This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Dr. Hans C Komakech
Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Environment Management
0 Irrigation Management
0 water availability
0 Water Catchment Management
0 sanitation and hygiene

Fingerprints

sanitation and hygiene
water availability

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2021 in Earth
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study provides a detailed assessment of land cover (LC) changes on the water balance components on data constrained Kikafu-Weruweru-Karanga (KWK) watershed, using the integrated approaches of hydrologic modeling and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was validated and used to simulate hydrologic responses of water balance components response to changes in LC in spatial and temporal scale. PLSR was further used to assess the influence of individual LC classes on hydrologic components. PLSR results revealed that expansion in cultivation land and built-up area are the main attributes in the changes in water yield, surface runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), and groundwater flow. The study findings suggest that improving the vegetation cover on the hillside and abandoned land area could help to reduce the direct surface runoff in the KWK watershed, thus, reducing flooding recurring in the area, and that with the ongoing expansion in agricultural land and built-up areas, there will be profound negative impacts in the water balance of the watershed in the near future (2030). This study provides a forecast of the future hydrological parameters in the study area based on changes in land cover if the current land cover changes go unattended. This study provides useful information for the advancement of our policies and practices essential for sustainable water management planning.

ACS Style

Mateso Said; Canute Hyandye; Ibrahimu Mjemah; Hans Komakech; Linus Munishi. Evaluation and Prediction of the Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Hydrological Processes in Data Constrained Southern Slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Earth 2021, 2, 225 -247.

AMA Style

Mateso Said, Canute Hyandye, Ibrahimu Mjemah, Hans Komakech, Linus Munishi. Evaluation and Prediction of the Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Hydrological Processes in Data Constrained Southern Slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Earth. 2021; 2 (2):225-247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mateso Said; Canute Hyandye; Ibrahimu Mjemah; Hans Komakech; Linus Munishi. 2021. "Evaluation and Prediction of the Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Hydrological Processes in Data Constrained Southern Slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Earth 2, no. 2: 225-247.

Preprint content
Published: 11 May 2021
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In most (sub)-tropical African cultivated regions, more than one cropping cycle exists following the (one or two) rainy seasons. During the dry season, an additional cropping cycle is possible when irrigation is applied, which could result in 3 cropping seasons. In most agro-hydrological model applications such as SWAT+ in Africa, only one cropping season per year is represented. In this paper, we derived dynamic and static trajectories from seasonal land-use maps to represent the land- use dynamics following the major growing seasons, for the purpose of improving simulated blue and green water consumption from simulated evapotranspiration (ET) in SWAT+. This study builds upon earlier research that proposed an approach on how to incorporate seasonal land use dynamics in the SWAT+ model but mainly focused on the temporal pattern of LAI and tested the approach in a small catchment (240 km2). Together with information obtained from the cropping calendar, we implemented agricultural management operations for the dominant trajectory of each agricultural land-use class for the Kikuletwa basin (6650 km2 area coverage) in Tanzania. A comparison between the default SWAT+ (with static land use representation) set up, and a dynamic SWAT+ model (with seasonal land use representation) is done by spatial mapping of the evapotranspiration (ET) results. The results show that ET with seasonal representation is closer to remote sensing estimations, giving higher performance than default: the Root Mean Squared Error decreased from 181 to 69 mm/year; the percent bias decreased from 20 % to 13 % and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency increased from −0.46 to 0.4. It is concluded that representation of seasonal land-use dynamics produces better ET results which provide better estimations of blue and green agricultural water consumption.

ACS Style

Anna Msigwa; Celray James Chawanda; Hans Charles Komakech; Albert Nkwasa; Ann van Griensven. Representation of seasonal land-use dynamics in SWAT+ for improved assessment of blue and green water consumption. 2021, 2021, 1 -34.

AMA Style

Anna Msigwa, Celray James Chawanda, Hans Charles Komakech, Albert Nkwasa, Ann van Griensven. Representation of seasonal land-use dynamics in SWAT+ for improved assessment of blue and green water consumption. . 2021; 2021 ():1-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Msigwa; Celray James Chawanda; Hans Charles Komakech; Albert Nkwasa; Ann van Griensven. 2021. "Representation of seasonal land-use dynamics in SWAT+ for improved assessment of blue and green water consumption." 2021, no. : 1-34.

Research article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Annals of GIS
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Increasing demand for food production results in Land use and land cover (LULC) changes, which afflicts the provision of ecosystem services in high mountain areas. This work used time-series LULC and selected spatial metrics to predict the LULC changes for Kikafu-Weruweru-Karanga (KWK) watershed (on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro) for the next decade. LULC maps were generated by classifying time-series satellite images. We further predicted the implications for selected staple crop production over the next decade. The simulated LULC shows expansion in built-up (by 32.55%/27.04 km2) and agriculture (by 39.52%/52.0 km2) areas from 2018 to 2030. These results suggest that urbanization is likely the next biggest threat to water availability and food production. Grasslands and wetlands are expected to decrease by 57.24% and 39.29%, respectively. The forest area is likely to shrink by 6.37%, about 9.82 km2, and 1.26 km2 being converted to agriculture and built-up areas, respectively. However, expansion in agricultural land shows very little increase in staple food crop production records, suggesting that farm size plays a minor role in increasing crop production. Predicting the near future LULC around KWK is useful for evaluating the likelihood of achieving development and conservation targets that are set locally, nationally and internationally.

ACS Style

Mateso Said; Canute Hyandye; Hans C. Komakech; Ibrahimu C. Mjemah; Linus K. Munishi. Predicting land use/cover changes and its association to agricultural production on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Annals of GIS 2021, 27, 189 -209.

AMA Style

Mateso Said, Canute Hyandye, Hans C. Komakech, Ibrahimu C. Mjemah, Linus K. Munishi. Predicting land use/cover changes and its association to agricultural production on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Annals of GIS. 2021; 27 (2):189-209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mateso Said; Canute Hyandye; Hans C. Komakech; Ibrahimu C. Mjemah; Linus K. Munishi. 2021. "Predicting land use/cover changes and its association to agricultural production on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Annals of GIS 27, no. 2: 189-209.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2020 in Water Policy
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Poor sustainability of rural water schemes is a major problem in service delivery in sub-Saharan Africa. About half of the schemes fail one year after commissioning, mostly due to poor operation and maintenance. Many communities fail to collect and manage water revenue. Prepaid technologies are argued to remedy the poor water revenue management. However, it is not clear to what extent prepaid systems can contribute to the sustainability of rural water schemes. This paper assessed the performance of three different cases where prepaid technologies were used in Tanzania. Although the technologies used can simplify water revenue collection, they are not a panacea to deliver sustainable and equitable water services. The capital cost of the prepaid system is often paid for by donors, which is not being recovered, hence the notion of cost recovery is biased here. Also, a strong institutional capacity and knowledge is required alongside the technology. Therefore, the technology which is being promoted as better for improving cost recovery is, instead, causing a burden on water users.

ACS Style

Hans C. Komakech; Lukas Kwezi; Mansoor Ali. Why prepaid technologies are not a panacea for inclusive and sustainable rural water services in Tanzania? Water Policy 2020, 22, 925 -942.

AMA Style

Hans C. Komakech, Lukas Kwezi, Mansoor Ali. Why prepaid technologies are not a panacea for inclusive and sustainable rural water services in Tanzania? Water Policy. 2020; 22 (5):925-942.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans C. Komakech; Lukas Kwezi; Mansoor Ali. 2020. "Why prepaid technologies are not a panacea for inclusive and sustainable rural water services in Tanzania?" Water Policy 22, no. 5: 925-942.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2020 in Water
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In SWAT and SWAT+ models, the variations in hydrological processes are represented by Hydrological Response Units (HRUs). In the default models, agricultural land cover is represented by a single growing cycle. However, agricultural land use, especially in African cultivated catchments, typically consists of several cropping seasons, following dry and wet seasonal patterns, and are hence incorrectly represented in SWAT and SWAT+ default models. In this paper, we propose a procedure to incorporate agricultural seasonal land-use dynamics by (1) mapping land-use trajectories instead of static land-cover maps and (2) linking these trajectories to agricultural management settings. This approach was tested in SWAT and SWAT+ models of Usa catchment in Tanzania that is intensively cultivated by implementing dominant dynamic trajectories. Our results were evaluated with remote-sensing observations for Leaf Area Index (LAI), which showed that a single growing cycle did not well represent vegetation dynamics. A better agreement was obtained after implementing seasonal land-use dynamics for cultivated HRUs. It was concluded that the representation of seasonal land-use dynamics through trajectory implementation can lead to improved temporal patterns of LAI in default models. The SWAT+ model had higher flexibility in representing agricultural practices, using decision tables, and by being able to represent mixed cropping cultivations.

ACS Style

Albert Nkwasa; Celray James Chawanda; Anna Msigwa; Hans C. Komakech; Boud Verbeiren; Ann Van Griensven. How Can We Represent Seasonal Land Use Dynamics in SWAT and SWAT+ Models for African Cultivated Catchments? Water 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Albert Nkwasa, Celray James Chawanda, Anna Msigwa, Hans C. Komakech, Boud Verbeiren, Ann Van Griensven. How Can We Represent Seasonal Land Use Dynamics in SWAT and SWAT+ Models for African Cultivated Catchments? Water. 2020; 12 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albert Nkwasa; Celray James Chawanda; Anna Msigwa; Hans C. Komakech; Boud Verbeiren; Ann Van Griensven. 2020. "How Can We Represent Seasonal Land Use Dynamics in SWAT and SWAT+ Models for African Cultivated Catchments?" Water 12, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2019 in Water
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The assessment of water withdrawals for irrigation is essential for managing water resources in cultivated tropical catchments. These water withdrawals vary seasonally, driven by wet and dry seasons. A land use map is one of the required inputs of hydrological models used to estimate water withdrawals in a catchment. However, land use maps provide typically static information and do not represent the hydrological seasons and related cropping seasons and practices throughout the year. Therefore, this study assesses the value of seasonal land use maps in the quantification of water withdrawals for a tropical cultivated catchment. We developed land use maps for the main seasons (long rains, dry, and short rains) for the semi-arid Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania. Three Landsat 8 images from 2016 were used to develop seasonal land use land cover (LULC) maps: March (long rains), August (dry season), and October (short rains). Quantitative and qualitative observation data on cropping systems (reference points and questionnaires/surveys) were collected and used for the supervised classification algorithm. Land use classifications were done using 20 land use and land cover classes for the wet season image and 19 classes for the dry and short rain season images. Water withdrawals for irrigated agriculture were calculated using (1) the static land use map or (2) the three seasonal land use maps. Clear differences in land use can be seen between the dry and the other seasons and between rain-fed and irrigated areas. A difference in water withdrawals was observed when seasonal and static land use maps were used. The highest differences were obtained for irrigated mixed crops, with an estimation of 572 million m3/year when seasonal dynamic maps were used and only 90 million m3/year when a static map was used. This study concludes that detailed seasonal land use maps are essential for quantifying annual irrigation water use of catchment areas with distinct dry and wet seasonal dynamics.

ACS Style

Anna Msigwa; Hans C. Komakech; Boud Verbeiren; Elga Salvadore; Tim Hessels; Imeshi Weerasinghe; Ann van Griensven. Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals. Water 2019, 11, 2471 .

AMA Style

Anna Msigwa, Hans C. Komakech, Boud Verbeiren, Elga Salvadore, Tim Hessels, Imeshi Weerasinghe, Ann van Griensven. Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals. Water. 2019; 11 (12):2471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Msigwa; Hans C. Komakech; Boud Verbeiren; Elga Salvadore; Tim Hessels; Imeshi Weerasinghe; Ann van Griensven. 2019. "Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals." Water 11, no. 12: 2471.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2019 in Water
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This paper assesses the impacts of farmers’ intensive use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) on groundwater quality in the Kahe catchment. Samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons of the year 2018 and analyzed for the presence of agrochemicals in the water. Groundwater chemistry was dominated by magnesium-sodium-bicarbonate (Mg-Na-HCO3−). The cations levels were in the trend of Mg2+ >Na+ > Ca2+ > K+, whereas anions were HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− for both seasons. The NO3− had an average value of about 18.40 ± 4.04 and 7.6 ± 1.7 mg/L in the wet and dry season, respectively. Elevated levels of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and ammonium were found in water samples collected near the large-scale sugarcane plantation in the catchment. For both seasons, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations averaged approximately 0.08 ± 0.03, 0.11 ± 0.03, 0.16 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.05, and 0.55 ± 0.02 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, the concentrations were higher in shallow wells than in the deep boreholes. Pesticides’ residues were below the detection limit in all sampled groundwater. The findings from this study provide important information for intervention in groundwater quality management in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania.

ACS Style

Zuberi D. Lwimbo; Hans C. Komakech; Alfred Nn. Muzuka. Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania. Water 2019, 11, 2263 .

AMA Style

Zuberi D. Lwimbo, Hans C. Komakech, Alfred Nn. Muzuka. Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania. Water. 2019; 11 (11):2263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zuberi D. Lwimbo; Hans C. Komakech; Alfred Nn. Muzuka. 2019. "Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania." Water 11, no. 11: 2263.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 sets an ambitious target of leaving no-one without adequate and equitable sanitation by 2030. The key concern is the lack of local human and financial capital to fund the collection of reliable information to monitor progress towards the goal. As a result, national and local records may be telling a different story of the proportion of safely managed sanitation that counts towards achieving the SDG. This paper unveils such inconsistency in sanitation data generated by urban authorities and proposes a simple approach for collecting reliable and verifiable information on access to safely managed sanitation. The paper is based on a study conducted in Babati Town Council in Tanzania. Using a smartphone-based survey tool, city health officers were trained to map 17,383 housing units in the town. A housing unit may comprise of two or more households. The findings show that 5% practice open defecation, while 82% of the housing units have some form of sanitation. Despite the extensive coverage, only 31% of the fecal sludge generated is safely contained, while 64% is not. This study demonstrates the possibility of using simple survey tools to collect reliable data for monitoring progress towards safely managed sanitation in the towns of global South.

ACS Style

Hans C. Komakech; Francis Moyo; Oscar Veses Roda; Revocatus L. Machunda; Kyla M. Smith; Om P. Gautam; Sandy Cairncross. What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3328 .

AMA Style

Hans C. Komakech, Francis Moyo, Oscar Veses Roda, Revocatus L. Machunda, Kyla M. Smith, Om P. Gautam, Sandy Cairncross. What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (18):3328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans C. Komakech; Francis Moyo; Oscar Veses Roda; Revocatus L. Machunda; Kyla M. Smith; Om P. Gautam; Sandy Cairncross. 2019. "What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3328.

Preprint
Published: 26 August 2019
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 sets an ambitious target of leaving no one without adequate sanitation by 2030. The key concern is the lack of local human and financial capital to fund the collection of reliable information to monitor progress towards the goal. As a result, national and local records may be telling a different story of the proportion of safely managed sanitation that counts towards achieving the SDGs. This paper unveils such inconsistency in sanitation data generated by urban authorities and proposes a simple approach for collecting reliable and verifiable information on access to safely managed sanitation. The paper is based on a study conducted in Babati Town Council in Tanzania. Using a smartphone-based survey tool, city health officers were trained to map 17,383 housing units in the town. A housing unit may comprise of two or more households. The findings show that 5% practice open defecation, while 82% of the housing units have some forms of sanitation. Despite the extensive coverage, only 31% of the faecal sludge generated is safely contained, while 64% is not. This study demonstrates the possibility of using simple survey tools to collect reliable data for monitoring progress towards safely managed sanitation in the towns of global south.

ACS Style

Hans C. Komakech; Francis Moyo; Oscar Veses Roda; Revocatus L. Machunda; Om P. Gautam; Kyla M. Smith; Sandy Cairncross. What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Hans C. Komakech, Francis Moyo, Oscar Veses Roda, Revocatus L. Machunda, Om P. Gautam, Kyla M. Smith, Sandy Cairncross. What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans C. Komakech; Francis Moyo; Oscar Veses Roda; Revocatus L. Machunda; Om P. Gautam; Kyla M. Smith; Sandy Cairncross. 2019. "What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2018 in World Development
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The debate around what kind of irrigation, large- or small-scale, modern or traditional, best contributes to food security and rural development continues to shape irrigation policies and development in the Global South. In Tanzania, the irrigation categories of ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ are dominating irrigation policies and are shaping interventions. In this paper, we explore what these concepts really entail in the Tanzanian context and how they relate to a case of farmer-led groundwater irrigation development in Kahe ward, Kilimanjaro Region. For our analysis, we rely on three months of qualitative fieldwork in 2016, a household questionnaire, secondary data such as policy documents and the results of a mapping exercise in 2014–2015. In the early 2000s, smallholders in Kahe started developing groundwater. This has led to a new, differentiated landscape in which different forms of agricultural production co-exist. The same set of groundwater irrigation technologies has facilitated the emergence of different classes of farmers, ranging from those engaging with subsistence farming to those doing capitalist farming. The level of inputs and integration with markets vary, as does crop choice. As such, some farms emulate the ‘modern’ ideal of commercial farming promoted by the government, while others do not, or to a lesser extent. We also find that national policy discourses on irrigation are not necessarily repeated at the local level, where interventions are strongly driven by prioritization based on conflict and funding. We conclude that the policy concepts of traditional and modern irrigation do not do justice to the complexity of actual irrigation development in the Kahe case, and obfuscate its contribution to rural development and food security. We argue that a single irrigation technology does not lead to a single agricultural mode of production, and that irrigation policies and interventions should take into account the differentiation among irrigators.

ACS Style

Chris de Bont; Hans C. Komakech; Gert Jan Veldwisch. Neither modern nor traditional: Farmer-led irrigation development in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. World Development 2018, 116, 15 -27.

AMA Style

Chris de Bont, Hans C. Komakech, Gert Jan Veldwisch. Neither modern nor traditional: Farmer-led irrigation development in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. World Development. 2018; 116 ():15-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chris de Bont; Hans C. Komakech; Gert Jan Veldwisch. 2018. "Neither modern nor traditional: Farmer-led irrigation development in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." World Development 116, no. : 15-27.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2018 in Sustainability
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This paper explores how transition management processes can be designed to address the unsustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in informal settlements in cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The unsustainability of services related to WASH in informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa is deeply embedded in current societal and governance structures, cultures, and practices; it is context-dependent and involves numerous actors with different interests. Based on a literature review and empirical work in Arusha (Tanzania), Dodowa (Ghana), and Kampala (Uganda), we identify five context dimensions that account for the unsustainability of WASH services: (a) multiplicity of WASH practices, structures, and arrangements; (b) governance capacities for WASH services and maintenance; (c) landownership for sustainable access to WASH; (d) public participation in decision-making related to WASH; and (e) socio-economic inequalities governing access to WASH. These dimensions pose numerous conceptual and application challenges for transition management. Based on these challenges, recommendations are formulated for the design of a contextualized, participatory transition management process that is not only functional, but also emancipatory.

ACS Style

Giorgia Silvestri; Julia M. Wittmayer; Karlijn Schipper; Robinah Kulabako; Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng; Philip Nyenje; Hans Komakech; Roel Van Raak. Transition Management for Improving the Sustainability of WASH Services in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa—An Exploration. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4052 .

AMA Style

Giorgia Silvestri, Julia M. Wittmayer, Karlijn Schipper, Robinah Kulabako, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, Philip Nyenje, Hans Komakech, Roel Van Raak. Transition Management for Improving the Sustainability of WASH Services in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa—An Exploration. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4052.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giorgia Silvestri; Julia M. Wittmayer; Karlijn Schipper; Robinah Kulabako; Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng; Philip Nyenje; Hans Komakech; Roel Van Raak. 2018. "Transition Management for Improving the Sustainability of WASH Services in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa—An Exploration." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4052.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2018 in Current World Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The study of spatial land use and land change is inevitable for sustainable development of land use plans. Environmental transitions analysis was done in part of the land on the slopes of the foothills of Mount Meru in thirty (30) years’ time from 1986 to 2016 using satellite-derived land use/cover maps and a Cellular Automata (CA) spatial filter under IDRISI software environment and assessed the important land use changes. Also, the future land use for 2026 which is the next ten (10) years was simulated based on Cellular-Automata Markov model. The results showed significant land use transitions whereby there is a huge land use change of bush land (BL) and agriculture land (AG) into human settlement (ST) which resulted into conversion of Arusha town into a City. In addition, the changes have caused slight changes in water bodies into mixed forest. Moreover, the future land use/land cover (LULC) simulations indicated that there will be unsustainable LULC changes in the next ten years since most of bush land and part of agriculture land will be used for building different structures thus interfering with fresh water and food availability in the City. These changes call upon the relevant planning authorities to put in place the best strategies for good urban development.

ACS Style

Aldo. J. Kitalika; Revocatus. L. Machunda; Hans. C. Komakech; Karoli. N. Njau. Land-Use and Land Cover Changes on the Slopes of Mount Meru-Tanzania. Current World Environment 2018, 13, 331 -352.

AMA Style

Aldo. J. Kitalika, Revocatus. L. Machunda, Hans. C. Komakech, Karoli. N. Njau. Land-Use and Land Cover Changes on the Slopes of Mount Meru-Tanzania. Current World Environment. 2018; 13 (3):331-352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aldo. J. Kitalika; Revocatus. L. Machunda; Hans. C. Komakech; Karoli. N. Njau. 2018. "Land-Use and Land Cover Changes on the Slopes of Mount Meru-Tanzania." Current World Environment 13, no. 3: 331-352.

Original articles
Published: 14 September 2017 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Participatory approaches to conservation are viewed as a plausible alternative to the old ‘fortress conservation’ approach. The design and implementation of these approaches in developing countries have tended to embrace community participation through decentralized governance mechanisms in the past three decades. However, sustainable conservation approaches that maintain community livelihoods while conserving biodiversity are challenged with meeting both objectives. In addressing this challenge, little attention has been given to an empirical analysis of community’s satisfaction levels on how they participated in the design and implementation of this approach. In this article, we use a mixed method approach using both quantitative and qualitative data to examine levels of satisfaction and participation of local communities in the Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area (WMA), south-western Tanzania. We find that social economic factors (e.g. age, household size, gender, number of years living in the same location and participation/non-participation) influence, in different ways, the satisfaction levels of community’s participation towards the WMA creation. Due to inadequate participation, we find that the WMA design and implementation process failed from the beginning to actively involve the local communities and this has resulted in the near absence of the promised economic benefits from wildlife conservation. We suggest that participation should go beyond the simple information sharing to actively engage the local communities in key planning activities from the beginning of any WMA programme. It is also important to take into consideration their levels of satisfaction with the process of decision-making if meaningful decentralized governance is to be achieved.

ACS Style

Wilhelm A. Kiwango; Hans C. Komakech; Thadeo M. C. Tarimo; Lawrence Martz. Levels of community participation and satisfaction with decentralized wildlife management in Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area, Tanzania. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2017, 25, 238 -248.

AMA Style

Wilhelm A. Kiwango, Hans C. Komakech, Thadeo M. C. Tarimo, Lawrence Martz. Levels of community participation and satisfaction with decentralized wildlife management in Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area, Tanzania. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2017; 25 (3):238-248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wilhelm A. Kiwango; Hans C. Komakech; Thadeo M. C. Tarimo; Lawrence Martz. 2017. "Levels of community participation and satisfaction with decentralized wildlife management in Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area, Tanzania." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 25, no. 3: 238-248.

Articles
Published: 27 October 2016 in The Journal of Peasant Studies
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The past decade has witnessed an intensifying focus on the development of irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa. It follows a 20-year hiatus in the wake of disappointing irrigation performance during the 1970s and 1980s. Persistent low productivity in African agriculture and vulnerability of African food supplies to increasing instability in international commodity markets are driving pan-African agricultural investment initiatives, such as the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), that identify as a priority the improvement in reliability of water control for agriculture. The paper argues that, for such initiatives to be effective, there needs to be a re-appraisal of current dynamics of irrigation development in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly with respect to the role of small-scale producers’ initiatives in expanding irrigation. The paper reviews the principal forms such initiatives take and argues that official narratives and statistics on African irrigation often underestimate the extent of such activities. The paper identifies five key characteristics which, it argues, contradict widely held assumptions that inform irrigation policy in Africa. The paper concludes by offering a definition of ‘farmer-led irrigation’ that embraces a range of interaction between producers and commercial, government and non-government agencies, and identifies priority areas for research on the growth potential and impact of such interactions and strategies for their future development.

ACS Style

Philip Woodhouse; Gert Jan Veldwisch; Jean-Philippe Venot; Daniel Brockington; Hans Komakech; Ângela Manjichi. African farmer-led irrigation development: re-framing agricultural policy and investment? The Journal of Peasant Studies 2016, 44, 213 -233.

AMA Style

Philip Woodhouse, Gert Jan Veldwisch, Jean-Philippe Venot, Daniel Brockington, Hans Komakech, Ângela Manjichi. African farmer-led irrigation development: re-framing agricultural policy and investment? The Journal of Peasant Studies. 2016; 44 (1):213-233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philip Woodhouse; Gert Jan Veldwisch; Jean-Philippe Venot; Daniel Brockington; Hans Komakech; Ângela Manjichi. 2016. "African farmer-led irrigation development: re-framing agricultural policy and investment?" The Journal of Peasant Studies 44, no. 1: 213-233.

Book chapter
Published: 13 October 2016 in Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The Dodoma municipality, a semiarid region of Tanzania, is characterized by limited rains, lack of surface water sources, and a high frequency of extreme climate events, particularly droughts and floods. These disadvantaged settings make it vital to study long-term climate trends for signals and patterns of shifting climate regimes for integrity of local livelihood support systems, especially agriculture, recharge, and pasture developments. The area has fairly long climate records, some of which extend to about 100 years. This chapter presents detailed analysis of six climate parameters, namely, rainfall (R), atmospheric relative humidity (ARH), temperature (T), sunshine (S), radiation (RD), wind speed (WS), and evaporation (ET) records from three meteorological stations, namely, Hombolo Agrovet (HMS), Dodoma (DMS), and Makutupora (MMS). The parameters above were statistically and graphically analyzed in four time scales, namely, monthly, seasonal, annual, and time series. The results showed the area is characterized by slight spatial variability in R intensity and T magnitudes with HMS having higher T and rains than DMS and MMS. Further there are clear decreasing trends in ARH and R, while T, S, WS, ET, and RD parameters showed characteristic increasing trends. Thus, except for extreme rain events, particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO), which are characterized by abnormally increased R magnitudes, R intensity has generally decreased in which over the past 91 years, there has been a net R decrease of 54 mm out of annual rains of only about 550 mm/year. Compared to annual time step, however, monthly step reveals more silent features like shortening of the growing seasons. Similarly, the frequency and severity of drought episodes are increasing, all of which adversely impact agriculture, pasture development, and recharge. Similarly, disappearance of R in some months, shifting seasonality, and general declining R intensities and magnitudes are clearly observed. May rains have largely disappeared, while in January, February, March, and April rains have decreased and hence shortening the length of growing season. On the other hand, clear warming trends and declining ARH were also observed. Yet the area is marked by cyclic wetting and drying events where in recent years, drying cycles have been prolonged. However, there is more variability in the mean minimum temperature (MMT) than in mean maximum temperatures (MMMT) in all stations. Between 1961 and 2012, there has been a net 1.13 and 0.778 °C increases in annual MMT and MMMT in DMS, respectively. Like for R trends, silent features are more evident under monthly T data than annual time steps where it is clear that June had the highest increase in MMT (1.54 °C), while April had the least (only 0.662 °C). However, both trends have the potential of affecting major livelihood support systems particularly agriculture and pasture development, but also local groundwater recharge that is vital for the local economy. The study area therefore offers a rare opportunity to understand and manage changing climate regimes including on extent of dry spells and longevity of growing seasons. The changing climate trends consequently call for significant adaptation and mitigation strategies so that local activities adjust to the current climate regimes particularly on onset and end of rainfall seasons and recharge fluxes.

ACS Style

Ceven Shemsanga; A. N. N. Muzuka; L. Martz; Hans C. Komakech; Anne Nyatichi Omambia. Statistics in Climate Variability, Dry Spells, and Implications for Local Livelihoods in Semiarid Regions of Tanzania: The Way Forward. Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 2016, 801 -848.

AMA Style

Ceven Shemsanga, A. N. N. Muzuka, L. Martz, Hans C. Komakech, Anne Nyatichi Omambia. Statistics in Climate Variability, Dry Spells, and Implications for Local Livelihoods in Semiarid Regions of Tanzania: The Way Forward. Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. 2016; ():801-848.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ceven Shemsanga; A. N. N. Muzuka; L. Martz; Hans C. Komakech; Anne Nyatichi Omambia. 2016. "Statistics in Climate Variability, Dry Spells, and Implications for Local Livelihoods in Semiarid Regions of Tanzania: The Way Forward." Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation , no. : 801-848.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2015 in Agriculture and Human Values
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This article contributes to the contemporary debate on land and water grabbing through a detailed, qualitative case study of horticultural agribusinesses which have settled in Tanzania, disrupting patterns of land and water use. In this paper we analyse how capitalist settler farms and their upstream and downstream peasant neighbours along the Nduruma river, Tanzania, expand and defend their water use. The paper is based on 3 months of qualitative field work in Tanzania. We use the echelons of rights analysis framework combined with the concept of institutional bricolage to show how this contestation takes place over the full spectrum of actual abstractions, governance and discourses. We emphasise the role different (inter)national development narratives play in shaping day-to-day contestations over water shares and rule-making. Ultimately, we emphasise that water grabbing is not a one-time event, but rather an on-going struggle over different water resources. In addition, we show how a perceived beneficial development of agribusinesses switching to groundwater allows them to avoid peasant-controlled institutions, avoiding further negotiation between the different actors and improving their image among neighbouring communities. This development illustrates how complex and obscured processes of water re-allocation can be without becoming illegal per se.

ACS Style

Chris De Bont; Gert Jan Veldwisch; Hans Charles Komakech; Jeroen Vos. The fluid nature of water grabbing: the on-going contestation of water distribution between peasants and agribusinesses in Nduruma, Tanzania. Agriculture and Human Values 2015, 33, 641 -654.

AMA Style

Chris De Bont, Gert Jan Veldwisch, Hans Charles Komakech, Jeroen Vos. The fluid nature of water grabbing: the on-going contestation of water distribution between peasants and agribusinesses in Nduruma, Tanzania. Agriculture and Human Values. 2015; 33 (3):641-654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chris De Bont; Gert Jan Veldwisch; Hans Charles Komakech; Jeroen Vos. 2015. "The fluid nature of water grabbing: the on-going contestation of water distribution between peasants and agribusinesses in Nduruma, Tanzania." Agriculture and Human Values 33, no. 3: 641-654.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2015 in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Soil and water management is particularly relevant in semi-arid regions to enhance agricultural productivity. During periods of water scarcity, soil moisture differences are important indicators of the soil water deficit and are traditionally used for allocating water resources among farmers of a village community. Here we present a simple, inexpensive soil wetness classification scheme based on qualitative indicators which one can see or touch on the soil surface. It incorporates the local farmers' knowledge on the best soil moisture conditions for seeding and brick making in the semi-arid environment of the study site near Arusha, Tanzania. The scheme was tested twice in 2014 with farmers, students and experts (April: 40 persons, June: 25 persons) for inter-rater reliability, bias of individuals and functional relation between qualitative and quantitative soil moisture values. During the test in April farmers assigned the same wetness class in 46 % of all cases, while students and experts agreed on about 60 % of all cases. Students who had been trained in how to apply the method gained higher inter-rater reliability than their colleagues with only a basic introduction. When repeating the test in June, participants were given improved instructions, organized in small subgroups, which resulted in a higher inter-rater reliability among farmers. In 66 % of all classifications, farmers assigned the same wetness class and the spread of class assignments was smaller. This study demonstrates that a wetness classification scheme based on qualitative indicators is a robust tool and can be applied successfully regardless of experience in crop growing and education level when an in-depth introduction and training is provided. The use of a simple and clear layout of the assessment form is important for reliable wetness class assignments.

ACS Style

Michael Rinderer; Hans C. Komakech; D. Mueller; Guido L B Wiesenberg; Jan Seibert. Qualitative soil moisture assessment in semi-arid Africa – the role of experience and training on inter-rater reliability. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2015, 19, 3505 -3516.

AMA Style

Michael Rinderer, Hans C. Komakech, D. Mueller, Guido L B Wiesenberg, Jan Seibert. Qualitative soil moisture assessment in semi-arid Africa – the role of experience and training on inter-rater reliability. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2015; 19 (8):3505-3516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Rinderer; Hans C. Komakech; D. Mueller; Guido L B Wiesenberg; Jan Seibert. 2015. "Qualitative soil moisture assessment in semi-arid Africa – the role of experience and training on inter-rater reliability." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 8: 3505-3516.

Articles
Published: 31 May 2013 in Water International
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Catchment forums have to address the reality that river catchments typically cover several administrative districts and have overlapping arrangements of state-led and locally created institutions. Institutional nesting has been proposed to integrate local arrangements. However, the creation of a polycentric or nested governance system raises questions of coordination. This paper describes and analyzes the process of creating a catchment forum in the Kikuletwa catchment in Tanzania. Resolving the problem of administrative boundaries and institutional fit while integrating customary arrangements with the state-led governance structure requires careful analysis of local structures.

ACS Style

Hans C. Komakech; Pieter Van Der Zaag. Polycentrism and pitfalls: the formation of water users forums in the Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania. Water International 2013, 38, 231 -249.

AMA Style

Hans C. Komakech, Pieter Van Der Zaag. Polycentrism and pitfalls: the formation of water users forums in the Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania. Water International. 2013; 38 (3):231-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans C. Komakech; Pieter Van Der Zaag. 2013. "Polycentrism and pitfalls: the formation of water users forums in the Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania." Water International 38, no. 3: 231-249.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2012 in Water Policy
Reads 0
Downloads 0

It has been suggested that the collective action needed for integrated water management at larger spatial scales could be more effective and sustainable if it were built, bottom-up, on the nested arrangements by which local communities have managed their water resources at homestead, plot, village and sub-catchment levels. The up-scaling of such arrangements requires an understanding of why they emerge, how they function and how they are sustained. This paper presents a case study of local level water institutions in Bangalala village in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania. Unlike most research on collective action in which water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity are seen as risks to collective action, this study looked at how they dynamically interact and give rise to interdependencies between water users which facilitate coordination and collective action. The findings are confined to relatively small spatial and social scales, involving irrigators from one village. In such situations there may be inhibitions to unilateral action due to social and peer pressure. Spatial or social proximity may thus be a necessary condition for collective action in water asymmetrical situations to emerge. This points to the need for further research, namely to describe and analyse the dynamics engendered by water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity at larger spatial scales.

ACS Style

Hans Charles Komakech; Pieter Van Der Zaag; Barbara Van Koppen. The dynamics between water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity sustaining canal institutions in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania. Water Policy 2012, 14, 800 -820.

AMA Style

Hans Charles Komakech, Pieter Van Der Zaag, Barbara Van Koppen. The dynamics between water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity sustaining canal institutions in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania. Water Policy. 2012; 14 (5):800-820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans Charles Komakech; Pieter Van Der Zaag; Barbara Van Koppen. 2012. "The dynamics between water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity sustaining canal institutions in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania." Water Policy 14, no. 5: 800-820.

Research papers
Published: 28 February 2012 in International Journal of River Basin Management
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Water scarcity caused by increased demands often leads to competition and conflict over water in many river catchments in Sub-Saharan Africa. At the local level, water users have in many places been able to solve water allocation problems by crafting institutions based on customs and traditions. These self-governing arrangements are not necessarily fair or good, but are able to adapt to the changing resource context. Simultaneously, many African governments have adopted new policies and laws, and established new institutions to achieve equitable and sustainable management of water resources. The formalization of the property right to water is often part of the recipe. This paper analyses the impact of one such government-led formalization process on local water allocation practices. Based on a field study in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania, we find that government interventions do not achieve the goal of equitable and sustainable water management. However, we find that the principle of good neighbourhood that still exists between the highland and lowland farmers in Hingilili could form a base to reconcile diverging water interests between the highland and lowland farmers. The paper shows that the concept of bricolage [Cleaver, F., 2002. Reinventing institutions: bricolage and the social embeddedness of natural resource management. The European Journal of Development Research, 14 (2), 11–30] is useful to demonstrate the need for new institutions to be sufficiently embedded in existing local practices to succeed, but this is not a sufficient condition. The hydraulic position of the various actors (upstream or downstream) must also be taken into account, and may be considered a driver for institutional innovation.

ACS Style

Hans C. Komakech; Pieter Van Der Zaag; Marloes L. Mul; Tulinumpoki A. Mwakalukwa; Jeltsje Sanne Kemerink. Formalization of water allocation systems and impacts on local practices in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania. International Journal of River Basin Management 2012, 10, 213 -227.

AMA Style

Hans C. Komakech, Pieter Van Der Zaag, Marloes L. Mul, Tulinumpoki A. Mwakalukwa, Jeltsje Sanne Kemerink. Formalization of water allocation systems and impacts on local practices in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2012; 10 (3):213-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans C. Komakech; Pieter Van Der Zaag; Marloes L. Mul; Tulinumpoki A. Mwakalukwa; Jeltsje Sanne Kemerink. 2012. "Formalization of water allocation systems and impacts on local practices in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania." International Journal of River Basin Management 10, no. 3: 213-227.