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For decades antibiotics have been used in poultry rearing to support high levels of production. Nevertheless, several problems have arisen because of the misuse of antibiotics (i.e., antibiotic resistance, residues in animal products, environmental pollution). Thus, the European Union (EU) as well as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) promote action plans to diminish the use of antibiotics in animal production. Alternatives to antibiotics have been studied. Polyphenols (PPs) or organic acids (OAs) seem to be two accredited solutions. Phenolic compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, and tannins exert their antimicrobial effect with specific mechanisms. In contrast, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), the OAs mainly used as antibiotics alternative, act on the pathogens depending on the pKa value. This review aims to collect the literature reporting the effects of these substances applied as antimicrobial molecules or growth promoter in poultry feeding (both for broilers and laying hens). Organic acids and PPs can be used individually or in blends, exploiting the properties of each component. Collected data highlighted that further research needs to focus on OAs in laying hens’ feeding and also determine the right combination in blends with PPs.
Federica Scicutella; Federica Mannelli; Matteo Daghio; Carlo Viti; Arianna Buccioni. Polyphenols and Organic Acids as Alternatives to Antimicrobials in Poultry Rearing: A Review. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1010 .
AMA StyleFederica Scicutella, Federica Mannelli, Matteo Daghio, Carlo Viti, Arianna Buccioni. Polyphenols and Organic Acids as Alternatives to Antimicrobials in Poultry Rearing: A Review. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (8):1010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederica Scicutella; Federica Mannelli; Matteo Daghio; Carlo Viti; Arianna Buccioni. 2021. "Polyphenols and Organic Acids as Alternatives to Antimicrobials in Poultry Rearing: A Review." Antibiotics 10, no. 8: 1010.
In the past 10 years, the average demand for meat and milk across the world has significantly increased, especially in developing countries. Therefore, to support the production of animal-derived food products, a huge quantity of feed resources is needed. This paper does not present original research, but rather provides a conceptual strategy to improve primary production in a sustainable way, in relation to forthcoming issues linked to climate change. Increases in meat and milk production could be achieved by formulating balanced diets for ovines based on alfalfa integrated with local agricultural by-products. As the central component of the diet is alfalfa, one goal of the project is increasing the yield of alfalfa in a sustainable way via inoculating seeds with symbiotic rhizobia (i.e., Sinorhizobium meliloti). Seed inoculants are already present on the market but have not been optimized for arid soils. Furthermore, a part of the project is focused on the selection of elite symbiotic strains that show increased resistance to salt stress and competitiveness. The second component of the experimental diets is bio-waste, especially that obtained from olive oil manufacturing (i.e., pomace). The addition of agro-by-products allows us to use such waste as a resource for animal feeding, and possibly, to modulate rumen metabolism, thereby increasing the nutritional quality of milk and meat.
Carlo Viti; Agnese Bellabarba; Matteo Daghio; Alessio Mengoni; Marcello Mele; Arianna Buccioni; Gaio Pacini; Abdelkader Bekki; Khalid Azim; Majida Hafidi; Francesco Pini. Alfalfa for a Sustainable Ovine Farming System: Proposed Research for a New Feeding Strategy Based on Alfalfa and Ecological Leftovers in Drought Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3880 .
AMA StyleCarlo Viti, Agnese Bellabarba, Matteo Daghio, Alessio Mengoni, Marcello Mele, Arianna Buccioni, Gaio Pacini, Abdelkader Bekki, Khalid Azim, Majida Hafidi, Francesco Pini. Alfalfa for a Sustainable Ovine Farming System: Proposed Research for a New Feeding Strategy Based on Alfalfa and Ecological Leftovers in Drought Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3880.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Viti; Agnese Bellabarba; Matteo Daghio; Alessio Mengoni; Marcello Mele; Arianna Buccioni; Gaio Pacini; Abdelkader Bekki; Khalid Azim; Majida Hafidi; Francesco Pini. 2021. "Alfalfa for a Sustainable Ovine Farming System: Proposed Research for a New Feeding Strategy Based on Alfalfa and Ecological Leftovers in Drought Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3880.
The intensive use of high-performing strains in poultry production has led to the extinction of several autochthonous chicken breeds and, consequently, loss of genetic variability. Interest in saving biodiversity is growing rapidly and has become a major objective worldwide. The aim of this study was to shed light on the production trends of native Italian poultry breeds and the related market. A questionnaire, which asked about the production cycles, the number of animals and table eggs produced per year and their retail prices was completed by 121 breeders across Italy. The surveyed breeders were divided into two categories: breeders conducting an agrozootechnical farm, referred to as ‘farmers’ (F); and breeders keeping chickens as backyard poultry, referred to as ‘fancy breeders’ (FB). Analysis of the data acquired indicated that animals were mainly slaughtered between 6 and 12 months of age, with F processing more animals per year. The same production trend was observed for table eggs. The recorded retail prices of native chicken products were higher than those for conventional products, but similar to those reported for valuable niche poultry products, such as the Poulet de Bresse in France and organic eggs. Knowledge about these highly valuable markets should be used to encourage the use of local breeds in alternative poultry farming and help protect biodiversity.
Alessandro Franzoni; Marta Gariglio; Annelisse Castillo; Dominga Soglia; Stefano Sartore; Arianna Buccioni; Federica Mannelli; Martino Cassandro; Filippo Cendron; Cesare Castellini; Alice Mancinelli; Silvia Cerolini; Ahmad Sayed; Nicolaia Iaffaldano; Michele Di Iorio; Margherita Marzoni; Sonia Salvucci; Achille Schiavone. Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Small Scale Production and Marketing. Animals 2021, 11, 629 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franzoni, Marta Gariglio, Annelisse Castillo, Dominga Soglia, Stefano Sartore, Arianna Buccioni, Federica Mannelli, Martino Cassandro, Filippo Cendron, Cesare Castellini, Alice Mancinelli, Silvia Cerolini, Ahmad Sayed, Nicolaia Iaffaldano, Michele Di Iorio, Margherita Marzoni, Sonia Salvucci, Achille Schiavone. Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Small Scale Production and Marketing. Animals. 2021; 11 (3):629.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franzoni; Marta Gariglio; Annelisse Castillo; Dominga Soglia; Stefano Sartore; Arianna Buccioni; Federica Mannelli; Martino Cassandro; Filippo Cendron; Cesare Castellini; Alice Mancinelli; Silvia Cerolini; Ahmad Sayed; Nicolaia Iaffaldano; Michele Di Iorio; Margherita Marzoni; Sonia Salvucci; Achille Schiavone. 2021. "Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Small Scale Production and Marketing." Animals 11, no. 3: 629.
The most reared species of farm animal around the world is the chicken. However, the intensification of livestock systems has led to a gradual increase in the concentration of a limited number of breeds, resulting in substantial erosion to the genetic pool. The initial step of an ‘animal conservation program’ entails establishing the actual conservation statuses of the breeds concerned in a defined area; in this case, in Italy. To this end, a survey of breeds was performed by means of a census questionnaire divided into two parts. The first part collected information on breeds, breeders, housing facilities, and management aspects, the results of which are presented here. The second part of the questionnaire regarded chicken products and their markets, and these data will be reported in a second paper. The breed status of six chicken breeds was shown to be exceptionally worrying, with total numbers ranging from just 18 to 186 birds. Population sizes exceeding 1000 birds was identified for just four breeds, the maximum being 3400. Some improvements in status were noted in relation to breeds which had been the subject of conservation efforts in the past. The two most common breeds reported are the Bionda Piemontese, a double-purpose breed, and the Livorno egg-laying hen. Collo Nudo Italiano, Millefiori Piemontese, Pollo Trentino, and Tirolese chicken breeds and the Castano Precoce turkey breed were not listed by breeders at all. The most reported turkey breeds are the Bronzato Comune and the Ermellinato di Rovigo. The population sizes of native Italian poultry breeds were shown to be generally poor. Italian poultry farmers and the population at large are largely ignorant about indigenous poultry breeds. Thus, promoting the virtues of Italian breeds would help their conservation by encouraging breeders to rear these birds and consumers to buy their products. The identification of strategies to facilitate access to pure breed birds is essential, and will require the collaboration of university research centers, public entities, and breeders. The results presented in this paper constitute the initial part of a more complex conservation program.
Annelisse Castillo; Marta Gariglio; Alessandro Franzoni; Dominga Soglia; Stefano Sartore; Arianna Buccioni; Federica Mannelli; Martino Cassandro; Filippo Cendron; Cesare Castellini; Alice Mancinelli; Nicolaia Iaffaldano; Michele Iorio; Margherita Marzoni; Sonia Salvucci; Silvia Cerolini; Luisa Zaniboni; Achille Schiavone. Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Conservation Status and Rearing Systems in Use. Animals 2021, 11, 490 .
AMA StyleAnnelisse Castillo, Marta Gariglio, Alessandro Franzoni, Dominga Soglia, Stefano Sartore, Arianna Buccioni, Federica Mannelli, Martino Cassandro, Filippo Cendron, Cesare Castellini, Alice Mancinelli, Nicolaia Iaffaldano, Michele Iorio, Margherita Marzoni, Sonia Salvucci, Silvia Cerolini, Luisa Zaniboni, Achille Schiavone. Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Conservation Status and Rearing Systems in Use. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):490.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnelisse Castillo; Marta Gariglio; Alessandro Franzoni; Dominga Soglia; Stefano Sartore; Arianna Buccioni; Federica Mannelli; Martino Cassandro; Filippo Cendron; Cesare Castellini; Alice Mancinelli; Nicolaia Iaffaldano; Michele Iorio; Margherita Marzoni; Sonia Salvucci; Silvia Cerolini; Luisa Zaniboni; Achille Schiavone. 2021. "Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Conservation Status and Rearing Systems in Use." Animals 11, no. 2: 490.
Alice Cappucci; Alberto Mantino; Arianna Buccioni; Laura Casarosa; Giuseppe Conte; Andrea Serra; Federica Mannelli; Giuseppe Luciano; Giulia Foggi; Marcello Mele. Diets supplemented with condensed and hydrolysable tannins affected rumen fatty acid profile and plasmalogen lipids, ammonia and methane production in an in vitro study. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2021, 20, 935 -946.
AMA StyleAlice Cappucci, Alberto Mantino, Arianna Buccioni, Laura Casarosa, Giuseppe Conte, Andrea Serra, Federica Mannelli, Giuseppe Luciano, Giulia Foggi, Marcello Mele. Diets supplemented with condensed and hydrolysable tannins affected rumen fatty acid profile and plasmalogen lipids, ammonia and methane production in an in vitro study. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 20 (1):935-946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlice Cappucci; Alberto Mantino; Arianna Buccioni; Laura Casarosa; Giuseppe Conte; Andrea Serra; Federica Mannelli; Giuseppe Luciano; Giulia Foggi; Marcello Mele. 2021. "Diets supplemented with condensed and hydrolysable tannins affected rumen fatty acid profile and plasmalogen lipids, ammonia and methane production in an in vitro study." Italian Journal of Animal Science 20, no. 1: 935-946.
We evaluated the preventive effects of the oral administration of chestnut tannins (Castanea sativa) together with its potential metabolic effect on calf diarrhoea. Forty Italian Friesian female calves were included and divided into Group C (control group) and Group T (tannin-treated group). From the third day of life (T0) for the following 56 days (T56), calves from Group C received 2 L of warm water, while 10 g of chestnut tannin powder extract were added to Group T. Calves were weighed at birth and at T56. Daily faecal score evaluation was performed according to the literature. The age at diarrhoea onset (TDE) and the duration of the diarrhoeic episode were recorded. Blood methaemoglobin and liver enzymes were evaluated weekly starting from T0 to T56 by spectrophotometer and clinical chemistry analysis, respectively. The t-Student and chi-square tests were performed. The TDE was higher (p = .04) in Group T than in Group C (12.0 ± 8.2 and 7.7 ± 3.8 days, respectively). There were no differences for ADG between the groups. Group C spent 24.4% of the whole period with diarrhoea, whereas Group T experienced diarrhoea for 18.9% of the period (p = .001). All the blood and serum analytes were within physiological values. The administration of tannins in calves from the third day of life seemed to delay the onset of diarrhoea by almost four days, suggesting effective preventive action of chestnut tannins.
Francesca Bonelli; Luca Turini; Aurora Paganelli; Giuseppe Conte; Valentina Meucci; Micaela Sgorbini; Arianna Buccioni; Marcello Mele. Evaluation of oral administration of chestnut tannins in preventing calf diarrhoea. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2021, 20, 640 -649.
AMA StyleFrancesca Bonelli, Luca Turini, Aurora Paganelli, Giuseppe Conte, Valentina Meucci, Micaela Sgorbini, Arianna Buccioni, Marcello Mele. Evaluation of oral administration of chestnut tannins in preventing calf diarrhoea. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 20 (1):640-649.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Bonelli; Luca Turini; Aurora Paganelli; Giuseppe Conte; Valentina Meucci; Micaela Sgorbini; Arianna Buccioni; Marcello Mele. 2021. "Evaluation of oral administration of chestnut tannins in preventing calf diarrhoea." Italian Journal of Animal Science 20, no. 1: 640-649.
The genomic variability of local Italian chicken breeds, which were monitored under a conservation plan, was studied using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to understand their genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 582 samples from 23 local breeds and four commercial stocks were genotyped using the Affymetrix 600 K Chicken SNP Array. In general, the levels of genetic diversity, investigated through different approaches, were lowest in the local chicken breeds compared to those in the commercial stocks. The level of genomic inbreeding, based on runs of homozygosity (FROH), was markedly different among the breeds and ranged from 0.121 (Valdarnese) to 0.607 (Siciliana). In all breeds, short runs of homozygosity (ROH) (<4 Mb in length) were more frequent than long segments. The patterns of genetic differentiation, model-based clustering, and neighbor networks showed that most breeds formed non-overlapping clusters and were clearly separate populations, which indicated the presence of gene flow, especially among breeds that originated from the same geographical area. Four genomic regions were identified as hotspots of autozygosity (islands) among the breeds, where the candidate genes are involved in morphological traits, such as body weight and feed conversion ratio. We conclude that the investigated breeds have conserved authentic genetic patterns, and these results can improve conservation strategies; moreover, the conservation of local breeds may play an important role in the local economy as a source of high-quality products for consumers.
Filippo Cendron; Francesco Perini; Salvatore Mastrangelo; Marco Tolone; Andrea Criscione; Salvatore Bordonaro; Nicolaia Iaffaldano; Cesare Castellini; Margherita Marzoni; Arianna Buccioni; Dominga Soglia; Achille Schiavone; Silvia Cerolini; Emiliano Lasagna; Martino Cassandro. Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Population Structure and the Conservation Status of 23 Italian Chicken Breeds. Animals 2020, 10, 1441 .
AMA StyleFilippo Cendron, Francesco Perini, Salvatore Mastrangelo, Marco Tolone, Andrea Criscione, Salvatore Bordonaro, Nicolaia Iaffaldano, Cesare Castellini, Margherita Marzoni, Arianna Buccioni, Dominga Soglia, Achille Schiavone, Silvia Cerolini, Emiliano Lasagna, Martino Cassandro. Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Population Structure and the Conservation Status of 23 Italian Chicken Breeds. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilippo Cendron; Francesco Perini; Salvatore Mastrangelo; Marco Tolone; Andrea Criscione; Salvatore Bordonaro; Nicolaia Iaffaldano; Cesare Castellini; Margherita Marzoni; Arianna Buccioni; Dominga Soglia; Achille Schiavone; Silvia Cerolini; Emiliano Lasagna; Martino Cassandro. 2020. "Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Population Structure and the Conservation Status of 23 Italian Chicken Breeds." Animals 10, no. 8: 1441.
The Food and Agriculture Organization’s previsions show that by 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.6 billion people, and the request for a high value protein source will increase as well. Poultry can guarantee high value protein for humans, even in the poorest regions of the world. Hence, efficient poultry production is needed, matching with sustainable development. The residual meal from cardoon seed oil (used for biodiesel and biodegradable bioplastic production) is suitable for animal feeding due to its protein content. The aim of this preliminary study was to test for a possible use of cardoon meal as a protein source in a poultry diet during the finishing period. Forty-five Kabir chickens were divided into three groups and fed three diets in which soybean meal (control) was partially (16%) or completely replaced with cardoon meal as a protein source (treated groups). In vivo performances, animal welfare, dressing out and meat color were evaluated. No statistical differences in feed efficiency, dressing out, nor in meat quality were found among groups. Moreover, birds that were fed cardoon meal showed lower perivisceral fat. Therefore, cardoon meal could be considered as an alternative for soybean meal in the finishing period in poultry feeding.
Arianna Buccioni; Giovanni Brajon; Lapo Nannucci; Vincenzo Ferrulli; Federica Mannelli; Antonino Barone; Matteo Daghio; Giulia Secci; Stefano Rapaccini; Domenico Gatta; Michele Falce; Sara Minieri. Cardoon Meal (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis) as Alternative Protein Source during Finishing Period in Poultry Feeding. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5336 .
AMA StyleArianna Buccioni, Giovanni Brajon, Lapo Nannucci, Vincenzo Ferrulli, Federica Mannelli, Antonino Barone, Matteo Daghio, Giulia Secci, Stefano Rapaccini, Domenico Gatta, Michele Falce, Sara Minieri. Cardoon Meal (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis) as Alternative Protein Source during Finishing Period in Poultry Feeding. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5336.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArianna Buccioni; Giovanni Brajon; Lapo Nannucci; Vincenzo Ferrulli; Federica Mannelli; Antonino Barone; Matteo Daghio; Giulia Secci; Stefano Rapaccini; Domenico Gatta; Michele Falce; Sara Minieri. 2020. "Cardoon Meal (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis) as Alternative Protein Source during Finishing Period in Poultry Feeding." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5336.
Chestnut tannins (CT) and saturated short medium chain fatty acids (SMCFA) are valid alternatives to contrast the growth of pathogens in poultry rearing, representing a valid alternative to antibiotics. However, the effect of their blends has never been tested. Two blends of CT extract and Sn1-monoglycerides of SMCFA (SN1) were tested in vitro against the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella typhymurium, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni. The tested concentrations were: 3.0 g/kg of CT; 3.0 g/kg of SN1; 2.0 g/kg of CT and 1.0 g/kg of SN1; 1.0 g/kg of CT and 2.0 g/kg of SN1. Furthermore, their effect on broiler performances and meat quality was evaluated in vivo: one-hundred Ross 308 male birds were fed a basal diet with no supplement (control group) or supplemented with CT or SN1 or their blends at the same concentration used in the in vitro trial. The in vitro assay confirmed the effectiveness of the CT and SN1 mixtures in reducing the growth of the tested bacteria while the in vivo trial showed that broiler performances, animal welfare and meat quality were not negatively affected by the blends, which could be a promising alternative in replacing antibiotics in poultry production.
Federica Mannelli; Sara Minieri; Giovanni Tosi; Giulia Secci; Matteo Daghio; Paola Massi; Laura Fiorentini; Ilaria Galigani; Silvano Lancini; Stefano Rapaccini; Mauro Antongiovanni; Simone Mancini; Arianna Buccioni. Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Short Chain Fatty Acids as Anti-Microbials and as Feeding Supplements in Broilers Rearing and Meat Quality. Animals 2019, 9, 659 .
AMA StyleFederica Mannelli, Sara Minieri, Giovanni Tosi, Giulia Secci, Matteo Daghio, Paola Massi, Laura Fiorentini, Ilaria Galigani, Silvano Lancini, Stefano Rapaccini, Mauro Antongiovanni, Simone Mancini, Arianna Buccioni. Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Short Chain Fatty Acids as Anti-Microbials and as Feeding Supplements in Broilers Rearing and Meat Quality. Animals. 2019; 9 (9):659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederica Mannelli; Sara Minieri; Giovanni Tosi; Giulia Secci; Matteo Daghio; Paola Massi; Laura Fiorentini; Ilaria Galigani; Silvano Lancini; Stefano Rapaccini; Mauro Antongiovanni; Simone Mancini; Arianna Buccioni. 2019. "Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Short Chain Fatty Acids as Anti-Microbials and as Feeding Supplements in Broilers Rearing and Meat Quality." Animals 9, no. 9: 659.
The addition of polyphenol extracts in ruminant diets is an effective strategy to modulate rumen microflora. The aim of this in vitro trial was to study the effects of chestnut tannin extract (CHT), vescalagin (VES) and gallic acid (GAL) on dietary fibre degradability and on the dimethyl acetals (DMA) profile and microbial community composition of rumen liquor. Four diets (basal diet; basal diet plus CHT; basal diet plus VES; basal diet plus GAL) were fermented for 24 h using ewe rumen liquor. At the end of the fermentation, the microbial communities were characterized by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The DMA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography. Chestnut tannin extract did not affect fibre degradability, whereas VES and GAL showed a detrimental effect. The presence of CHT, VES and GAL influenced the concentration of several DMA (i.e., 12:0, 13:0, 14:0, 15:0, 18:0 and 18:1 trans-11), whereas the composition of the microbial community was marginally affected. The inclusion of CHT led to the enrichment of the genera Anaerovibrio, Bibersteinia, Escherichia/Shigella, Pseudobutyrivibrio and Streptococcus. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the activity of CHT is due to the synergistic effect of all components rather than the property of a single component.
Federica Mannelli; Matteo Daghio; Susana Alves; Rui J. B. Bessa; Sara Minieri; Luciana Giovannetti; Giuseppe Conte; Marcello Mele; Anna Messini; Stefano Rapaccini; Carlo Viti; Arianna Buccioni. Effects of Chestnut Tannin Extract, Vescalagin and Gallic Acid on the Dimethyl Acetals Profile and Microbial Community Composition in Rumen Liquor: An In Vitro Study. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 202 .
AMA StyleFederica Mannelli, Matteo Daghio, Susana Alves, Rui J. B. Bessa, Sara Minieri, Luciana Giovannetti, Giuseppe Conte, Marcello Mele, Anna Messini, Stefano Rapaccini, Carlo Viti, Arianna Buccioni. Effects of Chestnut Tannin Extract, Vescalagin and Gallic Acid on the Dimethyl Acetals Profile and Microbial Community Composition in Rumen Liquor: An In Vitro Study. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (7):202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederica Mannelli; Matteo Daghio; Susana Alves; Rui J. B. Bessa; Sara Minieri; Luciana Giovannetti; Giuseppe Conte; Marcello Mele; Anna Messini; Stefano Rapaccini; Carlo Viti; Arianna Buccioni. 2019. "Effects of Chestnut Tannin Extract, Vescalagin and Gallic Acid on the Dimethyl Acetals Profile and Microbial Community Composition in Rumen Liquor: An In Vitro Study." Microorganisms 7, no. 7: 202.
In the human intestine, lipids are absorbed as sn-2 monoglycerides (sn-2, also named β-position), produced mainly by pancreatic lipases, which hydrolysate the triglyceride molecule in positions 1 and 3 (sn-1,3, α-position). The fatty acids esterified in sn-2 are thus preferentially absorbed, which means that the bioavailability of a single fatty acid is affected by its position on the triglyceride. This experiment is carried out with the milk used to make cheese applied in a study with 42 human volunteers. In that study the authors detected an improvement in the blood lipid profile. The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of this kind of cheese in improving human health by studying how linseed supplementation affects the milk fatty acid composition of the 3 different triglyceride positions and thus the fatty acid bioavailability. The sn-2 were obtained by reacting total milk lipids with swine pancreatic lipase. The milk came from 24 sheep fed a control diet and 24 sheep fed a diet containing 200 g of extruded linseed per day. The sn-2 were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of total lipids and sn-2 was obtained by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector apparatus equipped with a high polar 100 m length capillary column. The bioavailability of the fatty acids was evaluated by a putative preferential intestinal absorption index (PPIAi), where PPIAi 0 indicated a preferential intestinal absorption. With regard to the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, the linseed group showed a significantly higher content of both linolenic acid and rumenic acid compared with the control. As a consequence of linseed supplementation, the linolenic and rumenic acid content esterified in the β-position increased greatly. This was highlighted by the PPIAi. The results of the present study suggest that the linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid affinity for lyso-phosphatidic acid acyl-transferase increased with its tissue availability.
A. Serra; G. Conte; F. Ciucci; E. Bulleri; L. Corrales-Retana; A. Cappucci; A. Buccioni; M. Mele. Dietary linseed supplementation affects the fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of triglycerides in sheep milk. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 6742 -6751.
AMA StyleA. Serra, G. Conte, F. Ciucci, E. Bulleri, L. Corrales-Retana, A. Cappucci, A. Buccioni, M. Mele. Dietary linseed supplementation affects the fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of triglycerides in sheep milk. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (8):6742-6751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Serra; G. Conte; F. Ciucci; E. Bulleri; L. Corrales-Retana; A. Cappucci; A. Buccioni; M. Mele. 2018. "Dietary linseed supplementation affects the fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of triglycerides in sheep milk." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 8: 6742-6751.
Neonatal calf diarrhea is generally caused by infectious agents and is a very common disease in bovine practice, leading to substantial economic losses. Tannins are known for their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties in the gastro-enteric tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the oral administration of chestnut tannins (Castanea sativa Mill.) in order to reduce the duration of calf neonatal diarrhea. Twenty-four Italian Friesian calves affected by neonatal diarrhea were included. The duration of the diarrheic episode (DDE) was recorded and the animals were divided into a control group (C), which received Effydral® in 2 l of warm water, and a tannin-treated group (T), which received Effydral® in 2 l of warm water plus 10 g of extract of chestnut tannins powder. A Mann-Whitney test was performed to verify differences for the DDE values between the two groups. The DDE was significantly higher in group C than in group T (p = 0.02), resulting in 10.1 ± 3.2 and 6.6 ± 3.8 days, respectively. Phytotherapic treatments for various diseases have become more common both in human and in veterinary medicine, in order to reduce the presence of antibiotic molecules in the food chain and in the environment. Administration of tannins in calves with diarrhea seemed to shorten the DDE in T by almost 4 days compared to C, suggesting an effective astringent action of chestnut tannins in the calf, as already reported in humans. The use of chestnut tannins in calves could represent an effective, low-impact treatment for neonatal diarrhea.
F. Bonelli; L. Turini; G. Sarri; A. Serra; A. Buccioni; M. Mele. Oral administration of chestnut tannins to reduce the duration of neonatal calf diarrhea. BMC Veterinary Research 2018, 14, 1 -6.
AMA StyleF. Bonelli, L. Turini, G. Sarri, A. Serra, A. Buccioni, M. Mele. Oral administration of chestnut tannins to reduce the duration of neonatal calf diarrhea. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14 (1):1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Bonelli; L. Turini; G. Sarri; A. Serra; A. Buccioni; M. Mele. 2018. "Oral administration of chestnut tannins to reduce the duration of neonatal calf diarrhea." BMC Veterinary Research 14, no. 1: 1-6.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of chestnut or quebracho tannin extracts in the diet of grazing ewes supplemented with soybean oil, on the blood plasma and milk fatty acid profile, milk quality traits and animal metabolic profile. Eighteen Comisana ewes at 172±6days in milking were allotted into 3 experimental groups. Diets were characterized by pasture ad libitum administered and by 800g/head and day of 3 experimental concentrates containing 84.5g of soybean oil/kg of DM and 52.8g/kg DM of bentonite (Control diet) or 52.8g/kg DM of chestnut tannin extract (hydrolysable tannins, CHE diet) or 52.8g/kg DM of quebracho tannin extract (condensed tannins, QUE diet). The trial lasted 4 weeks after 15days of adaptation to the feeding regimen. Milk yield was daily recorded while milk composition and blood parameters were weekly analysed. CHE and QUE did not affect the milk yield and composition. Casein Index was affected by diet and it was significant higher in milk from animals fed QUE (P<0.0259). The clotting parameters with the exception of a30 were affected by tannins: r was higher for QUE milk while k20 increased regardless the kind of tannin. Blood parameters were not affected by tannins and the oxidative status of ewes, determined using MDA as indicator, did not present significant differences among groups, regardless the concentrates fed to animals. Fatty acid profile of blood plasma demonstrated that tannin extract, regardless the source, favored the accumulation of vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1) reducing the hematic concentration of stearic acid (18:0). Only few significant differences in milk fatty acid profile were found. In particular, rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) increased when the concentrates contained polyphenols and the stronger effect is reached with QUE (P <0.0002).
A. Buccioni; M. Pauselli; Sara Minieri; V. Roscini; Federica Mannelli; S. Rapaccini; P. Lupi; G. Conte; A. Serra; A. Cappucci; L. Brufani; F. Ciucci; Marcello Mele. Chestnut or quebracho tannins in the diet of grazing ewes supplemented with soybean oil: Effects on animal performances, blood parameters and fatty acid composition of plasma and milk lipids. Small Ruminant Research 2017, 153, 23 -30.
AMA StyleA. Buccioni, M. Pauselli, Sara Minieri, V. Roscini, Federica Mannelli, S. Rapaccini, P. Lupi, G. Conte, A. Serra, A. Cappucci, L. Brufani, F. Ciucci, Marcello Mele. Chestnut or quebracho tannins in the diet of grazing ewes supplemented with soybean oil: Effects on animal performances, blood parameters and fatty acid composition of plasma and milk lipids. Small Ruminant Research. 2017; 153 ():23-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Buccioni; M. Pauselli; Sara Minieri; V. Roscini; Federica Mannelli; S. Rapaccini; P. Lupi; G. Conte; A. Serra; A. Cappucci; L. Brufani; F. Ciucci; Marcello Mele. 2017. "Chestnut or quebracho tannins in the diet of grazing ewes supplemented with soybean oil: Effects on animal performances, blood parameters and fatty acid composition of plasma and milk lipids." Small Ruminant Research 153, no. : 23-30.
The effect of diets containing corn silages (whole ear or high cut whole plant corn silages, WECS and HCCS, respectively) on fatty acid composition of back fat and the weight loss of thighs during the seasoning process were examined in Italian heavy pigs (from 90 to 160 kg of live weight). Two trials were conducted in the same farm, following an identical experimental protocol. In both trials, a control diet, based on dry corn, barley, wheat, extracted soybean meal, wheat bran and supplement (47, 23, 10, 9, 8 and 3% dry matter (DM), respectively) was compared with a diet containing 30% DM of WECS (trial 1) or 20% DM of HCCS (trial 2) in substitution of bran and part of the corn. The initial fresh weight of thighs was very homogeneous between the two trials and only at the end of seasoning the hams from pigs fed the corn silage diets were slightly lighter (of about 0.5 kg, p < .05). The dietary inclusion of corn silages determined a significant increase of the saturated fraction of the back fat (from 40.6 to 41.9%, p < .05), mainly due to the increase of the C 18:0 fatty acid (from 14.3 to 15.2%, p < .05). Overall, the calculated iodine value was favourable for the fat of pigs fed silages (62.63 vs. 64.24, p = .05). In conclusion, feeding corn silages to heavy pigs has limited impact on seasoning ham losses and can slightly improve backfat quality, in terms of fatty acid composition.
Diego Capraro; Arianna Buccioni; Edi Piasentier; Mauro Spanghero. Feeding finishing heavy pigs with corn silages: effects on backfat fatty acid composition and ham weight losses during seasoning. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2017, 16, 588 -592.
AMA StyleDiego Capraro, Arianna Buccioni, Edi Piasentier, Mauro Spanghero. Feeding finishing heavy pigs with corn silages: effects on backfat fatty acid composition and ham weight losses during seasoning. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 16 (4):588-592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Capraro; Arianna Buccioni; Edi Piasentier; Mauro Spanghero. 2017. "Feeding finishing heavy pigs with corn silages: effects on backfat fatty acid composition and ham weight losses during seasoning." Italian Journal of Animal Science 16, no. 4: 588-592.
Strains belonging to the genus Cladosporium can cause black spots on the surface of sheep cheese, making it impossible to sell. Two water solutions of chestnut tannin extract (i) 200 g L-1 (CHE200) and (ii) 400 g L-1 (CHE400), and the chestnut tannin extract powder (CHEP) were tested in a cheese making trial in which 60 cheese units were allotted to 5 experimental groups (each of 12 cheeses: C1, control 1 without any treatment; C2, control 2 treated with a silver ion solution; and cheeses LCHE200, LCHE400, and LCHEP, treated with CHE200, CHE400, and CHEP, respectively). The cheeses were ripened in a room polluted with Cladosporium cladosporioides with the aim to create conditions for the proliferation of this fungus on the cheeses. The results indicated that chestnut tannin extract at a concentration of 200 g L-1 is capable of completely inhibiting C. cladosporioides proliferation, avoiding spoilage of the sheep cheese.
Anna Messini; Arianna Buccioni; Sara Minieri; Federica Mannelli; Laura Mugnai; Cecilia Comparini; Manuel Venturi; Carlo Viti; Antonio Pezzati; Stefano Rapaccini. Effect of chestnut tannin extract ( Castanea sativa Miller) on the proliferation of Cladosporium cladosporioides on sheep cheese rind during the ripening. International Dairy Journal 2017, 66, 6 -12.
AMA StyleAnna Messini, Arianna Buccioni, Sara Minieri, Federica Mannelli, Laura Mugnai, Cecilia Comparini, Manuel Venturi, Carlo Viti, Antonio Pezzati, Stefano Rapaccini. Effect of chestnut tannin extract ( Castanea sativa Miller) on the proliferation of Cladosporium cladosporioides on sheep cheese rind during the ripening. International Dairy Journal. 2017; 66 ():6-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Messini; Arianna Buccioni; Sara Minieri; Federica Mannelli; Laura Mugnai; Cecilia Comparini; Manuel Venturi; Carlo Viti; Antonio Pezzati; Stefano Rapaccini. 2017. "Effect of chestnut tannin extract ( Castanea sativa Miller) on the proliferation of Cladosporium cladosporioides on sheep cheese rind during the ripening." International Dairy Journal 66, no. : 6-12.
Tannins are bioactive compounds able to interfere with protein and lipid metabolism in the rumen, by forming undegradable complexes with dietary proteins and by modulating several bacterial activities, including the biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this trial was to study the effect of dietary supplementation with chestnut hydrolysable tannin extract on ewes milk yield and quality. Ninety-six multiparous Sarda ewes in their mid-lactation phase were allotted to two homogeneous groups (control group, C group; group fed concentrate supplemented with chestnut tannin extract, CHE group), each of 48 animals, for a feeding trial. Animals of both groups grazed 8. h per day on the same pasture based on a mixture of Lolium multiflorum, Avena sativa and Trifolium repens (1:1:1). The two diets differed only in their concentrate supplement. The control group received 450. g/head per day of a concentrate feed without chestnut tannin extract, whereas the CHE group received 500. g/head per day of a concentrate feed formulated with the same ingredients of the control concentrate plus 80.0. g/kg DM of chestnut tannin extract. The amounts of concentrate offered to the animals of both groups were calculated in order to obtain isoproteic and isoenergetic dietary treatments considering the expected DM intake of animals. The inclusion of chestnut tannin in the concentrate resulted in a greater production of milk (+18.64%; P <. 0.001). Moreover, no differences in casein fraction profile between milks from both groups were found while the casein index was greater (P = 0.034) in milk from ewes fed CHE than milk from ewes fed C. As regard fatty acid composition, milk from CHE group had a greater concentration of omega-3 fatty acids if compared to milk from C group (alpha-linolenic acid: 2.18 vs 2.57. g/100. g of total lipids in C and CHE group, respectively), whereas the percentage of CLA and of C18:1 trans11 in milk fat from CHE group was smaller (CLA: 2.20 vs 1.85. g/100. g of total lipids, in C and CHE group, respectively with P = 0.001; C18:1 trans11: 3.89 vs 3.57. g/100. g of total lipids in C and CHE group, respectively with P = 0.001). The use of practical doses of CHT in the diet of grazing ewes may improve the response to dietary linseed supplementation, resulting in milk with a greater concentration of alpha-linolenic acid
Arianna Buccioni; A. Serra; S. Minieri; Federica Mannelli; Alice Cappucci; D. Benvenuti; S. Rapaccini; G. Conte; M. Mele. Milk production, composition, and milk fatty acid profile from grazing sheep fed diets supplemented with chestnut tannin extract and extruded linseed. Small Ruminant Research 2015, 130, 200 -207.
AMA StyleArianna Buccioni, A. Serra, S. Minieri, Federica Mannelli, Alice Cappucci, D. Benvenuti, S. Rapaccini, G. Conte, M. Mele. Milk production, composition, and milk fatty acid profile from grazing sheep fed diets supplemented with chestnut tannin extract and extruded linseed. Small Ruminant Research. 2015; 130 ():200-207.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArianna Buccioni; A. Serra; S. Minieri; Federica Mannelli; Alice Cappucci; D. Benvenuti; S. Rapaccini; G. Conte; M. Mele. 2015. "Milk production, composition, and milk fatty acid profile from grazing sheep fed diets supplemented with chestnut tannin extract and extruded linseed." Small Ruminant Research 130, no. : 200-207.
Fatty acids (FAs), tocopherols and retinoids were analysed in raw milk and cheese from six commercial sheep flocks monitored from early lactation in winter to late lactation in summer. In winter, animals received concentrate and forage indoors; in early spring, animals grazed part-time on cultivated or natural valley grasslands; and from mid spring on, animals were kept outdoors constantly on mountain natural pastures. Mountain grazing in late lactation significantly increased the amount of healthy desirable unsaturated FAs such as C18:1t11 (VA), C18:2c9t11 (RA), C18:2t11c13, C18:3c9c12c15 (ALA) and C20:5c5c8c11c14c17 (EPA), and those of α-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol of milk and cheese. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to classify cheese samples according to seasonal feeding management. The multivariate approach was able to discriminate beyond doubt mountain cheeses from those of indoor feeding and part-time valley grazing.
Izaskun Valdivielso; María Ángeles Bustamante; Arianna Buccioni; Oreste Franci; Juan Carlos Ruiz De Gordoa; Mertxe De Renobales; Luis Javier R Barron. Commercial sheep flocks – fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant composition of milk and cheese related to changes in feeding management throughout lactation. Journal of Dairy Research 2015, 82, 334 -343.
AMA StyleIzaskun Valdivielso, María Ángeles Bustamante, Arianna Buccioni, Oreste Franci, Juan Carlos Ruiz De Gordoa, Mertxe De Renobales, Luis Javier R Barron. Commercial sheep flocks – fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant composition of milk and cheese related to changes in feeding management throughout lactation. Journal of Dairy Research. 2015; 82 (3):334-343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzaskun Valdivielso; María Ángeles Bustamante; Arianna Buccioni; Oreste Franci; Juan Carlos Ruiz De Gordoa; Mertxe De Renobales; Luis Javier R Barron. 2015. "Commercial sheep flocks – fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant composition of milk and cheese related to changes in feeding management throughout lactation." Journal of Dairy Research 82, no. 3: 334-343.
The aim of the study was to evaluate milk fatty acid (FA) profile, animal performance, and rumen microbial population in response to diets containing soybean oil supplemented or not with chestnut and quebracho tan- nins in dairy ewes. Eighteen Comisana ewes at 122 ± 6 d in milking were allotted into 3 experimental groups. Diets were characterized by chopped grass hay admin- istered ad libitum and by 800 g/head and day of 3 experimental concentrates containing 84.5 g of soybean oil/kg of dry matter (DM) and 52.8 g/kg of DM of bentonite (control diet), chestnut tannin extract (CHT diet), or quebracho tannin extract (QUE diet). The trial lasted 4 wk. Milk yield was recorded daily, and milk composition and blood parameters were analyzed weekly. At the end of the experiment, samples of rumen fluid were collected to analyze pH, volatile fatty acid profile, and the relative proportions of Butyrivibrio fi- brisolvens and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus in the rumen microbial population. Hepatic functionality, milk yield, and gross composition were not affected by tannin ex- tracts, whereas milk FA composition was characterized by significant changes in the concentration of linoleic acid (CHT +2.77% and QUE +9.23%), vaccenic acid (CHT +7.07% and QUE +13.88%), rumenic acid (CHT −1.88% and QUE +24.24%), stearic acid (CHT + 8.71% and QUE −11.45%), and saturated fatty acids (CHT −0.47% and QUE −3.38%). These differences were probably due to the ability of condensed versus hydrolyzable tannins to interfere with rumen microbial metabolism, as indirectly confirmed by changes in the relative proportions of B. fibrisolvens and B. proteo- clasticus populations and by changes in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids. The effect of the CHT diet on the milk FA profile and microbial species considered in this trial was intermediate between that of QUE and the control diet, suggesting a differential effect of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins on rumen microbes. Compared with control animals, the pres- ence of B. fibrisolvens increased about 3 times in ewes fed CHT and about 5 times in animals fed QUE. In contrast, the abundance of B. proteoclasticus decreased about 5- and 15-fold in rumen liquor of ewes fed CHT and QUE diets, respectively. The use of soybean oil and a practical dose of QUE or CHT extract in the diet of dairy ewes can be an efficient strategy to improve the nutritional quality of milk
A. Buccioni; M. Pauselli; Carlo Viti; Sara Minieri; G. Pallara; V. Roscini; S. Rapaccini; Massimo Trabalza Marinucci; Paola Lupi; Giuseppe Conte; Marcello Mele. Milk fatty acid composition, rumen microbial population, and animal performances in response to diets rich in linoleic acid supplemented with chestnut or quebracho tannins in dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science 2015, 98, 1145 -1156.
AMA StyleA. Buccioni, M. Pauselli, Carlo Viti, Sara Minieri, G. Pallara, V. Roscini, S. Rapaccini, Massimo Trabalza Marinucci, Paola Lupi, Giuseppe Conte, Marcello Mele. Milk fatty acid composition, rumen microbial population, and animal performances in response to diets rich in linoleic acid supplemented with chestnut or quebracho tannins in dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015; 98 (2):1145-1156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Buccioni; M. Pauselli; Carlo Viti; Sara Minieri; G. Pallara; V. Roscini; S. Rapaccini; Massimo Trabalza Marinucci; Paola Lupi; Giuseppe Conte; Marcello Mele. 2015. "Milk fatty acid composition, rumen microbial population, and animal performances in response to diets rich in linoleic acid supplemented with chestnut or quebracho tannins in dairy ewes." Journal of Dairy Science 98, no. 2: 1145-1156.
Rumen fermentation of carbohydrates plays a fundamental role in ruminant metabolism as the main source of energy. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids (namely, volatile fatty acids, VFA) are the main products of the rumen fermentation of structural and nonstructural carbohydrates contained in the ruminant’s diet. The metabolic pathways involved in VFA production are strictly linked to methane emission, because hydrogen is actively produced during the fermentation of structural carbohydrates, and it is rapidly metabolised by methanogens, in order to maintain the optimal thermodynamic condition for the metabolism of the microbe consortium in the rumen. Hydrogen plays also a fundamental role in the maintenance of the equilibrium among VFA pathways and in their interconversion. In this chapter, after a brief chemical description of dietary carbohydrates, individual VFA pathways are described in order to put in evidence the thermodynamic control points of each pathway and the production of energy and reductive equivalent. Then, the relationship between hydrogen, VFA and methane production has been reviewed, considering the role of some dietary factors, the substrate competition between different metabolic pathways and the models of VFA estimation.
Arianna Buccioni; Alice Cappucci; Marcello Mele. Methane Emission from Enteric Fermentation: Methanogenesis and Fermentation. Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation 2015, 171 -186.
AMA StyleArianna Buccioni, Alice Cappucci, Marcello Mele. Methane Emission from Enteric Fermentation: Methanogenesis and Fermentation. Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation. 2015; ():171-186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArianna Buccioni; Alice Cappucci; Marcello Mele. 2015. "Methane Emission from Enteric Fermentation: Methanogenesis and Fermentation." Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation , no. : 171-186.
Stoned olive pomace (SOP), which represents approximately 50% of the conversion process of olive in oil, is largely not-utilized and creates costs for its disposal and problems related to environmental impact. In-vitro trial experiments were employed to study the effect of feeds integrated with this bio-waste rich in polyphenols on rumen biohydrogenation, using sheep rumen liquor as inoculum. Fatty acid (FA) analysis and polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approach aimed to microbial community characterization showed that including SOP in feeds at the level of 50 g/kg and 90 g/kg induced changes in FA profile and in microbial populations. The contemporary decrease of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and the accumulation of vaccenic acid was observed. A depression of Neisseria weaveri, Ruminobacter amylophilus and other unclassified bacteria related to members of the Lachnospiraceae and Pasteurellaceae families was detected, suggesting that these microbial groups may be involved in rumen biohydrogenation. Supplementation of feeds with SOP changes rumen bacterial community, including bacteria responsible for vaccenic acid hydrogenation to stearic acid, thus modifying FA profile of rumen liquor. Hence, an use of SOP aimed to produce meat or dairy products enriched in functional lipids could be hypothesized.
Grazia Pallara; Arianna Buccioni; Roberta Pastorelli; Sara Minieri; Marcello Mele; Stefano Rapaccini; Anna Messini; Mariano Pauselli; Maurizio Servili; Luciana Giovannetti; Carlo Viti. Effect of stoned olive pomace on rumen microbial communities and polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation: an in vitrostudy. BMC Veterinary Research 2014, 10, 1 -15.
AMA StyleGrazia Pallara, Arianna Buccioni, Roberta Pastorelli, Sara Minieri, Marcello Mele, Stefano Rapaccini, Anna Messini, Mariano Pauselli, Maurizio Servili, Luciana Giovannetti, Carlo Viti. Effect of stoned olive pomace on rumen microbial communities and polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation: an in vitrostudy. BMC Veterinary Research. 2014; 10 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrazia Pallara; Arianna Buccioni; Roberta Pastorelli; Sara Minieri; Marcello Mele; Stefano Rapaccini; Anna Messini; Mariano Pauselli; Maurizio Servili; Luciana Giovannetti; Carlo Viti. 2014. "Effect of stoned olive pomace on rumen microbial communities and polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation: an in vitrostudy." BMC Veterinary Research 10, no. 1: 1-15.