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This paper analyses the radiance reflectance modelling of a sea area and the case of a water column polluted with an oil emulsion in relation to various depths of the occurrence of an oil-in-water emulsion in all azimuth and zenith angles. For the radiance reflectance modelling, the simulation of large numbers of solar photons in water was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. For the simulations, the optical properties of seawater for the open sea typical of the southern Baltic Sea were used and Petrobaltic-type crude oil (extracted in the Baltic Sea) was added. Oil pollution in the sea was considered for oil droplet concentrations of 10 ppm, which were optically represented by spectral waveforms of absorption and scattering coefficients, as well as by angular light scattering distribution determined using the Mie theory. The results of the radiance reflectance modelling in the whole spectrum of both angles, azimuth and zenith, allowed us to select 555 nm as the optimal wavelength for oil emulsion detection. Moreover, the parameter contrast was defined and determined using radiance reflectance results for eight light wavelengths in the range of 412-676 nm. The contrast is discussed in relation to the various thicknesses of polluted water layers. Changes in contrast for a thickness layer 5 m under the sea surface were noted, whereas for thicker layers the contrast remained unchanged.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1917 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba, Jacek Piskozub. Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (10):1917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. 2021. "Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10: 1917.
This paper analyzes the digital modelling of radiance reflectance of the sea surface when the water column is polluted by oil-in-water emulsion. A method tracking the fate of two billion virtual solar photons was applied to obtain the angular distribution of bottom-up radiance for a plane of sunlight striking the sea surface. For the calculations, the inherent optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) were used. The analyses were performed for two types of oils with extremely different optical properties for an oil concentration of 10 ppm and for a roughened sea surface with a wind speed of 2 m/s. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different viewing angles was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at eight wavelengths in the range of 412–676 nm for viewing angle in the range from 80° to 0°, both on the side of incidence of direct sunlight and on the opposite side. The resulting calculated spectral indexes for different wavelength combinations indicated significant dependence on the viewing angle.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study. Sensors 2020, 20, 5352 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba, Jacek Piskozub. Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study. Sensors. 2020; 20 (18):5352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. 2020. "Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study." Sensors 20, no. 18: 5352.
Petroleum and its related products pose a serious pollution risk to the world’s seas and require a simple, rapid detection method. This is a difficult task if the pollution is under the water surface. One common approach to oil detection is excitation-emission spectroscopy (EEMs) of seawater exposed to oil for analyzing the fluorometric index (FIo/w) as a potential indicator of oil presence in the marine environment. In this paper, FIo/w was determined for both natural seawater and samples of the same water, but exposed to a relatively small portion of oil. The water samples were collected from the coastal and port waters of the Gdynia region (Southern Baltic Sea) from five stations, four times at two-week intervals. FIo/w indicates the changes between seawater sampled from the marine environment and the same seawater polluted with oil substances. Moreover, the obtained FIo/w values do not depend on the point and time of sampling. In all cases of seawater exposed to oil, significantly higher FIo/w values were observed than for unpolluted seawater. Moreover, the detection of oil by analyzing the value of FIo/w is efficient if the oil-to-water weight ratio is close to or above 5 × 10−6.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Seawater Fluorescence Near Oil Occurrence. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Seawater Fluorescence Near Oil Occurrence. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2020. "Seawater Fluorescence Near Oil Occurrence." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 1.
This paper presents a model of upwelling radiation above the seawater surface in the event of a threat of dispersed oil. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate a large number of solar photons in the water, eventually obtaining values of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Analyses were performed for the optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). The case of seawater contaminated by dispersed oil at a concentration of 10 ppm was also discussed for different wind speeds. Two types of oils with extremely different optical properties (refraction and absorption coefficients) were taken into account for consideration. The optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients and angular light scattering distribution) of the oil-in-water dispersion system were determined using the Mie theory. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different wind conditions was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at selected wavelengths in the range 412–676 nm. The determined spectral index for seawater free of oil achieves higher values for seawater contaminated by oil. The analysis of the values of the spectral indices calculated for 28 combinations of wavelengths was used to identify the most universal spectral index of Rrs for 555 nm/440 nm for dispersed oil detection using any optical parameters.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea. Sensors 2020, 20, 863 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba, Jacek Piskozub. Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea. Sensors. 2020; 20 (3):863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. 2020. "Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea." Sensors 20, no. 3: 863.
The development of petroleum extraction and transport technology does not ensure complete isolation of these substances from the natural environment. This problem is exacerbated by the location of mining equipment on the sea shelf and the fact that numerous submarine pipelines, tankers and handling terminals can also emit oil pollution. Therefore, the possibility of detecting oil dispersed in the water is particularly important. This paper reports the efforts to identify methods of characterization of the water containing the crude oil emulsion in a very low concentration (a few to several tens of ppm). Due to this, the effect of emulsion concentration on the possibility of its objective characterization using synchronous fluorescence spectra was studied. The similarity of spectra at various oil concentrations was analysed. It has been shown that the stabilization of the shape of synchronous fluorescence spectra occurs at relatively low oil concentrations.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Synchronous fluorescence spectra of water contaminated by dispersed crude oil. Optica Applicata 2020, 50, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Synchronous fluorescence spectra of water contaminated by dispersed crude oil. Optica Applicata. 2020; 50 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2020. "Synchronous fluorescence spectra of water contaminated by dispersed crude oil." Optica Applicata 50, no. 1: 1.
This study analyzed the fluorometric laboratory tests for the detection of the presence of oil in seawater in cases corresponding to the real situation in the sea: when the point of seawater sampling is not in the same place as the appropriate sensor. The phenomenon of fluorescence exhibited by both natural and alien substances (oil) in the sea was used. The possibility of oil detection in the water column based on a fluorometric index (FI) extracted from the excitation–emission matrix (EEM) was studied. Laboratory tests were carried out on water taken from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea). Seawater samples were contaminated with small amounts of various types of oil (the lowest oil-to-water ratio was 0.5 × 10−6). A statistically significant difference was found between FI values for uncontaminated seawater and seawater exposed to various kinds of oil (i.e., crude oils, lubricant oils, and fuels).
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index. Sensors 2019, 19, 3774 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index. Sensors. 2019; 19 (17):3774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2019. "Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index." Sensors 19, no. 17: 3774.
He-He collisions have been investigated in the intermediate-energy range, where the relative velocity of the Helium atoms is on the order of the Bohr velocity. By measuring the fluorescence-light intensity of the spectral line λ(4 3D – 2 3P) = 447 nm as a function of an electric field Fz applied parallel and antiparallel to the projectile beam, the excitation mechanism has been analyzed. The experimental results are in agreement with the assumption that two electrons are lifted simultaneously on the saddle of the two-centre potential of two He+ ions according to the Paul-trap model.
Emilia Baszanowska; Ryszard Drozdowski; Patryk Kaminski; G Von Oppen. Excitation of 1s4l levels of He atoms by (10–30 keV) He atoms impact. Physica Scripta 2019, 94, 055402 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Ryszard Drozdowski, Patryk Kaminski, G Von Oppen. Excitation of 1s4l levels of He atoms by (10–30 keV) He atoms impact. Physica Scripta. 2019; 94 (5):055402.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Ryszard Drozdowski; Patryk Kaminski; G Von Oppen. 2019. "Excitation of 1s4l levels of He atoms by (10–30 keV) He atoms impact." Physica Scripta 94, no. 5: 055402.
Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) was applied to determine the fluorometric index (FI) as a parameter indicating the presence of a source of oil pollution in a specific area of the sea. Seawater from the Polish coast (the Baltic Sea) and the same water combined with various amounts of crude oil extracted from the Baltic Sea shelf (Petrobaltic-type oil) were used in this study. The FI values were calculated for excitation and emission wavelengths found at the maximal peak, taking into account the natural seawater and the seawater artificially contaminated (for an oil-to-water ratio range of 0.5 × 10−6 − 500 × 10−6). The wavelength configurations (Ex/Em) (225/355 and 225/340) for the FI index were applied. It was found that, independent of the amount of oil, the FI achieves a higher value for natural seawater than for seawater that has had contact with oil. These results provide the basis to design a sensor signaling the appearance of oil in a defined sea area.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometric Index for Sensing Oil in the Sea Environment. Sensors 2017, 17, 1276 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometric Index for Sensing Oil in the Sea Environment. Sensors. 2017; 17 (6):1276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2017. "Fluorometric Index for Sensing Oil in the Sea Environment." Sensors 17, no. 6: 1276.
This study analyses the possibility of optical detection of trace amounts of oil in natural waters. Since petroleum and its derivatives induced by ultraviolet light exhibit a high intensity of fluorescence, this phenomenon can be used to detect petroleum products penetrating both the surface and subsurface waters. The challenge is to discriminate the fluorescence signal originating from petroleum substances from the total signal originating from both petroleum products and the natural substances. Issues connected with fluorescence methods of detection of oil substances diffused in aquatic environment are analysed. Based on fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorometric indices of petroleum products for two forms (dissolved in n-hexane and dispersed in water) are discussed. The excitationemission spectra (EEMs) were determined in the range of excitation wavelengths 240-450 nm and 270-600 nm for emission. Selected parameters of oil fingerprinting are discussed: similarity ratio, intensity ratio and wavelength-independent fluorescence peaks (Ex max/Em max). The latter was compared with the typical fluorescing natural marine residues. The results indicate that Ex max/Em max and intensity ratio appear to be efficient indices for the discrimination of oil pollution from autochthonous seawater fluorescent substances.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometry in application to fingerprint of petroleum products present in the natural waters. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2016, 12, 16 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometry in application to fingerprint of petroleum products present in the natural waters. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2016; 12 (1):16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2016. "Fluorometry in application to fingerprint of petroleum products present in the natural waters." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 12, no. 1: 16.
The optical behaviour of seawater exposed to a residual amount of oil pollution is presented and a comparison of the fluorescence spectra of oil dissolved in both n-hexane and seawater is discussed based on excitation-emission spectra.Crude oil extracted from the southern part of the Baltic Sea was used to characterise petroleum properties after contact with seawater. The wavelength-independent fluorescence maximum for natural seawater and seawater artificially polluted with oil were determined. Moreover, the specific excitation-emission peaks for natural seawater and polluted water were analysed to identify the natural organic matter composition. It was found that fluorescence spectra identification is a promising method to detect even an extremely low concentration of petroleum residues directly in the seawater. In addition, alien substances disturbing the fluorescence signatures of natural organic substances in a marine environment is also discussed.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Modification of optical properties of seawater exposed to oil contaminants based on excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2015, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Modification of optical properties of seawater exposed to oil contaminants based on excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2015; 10 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2015. "Modification of optical properties of seawater exposed to oil contaminants based on excitation-emission spectra." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 10, no. : 1.
E Baszanowska; R Drozdowski; P Kaminski; G Von Oppen. Electric dipole moments of He atoms excited to the 1s5l(l⩾ 2) states by He+-ion impact at intermediate energies. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 2014, 47, 195201 .
AMA StyleE Baszanowska, R Drozdowski, P Kaminski, G Von Oppen. Electric dipole moments of He atoms excited to the 1s5l(l⩾ 2) states by He+-ion impact at intermediate energies. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 2014; 47 (19):195201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE Baszanowska; R Drozdowski; P Kaminski; G Von Oppen. 2014. "Electric dipole moments of He atoms excited to the 1s5l(l⩾ 2) states by He+-ion impact at intermediate energies." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 47, no. 19: 195201.
To protect the natural marine ecosystem, it is necessary to continuously enhance knowledge of environmental contamination, including oil pollution. Therefore, to properly track the qualitative and quantitative changes in the natural components of seawater, a description of the essential spectral features describing petroleum products is necessary.This study characterises two optically-different types of crude oils (Petrobaltic and Romashkino) – substances belonging to multi-fluorophoric systems. To obtain the spectral features of crude oils, the excitation-emission spectroscopy technique was applied. The fluorescence and light absorption properties for various concentrations of oils at a stabilised temperature are described. Both excitation-emission spectra (EEMs) and absorption spectra of crude oils are discussed. Based on the EEM spectra, both excitation end emission peaks for the wavelengthindependent fluorescence maximum (Exmax/ Emmax) – characteristic points for each type of oil – were identified and compared with the literature data concerning typical marine chemical structures.
E. Baszanowska; Z. Otremba. Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2014, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleE. Baszanowska, Z. Otremba. Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2014; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Baszanowska; Z. Otremba. 2014. "Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 9, no. : 1.
Seawater in addition to natural components such as living and non-living organic matter contains also components artificially introduced into the marine environment, such as oil substances. These components, present in the surface layer of the sea, can significantly affect radiative transfer processes. Therefore, taking into account these processes in remote sensing measurements can improve assessment of the environment. To improve local seawater optical models, it is necessary to measure the luminescence properties of all components of seawater as well as the water leaving radiance values. Additionally, substances which form the surface microlayer (surfactants — surface active agents) can affect both the dynamic characteristics of the fluxes (in particular the gas exchange and marine aerosol production) as well as inherent optical properties of surface seawater. This paper contains both the results of research focused on introducing of an efficient method for identifying oils by their fluorescence spectra as well as a marine experiment on the identification of luminescent properties of surfactants — sampled in different regions of the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the aim of the presented study is to assess the impact of the oil emulsion to spectral water leaving signal. Those results are obtained both from running Monte Carlo radiative transfer code and from approximated formulas.
Violetta Drozdowska; W. Freda; Emilia Baszanowska; K. Rudź; Mirosław Darecki; J. R. Heldt; Henryk Toczek. Spectral properties of natural and oil polluted Baltic seawater — results of measurements and modelling. The European Physical Journal Special Topics 2013, 222, 2157 -2170.
AMA StyleVioletta Drozdowska, W. Freda, Emilia Baszanowska, K. Rudź, Mirosław Darecki, J. R. Heldt, Henryk Toczek. Spectral properties of natural and oil polluted Baltic seawater — results of measurements and modelling. The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 2013; 222 (9):2157-2170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVioletta Drozdowska; W. Freda; Emilia Baszanowska; K. Rudź; Mirosław Darecki; J. R. Heldt; Henryk Toczek. 2013. "Spectral properties of natural and oil polluted Baltic seawater — results of measurements and modelling." The European Physical Journal Special Topics 222, no. 9: 2157-2170.
Oil poses a major threat to marine ecosystems. This work describes a set of studies focused on introducing an efficient method for the identification of oil in the form of oil emulsions through fluorescence spectra analyses. Hence the concept of classification of oil pollution in seawater based on fluorescence spectroscopy using a high sensitive fluorimeter [1] suitable for laboratory and in situ measurements is introduced. We consider that this approach, in the future, will make it possible to collect specific fluorescence information allowing us to build a base of the oil standards. Here we examined excitation-emission fluorescence spectra (EEMs) of water containing oil-in-water emulsion prepared artificially under laboratory conditions. Water polluted with oil-in-water emulsion was studied with the objective to estimate differences in three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. Studies included various types of oils and oil concentrations. Essential differences in fluorescence spectra for various oils are indicated.
E. Baszanowska; O. Zielinski; Z. Otremba; H. Toczek. Influence of oil-in-water emulsions on fluorescence properties as observed by excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2013, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleE. Baszanowska, O. Zielinski, Z. Otremba, H. Toczek. Influence of oil-in-water emulsions on fluorescence properties as observed by excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2013; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Baszanowska; O. Zielinski; Z. Otremba; H. Toczek. 2013. "Influence of oil-in-water emulsions on fluorescence properties as observed by excitation-emission spectra." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 8, no. : 1.
E Baszanowska; R Drozdowski; P Kaminski; G Von Oppen. Excitation of He atoms by 10–30 keV He+impact. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 2012, 45, 115203 .
AMA StyleE Baszanowska, R Drozdowski, P Kaminski, G Von Oppen. Excitation of He atoms by 10–30 keV He+impact. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 2012; 45 (11):115203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE Baszanowska; R Drozdowski; P Kaminski; G Von Oppen. 2012. "Excitation of He atoms by 10–30 keV He+impact." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 45, no. 11: 115203.
P. Bojarski; A. Synak; L. Kułak; E. Baszanowska; A. Kubicki; H. Grajek; M. Szabelski. Excitation energy migration in uniaxially oriented polymer films: A comparison between strongly and weakly organized systems. Chemical Physics Letters 2006, 421, 91 -95.
AMA StyleP. Bojarski, A. Synak, L. Kułak, E. Baszanowska, A. Kubicki, H. Grajek, M. Szabelski. Excitation energy migration in uniaxially oriented polymer films: A comparison between strongly and weakly organized systems. Chemical Physics Letters. 2006; 421 (1-3):91-95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Bojarski; A. Synak; L. Kułak; E. Baszanowska; A. Kubicki; H. Grajek; M. Szabelski. 2006. "Excitation energy migration in uniaxially oriented polymer films: A comparison between strongly and weakly organized systems." Chemical Physics Letters 421, no. 1-3: 91-95.