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Alfred N. N. Muzuka
School of Material Energy Water and Environmental Science (MEWES), Department of Water Environmental Science and Engineering (WESE), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 447 Arusha, Tanzania

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Journal article
Published: 28 October 2019 in Water
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This paper assesses the impacts of farmers’ intensive use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) on groundwater quality in the Kahe catchment. Samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons of the year 2018 and analyzed for the presence of agrochemicals in the water. Groundwater chemistry was dominated by magnesium-sodium-bicarbonate (Mg-Na-HCO3−). The cations levels were in the trend of Mg2+ >Na+ > Ca2+ > K+, whereas anions were HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− for both seasons. The NO3− had an average value of about 18.40 ± 4.04 and 7.6 ± 1.7 mg/L in the wet and dry season, respectively. Elevated levels of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and ammonium were found in water samples collected near the large-scale sugarcane plantation in the catchment. For both seasons, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations averaged approximately 0.08 ± 0.03, 0.11 ± 0.03, 0.16 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.05, and 0.55 ± 0.02 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, the concentrations were higher in shallow wells than in the deep boreholes. Pesticides’ residues were below the detection limit in all sampled groundwater. The findings from this study provide important information for intervention in groundwater quality management in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania.

ACS Style

Zuberi D. Lwimbo; Hans C. Komakech; Alfred Nn. Muzuka. Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania. Water 2019, 11, 2263 .

AMA Style

Zuberi D. Lwimbo, Hans C. Komakech, Alfred Nn. Muzuka. Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania. Water. 2019; 11 (11):2263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zuberi D. Lwimbo; Hans C. Komakech; Alfred Nn. Muzuka. 2019. "Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania." Water 11, no. 11: 2263.

Book chapter
Published: 23 March 2016 in The Diversity of Russian Estuaries and Lagoons Exposed to Human Influence
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The present study was formulated with the aim of using MIKE 21 software in studying the hydrodynamic regime of the Pangani estuary. Water level, river discharge and wind drag force were used as hydrodynamic forcing factors during the model set up. The data set for the model (i.e. water level, tidal current winds and river discharge) were collected in Pangani estuary during the field campaigns conducted from December 2010 and August 2011. The results indicated that the tidal currents were relatively sluggish (0–0.05 m/s) in the beginning of model simulation. The ebb currents were established from 2 to 7 hours; originating from the inner part of the estuary tended to flow radially (Eastwards, Northwards and Southwards) soon after reaching the river mouth. The radial flow pattern of the ebb tidal currents seemed to be influenced by the funnel shape of the estuary. The flood tidal currents were established after 7 hours. The flood tidal phase started earlier on the southern part of the river mouth compared to the northern and tended to become more intensive on the northern part than on the southern part of the estuary. The currents pattern observed were influencing the transport and deposition of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). The maximum deposition of SPM preferentially occurred about 3 km north and south of the estuary mouth and the minimum deposition occurred in the middle of the estuary mouth. The deposition of SPM was highest during the southeast monsoon relative to the northeast monsoon. Approximately 872.6 kg/m2/year of SPM were brought into the estuary. This implies that, in the long term, the SPM deposition along the river mouth will significantly change the Pangani hydrodynamic regime, from its present condition. Also infilling of navigational channel and alteration of the ecosystems is imminent. Urgent actions are required to minimize the generation of SPM within the Pangani river basin.

ACS Style

Siajali Pamba; Yohana W. Shaghude; Alfred N. N. Muzuka. Hydrodynamic Modelling on Transport, Dispersion and Deposition of Suspended Particulate Matter in Pangani Estuary, Tanzania. The Diversity of Russian Estuaries and Lagoons Exposed to Human Influence 2016, 141 -160.

AMA Style

Siajali Pamba, Yohana W. Shaghude, Alfred N. N. Muzuka. Hydrodynamic Modelling on Transport, Dispersion and Deposition of Suspended Particulate Matter in Pangani Estuary, Tanzania. The Diversity of Russian Estuaries and Lagoons Exposed to Human Influence. 2016; ():141-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siajali Pamba; Yohana W. Shaghude; Alfred N. N. Muzuka. 2016. "Hydrodynamic Modelling on Transport, Dispersion and Deposition of Suspended Particulate Matter in Pangani Estuary, Tanzania." The Diversity of Russian Estuaries and Lagoons Exposed to Human Influence , no. : 141-160.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2016 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The stable isotope compositions of nitrogen-nitrate (15N-NO3) and oxygen-nitrate (18O-NO3), and concentration of nutrients (NO3−, NH4+, NO2−, PO43−) for water samples collected from springs, shallow wells and boreholes during dry and wet seasons were used to investigate sources and biogeochemical transformation of NO3− in groundwater along the slopes of Mount Meru. About 80 % of all water sources had nitrate concentration higher than background concentration of 10 mg/l during both seasons, while NH4+ and NO2− concentrations were very low probably due to nitrification. Concentrations of NO3− above 50 mg/l were observed in some water sources. Concentrations of PO43− in all groundwater sources were very low during the two seasons owing to dilution and adsorption. The δ15N-NO3− for boreholes waters averaged +11.6 ± 2.1 and +10.7 ± 2.1 ‰ during dry and wet seasons, respectively. Similarly, the δ18O-NO3− of borehole waters for the wet and dry seasons averaged +5.2 ± 1.3 and +4.6 ± 1.9 ‰, respectively. With regard to dug wells, the δ15N-NO3− of well water averaged +13.3 ± 2.5 and +12.5 ± 2.3 ‰ during dry and wet seasons, respectively, while the δ18O-NO3− for the wet and dry seasons averaged +7 ± 2.3 and +6.4 ± 2.1 ‰, respectively. The δ15N-NO3−, for springs averaged +11.2 ± 2.2 ‰ during dry season and +11.7 ± 3.5 ‰ during wet season whereas the δ18O-NO3− for the wet and dry seasons averaged +7.3 ± 3.6 and +5.9 ± 2.6 ‰, respectively. The isotopic data suggested that the source of NO3− in the water sources are dominated by sewage and/or animal manure and to less extent, soil organic N. Few samples collected in close proximity of manure heaps and sanitary facilities had δ15N values between 16 and 20 ‰ suggesting occurrence of denitrification.

ACS Style

Eliapenda Elisante; Alfred N. N. Muzuka. Assessment of sources and transformation of nitrate in groundwater on the slopes of Mount Meru, Tanzania. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Eliapenda Elisante, Alfred N. N. Muzuka. Assessment of sources and transformation of nitrate in groundwater on the slopes of Mount Meru, Tanzania. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (3):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eliapenda Elisante; Alfred N. N. Muzuka. 2016. "Assessment of sources and transformation of nitrate in groundwater on the slopes of Mount Meru, Tanzania." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 3: 1-15.

Review
Published: 06 March 2015 in Applied Water Science
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More than 25 % of Tanzanian depends on groundwater as the main source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial activities. The current trend of land use may lead to groundwater contamination and thus increasing risks associated with the usage of contaminated water. Nitrate is one of the contaminants resulting largely from anthropogenic activities that may find its way to the aquifers and thus threatening the quality of groundwater. Elevated levels of nitrate in groundwater may lead to human health and environmental problems. The current trend of land use in Tanzania associated with high population growth, poor sanitation facilities and fertilizer usage may lead to nitrate contamination of groundwater. This paper therefore aimed at providing an overview of to what extent human activities have altered the concentration of nitrate in groundwater aquifers in Tanzania. The concentration of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater is variable with highest values observable in Dar es Salaam (up to 477.6 mg/l), Dodoma (up to 441.1 mg/l), Tanga (above 100 mg/l) and Manyara (180 mg/l). Such high values can be attributed to various human activities including onsite sanitation in urban centres and agricultural activities in rural areas. Furthermore, there are some signs of increasing concentration of nitrate in groundwater with time in some areas in response to increased human activities. However, reports on levels and trends of nitrate in groundwater in many regions of the country are lacking. For Tanzania to appropriately address the issue of groundwater contamination, a deliberate move to determine nitrate concentration in groundwater is required, as well as protection of recharge basins and improvement of onsite sanitation systems.

ACS Style

Eliapenda Elisante; Alfred N. N. Muzuka. Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review. Applied Water Science 2015, 7, 71 -87.

AMA Style

Eliapenda Elisante, Alfred N. N. Muzuka. Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review. Applied Water Science. 2015; 7 (1):71-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eliapenda Elisante; Alfred N. N. Muzuka. 2015. "Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review." Applied Water Science 7, no. 1: 71-87.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
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Predicting fluoride levels in water within fluoride endemic areas is an issue of high significance. As a result several methods including mathematical models have been reported to suit the task. However, most of these methods have limited practicality to low income communities. This study presents the potentials of employing soil characteristics to predict the level of fluoride in groundwater. The study is based at the areas around Mount Meru in Northern Tanzania. The volcanic sediments around this mountain had been segregated by geological studies into various lithologies. In this study water and soil samples were collected at springs in volcanic sediments categorized as main cone group, mantling ash, Tengeru lahar, Ongadongishu lahar and Ngarenanyuki lahar. Fluoride levels in water were then correlated to elemental composition of the soil. Water samples showed that fluoride was low in the main cone group, mantling ash and Tengeru lahar whereby the median concentration was 1mg/l but it was high in Ngarenanyuki and Ongadongishu lahars whereby the median concentrations were 4mg/l and 9mg/l respectively. Soil analyses indicated that high levels of aluminium do coincide along with low sodium levels, and vice versa. In addition high levels of sodium in soil are accompanied by high levels of calcium. Correlation studies indicated a strong negative relationship between aluminium in soil and fluoride in spring water with r2 = 0.847. On the other hand, a positive correlation was obtained between calcium in soil and fluoride in water with correlation coefficient, r2= 0.765. Likewise, sodium indicated a positive correlation with fluoride in water (r2= 0.458). So long as high levels of Na and Ca in soil or water normally result to formation of salts on the banks of water sources after prolonged evaporation during dry seasons, the correlation established between fluoride and such elements in soil can enable people within volcanic areas to identify water sources with unacceptable levels of fluoride in their areas hence reducing the risks of fluorosis.

ACS Style

John Mkungu; Revocatus Lazaro Machunda; Alfred Nzibavuga Nyarubakula Muzuka. Application of Soil Composition for Inferring Fluoride Variability in Volcanic Areas of Mt. Meru, Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 2014, 2, 231 .

AMA Style

John Mkungu, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Alfred Nzibavuga Nyarubakula Muzuka. Application of Soil Composition for Inferring Fluoride Variability in Volcanic Areas of Mt. Meru, Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. 2014; 2 (5):231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Mkungu; Revocatus Lazaro Machunda; Alfred Nzibavuga Nyarubakula Muzuka. 2014. "Application of Soil Composition for Inferring Fluoride Variability in Volcanic Areas of Mt. Meru, Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 2, no. 5: 231.