it is possible to gradually gain an overview of the content by gradually unpacking the various hierarchical levels and layers. These hierarchical levels are ➢ element of the geosystem (level of Component); ➢ property of element (level of Thematic layer); ➢ indicator of property of element (level of Attribute, indicator); ➢ dimension of indicator of property of element (level of Dimension); ➢ value of indicator of property of the element (level of Value of attribute). As the result the chapter brings as examples cuts of the electronically produced maps on different indicators.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. Application of the Spatial Information System of Geocomplexes in Model Territory. Landscape as a Geosystem 2018, 127 -157.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Erika Kočická, Zita Izakovičová, Dušan Kočický, Anna Špinerová, Andrea Diviaková, Viktória Miklósová. Application of the Spatial Information System of Geocomplexes in Model Territory. Landscape as a Geosystem. 2018; ():127-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. 2018. "Application of the Spatial Information System of Geocomplexes in Model Territory." Landscape as a Geosystem , no. : 127-157.

Chapter
Published: 11 August 2018 in Landscape as a Geosystem
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This is the core chapter of the book dealing with the theoretical principles of the geosystems. Defines the topical and choric models of geosystems, as well as the simplified model of the geocomplexes. There is explained the difference between state variables and typological characteristics of the elements of geosystems. Specific respect is given to the definition of the structures of the landscape. According to the genesis, physical character of the elements and according to the relation of structures to their role and management in planning processes we divide the landscape as geosystem to three substructures. Primary landscape structure is a set of material elements of the landscape and their relations that constitute the original and permanent foundation for other structures. These elements are mainly the elements of the abiotic sphere—the geological base and subsoils, soils, waters, georelief, air. Secondary landscape structure is constituted by human-influenced, reshaped and created material landscape elements that currently cover the Earth’s surface. These are the elements of land use, real biota, man-made objects and constructions. Tertiary (socio-economic) landscape structure is a set intangible (non-material) socio-economic factors/phenomena displayed to the landscape space as interests, manifestations and consequences of the activities of individual sectors that are relevant to landscape. These are the protection and other functional zones of nature and natural resources protection, hygienic and safety zones of industrial and infrastructure objects, zones of declared zones of specific environmental measures, administrative boundaries, etc. Finally, the chapter gives the geosystem definition of the landscape and its reflection in the law in Slovakia. This definition reeds: “Landscape is a complex system of space, location, georelief and other mutually, functionally interconnected material natural elements and elements modified and created by a man, in particular the geological base and soil creating substratum, soil, water bodies, air, flora and fauna, artificial structures and the elements of land use, as well as their connections, which determine also the socio-economic factors related to landscape. Landscape is the environment of man and other living organisms.” The chapter is illustrated by figures and graphics explaining the structure of the geosystem.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. Landscape as a Geosystem. Landscape as a Geosystem 2018, 11 -42.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Erika Kočická, Zita Izakovičová, Dušan Kočický, Anna Špinerová, Andrea Diviaková, Viktória Miklósová. Landscape as a Geosystem. Landscape as a Geosystem. 2018; ():11-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. 2018. "Landscape as a Geosystem." Landscape as a Geosystem , no. : 11-42.

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Published: 11 August 2018 in Landscape as a Geosystem
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The concept of the sustainable development requires an exact formulation of the main object of our interest—the landscape—in the sphere of science, politics, decision-making, planning and projecting. The different approaches to the landscape offer different possibilities for their implementation in legislation and real planning processes. The decisive step is the functional integration of landscape-ecological knowledge into existing management and planning processes. With simplification we can state that we need to integrate two groups of knowledge: the first and initial is the definition what actually is to be planned and managed. This is the “demand” from humans. The second one is the knowledge of the landscape, the landscape “offer, supply”. The confrontation of these two groups should lead to a process referred to as the ecologization of the landscape management. The landscape is a comprehensive integrated spatial-material entity—the environment for the life of people and other organisms rather than just its separate components. At the same time it is the only space which we must all fit into. So, the landscape resources are used for different purposes for different activities that compete with each other and they cause mutual conflicts. Relevant environmental-political documents starting with Agenda 21 issued on Rio Summit 92, namely the Chapter 10 entitled “Integrated approach to the management of land resources” justified the need for the integrated landscape management as a major instrument of sustainable development. All above-mentioned principles can be realized if the landscape is understood systematically, as a geosystem. This understanding has become the base for the legally defined and nowadays routine planning tools—the landscape-ecological planning LANDEP and projecting the territorial system of ecological stability TSES—as transmitters of the landscape-ecological knowledge into the spatial planning processes.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. The Material Base of Sustainable Development—The Landscape. Landscape as a Geosystem 2018, 1 -9.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Erika Kočická, Zita Izakovičová, Dušan Kočický, Anna Špinerová, Andrea Diviaková, Viktória Miklósová. The Material Base of Sustainable Development—The Landscape. Landscape as a Geosystem. 2018; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Erika Kočická; Zita Izakovičová; Dušan Kočický; Anna Špinerová; Andrea Diviaková; Viktória Miklósová. 2018. "The Material Base of Sustainable Development—The Landscape." Landscape as a Geosystem , no. : 1-9.

Chapter
Published: 21 July 2018 in Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP
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This result mainly serves as a base for physical/spatial/territorial plans of municipalities and their functional zones. Tertiary proposition—functional regionalisation of territory—aims to determine the most ecologically appropriate function of larger territorial units (subregions, regions) in terms of their broader territorial (choric) relations. The result should serve as the basis for physical/spatial/territorial plans of a region. Special and detailed proposals may have very different characters. The most common examples are the projects of territorial system of ecological stability TSES that are specifically defined in the legislation. Other partial outputs are: suitability of territory for hydro-melioration, for establishment of water areas, ponds, solving the problems of erosion and accumulation, proposal of landscape greenery, proposal of recreational utilisation of the landscape, problems related to the conflict of interests, spatial projection of the limits of territory for selected activities, problems of flooding, etc. The chapter is illustrated by numerous tables and maps.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. Landscape-ecological Propositions in LANDEP—Proposal of Optimal Use of Areas. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP 2018, 199 -212.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Anna Špinerová. Landscape-ecological Propositions in LANDEP—Proposal of Optimal Use of Areas. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP. 2018; ():199-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. 2018. "Landscape-ecological Propositions in LANDEP—Proposal of Optimal Use of Areas." Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP , no. : 199-212.

Chapter
Published: 21 July 2018 in Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP
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Geocomplexes with various characteristics and values of indicators—most often the abiotic complexes and landscape-ecological complexes—are then carriers of integrated information about the landscape. The most frequently used method of spatial synthesis in LANDEP is the superposition of homogenised analytical maps in defined order of leading indicators. The result of such syntheses—marked also as topical syntheses—are the types of abiotic complexes and landscape-ecological complexes. Hierarchically higher synthetic units—regions—are created on the base of the spatial structure and content of lower hierarchical units. The chapter presents few examples of choric syntheses too. A substantial step of the syntheses is the creation of the geosystem-based classification of geocomplexes formally arranged to the tables of abiocomplexes and landscape-ecological complexes. The chapter is illustrated by numerous tables and maps which document also the historical development of the LANDEP methodics.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. Landscape-ecological Syntheses in LANDEP. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP 2018, 109 -127.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Anna Špinerová. Landscape-ecological Syntheses in LANDEP. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP. 2018; ():109-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. 2018. "Landscape-ecological Syntheses in LANDEP." Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP , no. : 109-127.

Chapter
Published: 21 July 2018 in Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP
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The methodology of landscape-ecological planning LANDEP is reflected in the law and is incorporated to the practice of particular spatial planning procedures in Slovakia. First chapter of the book deals with different understandings of spatial planning procedures and compares them to LANDEP. LANDEP represents a spatial approach to the protection of the environment. Its methodology, content and practice correspond with the principles of the integrated landscape management defined since AGENDA 21 from Rio Summit 1992 in all relevant environmental political documents, in particular, the following: cross-departmental conception: sectorial integration, partnership, over-regionality: spatial integration, regional cooperation, complex approach to the environment: professional integration, landscape-ecological complexity. The chapter defines the main institutional spatial planning procedures supported by relevant law in Slovakia and their relations to the integrated landscape management and LANDEP. These tools are divided into four groups as follows: the information base of integrated landscape management, landscape-ecological framework for integrated landscape management: the LANDEP, Territorial System of Ecological Stability TSES and the territorial planning, the sectoral spatial management and planning instruments as nature conservation and landscape protection; river basin management; flood prevention, agricultural land consolidations projects; forest management plans, instruments for control and assessment of the impact of planning procedures on the environment as environment impact assessment and strategic impact assessment (E.I.A., S.E.A) and Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control (IPPC). As the LANDEP is by legislation assigned in Slovakia to the territorial planning, which according to its content represents the most integrating concept with respect to the aforementioned principles, the chapter discusses the act on territorial planning in detail. The material object of LANDEP is defined as landscape as a geosystem. The final subchapter deals with those aspects of geosystems which relate to the particular methodical steps of the LANDEP procedure defines the relevant models, structures, elements and properties of geosystems including the most frequent values of indicators of properties.

ACS Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. Principles, Theoretical and Methodological Background of Landscape-ecological Planning. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP 2018, 1 -68.

AMA Style

László Miklós, Anna Špinerová. Principles, Theoretical and Methodological Background of Landscape-ecological Planning. Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP. 2018; ():1-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

László Miklós; Anna Špinerová. 2018. "Principles, Theoretical and Methodological Background of Landscape-ecological Planning." Landscape-ecological Planning LANDEP , no. : 1-68.