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Manal Osman
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia

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Review
Published: 27 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Bioretention is considered one of the best management practices (BMPS) for managing stormwater quality and quantity. The bioretention system has proven good performance in removing total suspended solids, oil, and heavy metals. The nitrogen (N) removal efficiency of the bioretention system is insufficient, however, due to the complex forms of nitrogen. Therefore, this paper aims to review recent enhancement approaches to nitrogen (N) removal and to discuss the factors influencing bioretention efficiency. To improve bioretention efficiency, several factors should be considered when designing bioretention systems, including nitrogen concentration, climate factors, and hydrological factors. Further, soil and plant selection should be appropriate for environmental conditions. Three design improvement approaches have been reviewed. The first is the inclusion of a saturated zone (SZ), which has been used widely. The SZ is shown to have the best performance in nitrogen removal. The second approach (which is less popular) is the usage of additives in the form of a mixture with soil media or as a separated layer. This concept is intended to be applied in tropical regions with wet soil conditions and a short dry period. The third approach combines the previous two approaches (enhanced filter media and applying a SZ). This approach is more efficient and has recently attracted more attention. This study suggests that further studies on the third approach should be carried out. Applying amendment material through filter media and integrating it with SZ provides appropriate conditions to complete the nitrogen cycle. This approach is considered a promising method to enhance nitrogen removal. In general, the bioretention system offers a promising tool for improving stormwater quality.

ACS Style

Wafaa Ali; Husna Takaijudin; Khamaruzaman Yusof; Manal Osman; Abdurrasheed Abdurrasheed. The Common Approaches of Nitrogen Removal in Bioretention System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2575 .

AMA Style

Wafaa Ali, Husna Takaijudin, Khamaruzaman Yusof, Manal Osman, Abdurrasheed Abdurrasheed. The Common Approaches of Nitrogen Removal in Bioretention System. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wafaa Ali; Husna Takaijudin; Khamaruzaman Yusof; Manal Osman; Abdurrasheed Abdurrasheed. 2021. "The Common Approaches of Nitrogen Removal in Bioretention System." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2575.

Review
Published: 30 September 2019 in Sustainability
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One of the best management practices (BMPs) for stormwater quality and quantity control is a bioretention system. The removal efficiency of different pollutants under this system is generally satisfactory, except for nitrogen which is deficient in certain bioretention systems. Nitrogen has a complex biogeochemical cycle, and thus the removal processes of nitrogen are typically slower than other pollutants. This study summarizes recent studies that have focused on nitrogen removal for urban stormwater runoff and discusses the latest advances in bioretention systems. The performance, influencing factors, and design enhancements are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. The review of current literature reveals that a bioretention system shows great promise due to its ability to remove nitrogen from stormwater runoff. Combining nitrification and denitrification zones with the addition of a carbon source and selecting different plant species promote nitrogen removal. Nevertheless, more studies on nitrogen transformations in a bioretention system and the relationships between different design factors need to be undertaken.

ACS Style

Manal Osman; Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof; Husna Takaijudin; Hui Weng Goh; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Nor Ariza Azizan; Aminuddin Ab. Ghani; Abdurrasheed Sa’Id Abdurrasheed. A Review of Nitrogen Removal for Urban Stormwater Runoff in Bioretention System. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5415 .

AMA Style

Manal Osman, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Husna Takaijudin, Hui Weng Goh, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Nor Ariza Azizan, Aminuddin Ab. Ghani, Abdurrasheed Sa’Id Abdurrasheed. A Review of Nitrogen Removal for Urban Stormwater Runoff in Bioretention System. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manal Osman; Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof; Husna Takaijudin; Hui Weng Goh; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Nor Ariza Azizan; Aminuddin Ab. Ghani; Abdurrasheed Sa’Id Abdurrasheed. 2019. "A Review of Nitrogen Removal for Urban Stormwater Runoff in Bioretention System." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5415.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2019 in Water
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The flow resistance of the existing modules in the bio-ecological drainage system (BIOECODS) is high and may lead to flood instead of its mitigation. As part of efforts to enhance the performance of the system, the river engineering and urban drainage research center (REDAC) module was developed. This study modelled the hydrodynamics of flow through this module using FLOW-3D and laboratory experiments for two cases of free flow without module (FFWM) and flow with a module (FWM) to understand and visualize the effects of the module. With less than 5% error between the numerical and experimental results, REDAC module altered the flow pattern and created resistance by increasing the Manning’s roughness coefficient at the upstream, depth-averaged flow velocity (43.50 cm/s to about 46.50 cm/s) at the downstream and decreasing water depth (7.75–6.50 cm). These variations can be attributed to the complex nature of the module pattern with further increase across the porous openings. Therefore, the technique used herein can be applied to characterize the behavior of fluids in larger arrangments of modules and under different flow conditions without the need for expensive laboratory experiments.

ACS Style

Abdurrasheed Sa’Id Abdurrasheed; Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof; Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami; Husna Takaijudin; Aminuddin Ab Ghani; Muhammad Mujahid Muhammad; Abdulkadir Taofeeq Sholagberu; Muhammad Kashfy Zainalfikry; Manal Osman; Mohammed Shihab Patel. Modelling of Flow Parameters through Subsurface Drainage Modules for Application in BIOECODS. Water 2019, 11, 1823 .

AMA Style

Abdurrasheed Sa’Id Abdurrasheed, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Husna Takaijudin, Aminuddin Ab Ghani, Muhammad Mujahid Muhammad, Abdulkadir Taofeeq Sholagberu, Muhammad Kashfy Zainalfikry, Manal Osman, Mohammed Shihab Patel. Modelling of Flow Parameters through Subsurface Drainage Modules for Application in BIOECODS. Water. 2019; 11 (9):1823.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdurrasheed Sa’Id Abdurrasheed; Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof; Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami; Husna Takaijudin; Aminuddin Ab Ghani; Muhammad Mujahid Muhammad; Abdulkadir Taofeeq Sholagberu; Muhammad Kashfy Zainalfikry; Manal Osman; Mohammed Shihab Patel. 2019. "Modelling of Flow Parameters through Subsurface Drainage Modules for Application in BIOECODS." Water 11, no. 9: 1823.