The Mesozoic to Cenozoic mountain uplift, exhumation, and deformation of the SW Tianshan Mountains (Kyrgyzstan and Northwest China) offer an important window to understand the intra-continental rejuvenation mechanism of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), as response to the far-field effects of the India-Asia collision. This article presents new observation and data for the planation surface and sedimentation and deformation features of the regional intermountain basins to rebuild the orogenic history in Mesozoic to Cenozoic. Three planation surfaces were recognized by field observation, showing that the mountain may have experienced lengthy erosion since the end Cretaceous, and a continuous planation surface may have formed at the Eocene to Oligocene. The filling sequences and deformation character revealed that the orogenic disintegrate and intermountain basin formation likely began in the end of Oligocene. Subsequently, the uniform planation surface in Western Tianshan may have begun to disintegrate, leading to the basin-and-range landform formation. Folds and nappes in the Cenozoic basins, large-scale thrusting of Palaeozoic rocks over Cenozoic sediments at the basin margin associated with the rapid mountain uplift may have occurred at the end of Early Pleistocene, suggesting a tectonic inversion. The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Tianshan uplift and deformation were likely induced by the collision/accretion along the southern margin of Eurasia. Both the northward propagation of the Parmir syntaxis to the SW Tianshan and the oblique dextral faulting of the Talas–Fergana fault have likely played an important role on the formation and deformation of the Cenozoic basins in the SW Tianshan.

Three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Mapping (3DMPM) is an innovative approach to mineral exploration that combines multiple geological data sources to create a three-dimensional (3D) model of a mineral deposit. It provides an accurate representation of the subsurface that can be used to identify areas with mineral potential. These 3D geological models are the typical data source for 3D prospective modeling. Geological data sets from multiple sources are used to construct 3D geological models. Since in practice there is a significant imbalance in the ratio of mineralized to non-mineralized classes, the classification results will be biased in favor of the more observed classes. Borderline-SMOTE (BLSMOTE) is an oversampling technique used to solve the problem of unbalanced datasets and works by generating synthetic data points along the boundary line between the minority and majority classes. This helps to create a more balanced dataset without introducing too much noise. Non-mineralized samples can be generated by randomly selecting non-mineralized locations, which means that uncertainties are generated. In this paper, we take the shallow-forming low-temperature hydrothermal deposit Guizhou Lannigou gold deposit as an example to extract the ore-controlling elements and establish a 3D geological model. A total of 50 training samples are generated using the sampling method described above, and 50 mineralization prospects are generated using Random Forests. A return–risk analysis was used to explore the uncertainties associated with synthetic positive samples and randomly selected negative samples, and to determine the final mineral potential values. Based on the evaluation metrics G-mean and F-value, the model using BLSMOTE outperforms the model without the synthetic algorithm and the models using SMOTE and KMeansSMOTE. The optimal model BLSMOTE18 has an AUC of 0.9288. The methodology also performs superiorly with different levels of class imbalance datasets. Excluding the predictions where the results highly overlap with known deposits, five target zones were circled for the targets using a P-A plot, all of which have obvious metallogenic geological features. Among them, Target1 and Target2 have good potential for mineralization, which is of great significance for future mineral exploration work.

Mesozoic granitic magmatism in Northeastern Jiangxi, China is of tectonic significance for the evolution of the South China Block. Whole-rock geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological and Lu–Hf isotopic data for Mesozoic Zhuxi granites in the Jingdezhen area of Northeastern Jiangxi were presented. The Zhuxi granites are composed of granodiorite, biotite granite, and two-mica granite. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb isotopic analyses indicated emplacement at 159–147 Ma. The granites are characterized by a strongly peraluminous nature with high A/CNK values (>1.1), high SiO₂ (66.09–74.46 wt.%) and K₂O (3.50–5.52 wt.%) contents, depletion in Ba, Nb, Ce, Sr, and Ti, moderately negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.40–0.63), enrichment in LREE, and depletion in HREE ((La/Yb)_N > 7.43). The A/CNK > 1.1, widespread aluminum-rich minerals (e.g., muscovite and tourmaline), indicating they are S–type granites and belong to muscovite–bearing peraluminous granites (MPG). The Zhuxi granites exhibited negative εHf(t) values (−9.9 to −3.7) and the T_DM2 model ages of 1840–1442 Ma indicated derivation from ancient crustal sources. The magma is possibly caused by the subsequent process of intracontinental subduction. It is inferred that the Mesozoic magmatism in Northeastern Jiangxi was associated with oceanic–continental convergence of the Paleo–Pacific and Eurasian plates as well as the intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. The Zhuxi granites highlight the primary role of oceanic–continental convergence and intracontinental subduction in early Yanshanian granitoid magmatism in South China.