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Aletta T. Yñiguez
Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines

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Erratum
Published: 29 July 2021 in Ecological Modelling
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ACS Style

Patrick R. Pata; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Josephine Dianne L. Deauna; Asuncion B. De Guzman; Cesaria R. Jimenez; Roselle T. Borja-Del Rosario; Cesar L. Villanoy. Corrigendum to Insights into the environmental conditions contributing to variability in the larval recruitment of the tropical sardine Sardinella lemuru. Ecological Modelling 2021, 456, 109677 .

AMA Style

Patrick R. Pata, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Josephine Dianne L. Deauna, Asuncion B. De Guzman, Cesaria R. Jimenez, Roselle T. Borja-Del Rosario, Cesar L. Villanoy. Corrigendum to Insights into the environmental conditions contributing to variability in the larval recruitment of the tropical sardine Sardinella lemuru. Ecological Modelling. 2021; 456 ():109677.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrick R. Pata; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Josephine Dianne L. Deauna; Asuncion B. De Guzman; Cesaria R. Jimenez; Roselle T. Borja-Del Rosario; Cesar L. Villanoy. 2021. "Corrigendum to Insights into the environmental conditions contributing to variability in the larval recruitment of the tropical sardine Sardinella lemuru." Ecological Modelling 456, no. : 109677.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in European Journal of Protistology
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The thecal tabulation and body scale structure of the marine armoured dinoflagellate Heterocapsa, isolated from Philippines, were examined using LM, SEM and TEM, and its phylogenetic position was inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. Cells were ovoid and the plate tabulation (Po, cp, X, 5′, 3a, 7′′, 6c, 5s, 5′′′, 2′′′′) was consistent with most Heterocapsa species. The second anterior intercalary plate (2a) had a circular pattern with a thick marginal border free of pores. The nucleus was longitudinally elongated and curved, and located at the dorsal side of the cell. Discoid lobes of brownish chloroplast were peripherally distributed, and a pyrenoid was positioned at the centre. The triradiate body scales, measuring 250–300 nm in diameter, consisted of a roundish basal plate with six radiating ridges, nine peripheral uprights/spines, and three radiating spines. These components were identical to those of H. pseudotriquetra and H. steinii, except for the roundish outline of basal plate. Molecular phylogeny showed that the species clustered with H. pseudotriquetra and H. steinii. This species was differentiated from all other Heterocapsa species in the sausage-shaped nucleus and circular pattern on the 2a plate. This study proposed a novel species Heterocapsa philippinensis sp. nov. for the isolate.

ACS Style

Garry Benico; Wai Mun Lum; Kazuya Takahashi; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Mitsunori Iwataki. Thecal tabulation, body scale morphology and phylogeny of Heterocapsa philippinensis sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) from the Philippines. European Journal of Protistology 2021, 80, 125811 .

AMA Style

Garry Benico, Wai Mun Lum, Kazuya Takahashi, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Mitsunori Iwataki. Thecal tabulation, body scale morphology and phylogeny of Heterocapsa philippinensis sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) from the Philippines. European Journal of Protistology. 2021; 80 ():125811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garry Benico; Wai Mun Lum; Kazuya Takahashi; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Mitsunori Iwataki. 2021. "Thecal tabulation, body scale morphology and phylogeny of Heterocapsa philippinensis sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) from the Philippines." European Journal of Protistology 80, no. : 125811.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Harmful Algae
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Red tides and associated fisheries damage caused by the harmful raphidophyte Chattonella were reassessed based on the documented local records for 50 years to understand the distribution and economic impacts of the harmful species in the Western Pacific. Blooms of Chattonella with fisheries damage have been recorded in East Asia since 1969, whereas they have been only recorded in Southeast Asia since the 1980s. Occurrences of Chattonella have been documented from six Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam, with mass mortalities mainly of farmed shrimp in 1980–1990s, and farmed fish in 2000–2010s. These occurrences have been reported with the names of C. antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata, C. subsalsa and Chattonella sp., owing to the difficulty of microscopic species identification, and many were not supported with molecular data. To determine the distribution of C. marina complex and C. subsalsa in Southeast Asia, molecular phylogeny and microscopic observation were also carried out for cultures obtained from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. The results revealed that only the genotype of C. marina complex has been detected from East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Russia), whereas both C. marina complex (Indonesia and Malaysia) and C. subsalsa (Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) were found in Southeast Asia. Ejection of mucocysts has been recognized as a diagnostic character of C. subsalsa, but it was also observed in our cultures of C. marina isolated from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, and Russia. Meanwhile, the co-occurrences of the two harmful Chattonella species in Southeast Asia, which are difficult to distinguish solely based on their morphology, suggest the importance of molecular identification of Chattonella genotypes for further understanding of their distribution and negative impacts.

ACS Style

Wai Mun Lum; Garry Benico; Hai Doan-Nhu; Elsa Furio; Chui Pin Leaw; Sandric Chee Yew Leong; Po Teen Lim; Weol Ae Lim; Thaithaworn Lirdwitayaprasit; Songhui Lu; Muawanah; Nguyen Van Nguyen; Tatiana Yu. Orlova; Arief Rachman; Setsuko Sakamoto; Kazuya Takahashi; Sing Tung Teng; Hikmah Thoha; Pengbin Wang; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Kazumi Wakita; Mitsunori Iwataki. The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969–2019). Harmful Algae 2021, 107, 102070 .

AMA Style

Wai Mun Lum, Garry Benico, Hai Doan-Nhu, Elsa Furio, Chui Pin Leaw, Sandric Chee Yew Leong, Po Teen Lim, Weol Ae Lim, Thaithaworn Lirdwitayaprasit, Songhui Lu, Muawanah, Nguyen Van Nguyen, Tatiana Yu. Orlova, Arief Rachman, Setsuko Sakamoto, Kazuya Takahashi, Sing Tung Teng, Hikmah Thoha, Pengbin Wang, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Kazumi Wakita, Mitsunori Iwataki. The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969–2019). Harmful Algae. 2021; 107 ():102070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wai Mun Lum; Garry Benico; Hai Doan-Nhu; Elsa Furio; Chui Pin Leaw; Sandric Chee Yew Leong; Po Teen Lim; Weol Ae Lim; Thaithaworn Lirdwitayaprasit; Songhui Lu; Muawanah; Nguyen Van Nguyen; Tatiana Yu. Orlova; Arief Rachman; Setsuko Sakamoto; Kazuya Takahashi; Sing Tung Teng; Hikmah Thoha; Pengbin Wang; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Kazumi Wakita; Mitsunori Iwataki. 2021. "The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969–2019)." Harmful Algae 107, no. : 102070.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Communications Earth & Environment
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Global trends in the occurrence, toxicity and risk posed by harmful algal blooms to natural systems, human health and coastal economies are poorly constrained, but are widely thought to be increasing due to climate change and nutrient pollution. Here, we conduct a statistical analysis on a global dataset extracted from the Harmful Algae Event Database and Ocean Biodiversity Information System for the period 1985–2018 to investigate temporal trends in the frequency and distribution of marine harmful algal blooms. We find no uniform global trend in the number of harmful algal events and their distribution over time, once data were adjusted for regional variations in monitoring effort. Varying and contrasting regional trends were driven by differences in bloom species, type and emergent impacts. Our findings suggest that intensified monitoring efforts associated with increased aquaculture production are responsible for the perceived increase in harmful algae events and that there is no empirical support for broad statements regarding increasing global trends. Instead, trends need to be considered regionally and at the species level.

ACS Style

Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff; Donald M. Anderson; Catherine Belin; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein; Eileen Bresnan; Mireille Chinain; Henrik Enevoldsen; Mitsunori Iwataki; Bengt Karlson; Cynthia H. McKenzie; Inés Sunesen; Grant C. Pitcher; Pieter Provoost; Anthony Richardson; Laura Schweibold; Patricia A. Tester; Vera L. Trainer; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Adriana Zingone. Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts. Communications Earth & Environment 2021, 2, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Donald M. Anderson, Catherine Belin, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, Eileen Bresnan, Mireille Chinain, Henrik Enevoldsen, Mitsunori Iwataki, Bengt Karlson, Cynthia H. McKenzie, Inés Sunesen, Grant C. Pitcher, Pieter Provoost, Anthony Richardson, Laura Schweibold, Patricia A. Tester, Vera L. Trainer, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Adriana Zingone. Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts. Communications Earth & Environment. 2021; 2 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff; Donald M. Anderson; Catherine Belin; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein; Eileen Bresnan; Mireille Chinain; Henrik Enevoldsen; Mitsunori Iwataki; Bengt Karlson; Cynthia H. McKenzie; Inés Sunesen; Grant C. Pitcher; Pieter Provoost; Anthony Richardson; Laura Schweibold; Patricia A. Tester; Vera L. Trainer; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Adriana Zingone. 2021. "Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts." Communications Earth & Environment 2, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2021 in Ecological Modelling
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The small pelagic fishery in the southern Philippines is one of the largest contributors to fisheries production in the country, and is dominated by the Bali sardine Sardinella lemuru. This species is a year-round spawner that has its peak spawning period during the northeast monsoon (NEM) months of November to February. However, there is still limited information on the conditions that affect this species’ survival during its early life history stages. Here, we attempt to discern the importance of temperature, prey density and advection on sardine larvae. The larvae were represented as passive particles that were released in known spawning grounds to simulate dispersal. The conditions the larvae experienced, namely, temperature and estimated prey density based on satellite chlorophyll-a values were recorded at each time step until the estimated recruitment age of 60 days. The temporal and spatial averaged conditions of recruited sardines showed that sardines spawned during the NEM months experienced higher chlorophyll-a, lower (more optimal) sea surface temperature, albeit higher advective loss, than sardines spawned during other months. Comparisons between years showed that during higher reported catch years, sardine larvae experienced lower temperatures and higher retention nearshore. Our results emphasize that sardine stock management efforts need to recognize the contribution of the temporally variable sardine environment to patterns in sardine recruitment and consequently in catches.

ACS Style

Patrick R. Pata; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Josephine Dianne L. Deauna; Asuncion B. De Guzman; Cesaria R. Jimenez; Roselle T. Borja-Del Rosario; Cesar L. Villanoy. Insights into the environmental conditions contributing to variability in the larval recruitment of the tropical sardine Sardinella lemuru. Ecological Modelling 2021, 451, 109570 .

AMA Style

Patrick R. Pata, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Josephine Dianne L. Deauna, Asuncion B. De Guzman, Cesaria R. Jimenez, Roselle T. Borja-Del Rosario, Cesar L. Villanoy. Insights into the environmental conditions contributing to variability in the larval recruitment of the tropical sardine Sardinella lemuru. Ecological Modelling. 2021; 451 ():109570.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrick R. Pata; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Josephine Dianne L. Deauna; Asuncion B. De Guzman; Cesaria R. Jimenez; Roselle T. Borja-Del Rosario; Cesar L. Villanoy. 2021. "Insights into the environmental conditions contributing to variability in the larval recruitment of the tropical sardine Sardinella lemuru." Ecological Modelling 451, no. : 109570.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2021 in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
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The vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the open ocean shows an increase in biomass at a depth referred to as the Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum (SCM) that contributes significantly to the primary production of the water column. Hence, it is important to understand the dynamics that lead its formation and maintenance. This study examines the SCM in the Philippine Sea off the northeast coast of Luzon, utilizing bio-optical and empirical phytoplankton data from two oceanographic cruises conducted northeast of the island of Luzon in May/June 2011 and April/May 2012. Chlorophyll (Chl) profiles were converted to smoothed chlorophyll functions by using a b-spline basis. In 2011, the mean SCM depth was 97.24 m ± 22.33 m with mean SCM concentration of 0.43 μg/L ± 0.09 μg/L while in 2012, mean SCM was deeper at 115.45 m ± 24.25 m and mean SCM concentration of 0.31 ± 0.09 μg/L. Functional principal component analysis showed that the first principal component (PC) explained variability in the SCM depth, the second PC showed variability in the magnitude of the SCM concentration while the third PC accounted for the presence of multiple peaks. K-means clustering using the principal components resulted in three clusters which represented the offshore stations with the deepest SCM, stations within an observed cyclonic eddy with intermediate SCM and stations with coastal and shelf waters showing shallow SCM. Correlation analyses between Chl and physico-chemical and bio-optical parameters showed that Chl was positively correlated to beam attenuation, a bio-optical property that has been used as an alternative proxy for phytoplankton. This suggests that the observed SCMs represent actual increase in phytoplankton biomass. When the influence of the Kuroshio recirculation gyre was dominant in 2011, cooler temperature in surface waters was seen to significantly increase surface Chl. In 2012, highly saline waters from the tropical North Equatorial Current (NEC) waters appeared to lower the Chl distribution, particularly at the SCM. Phytoplankton abundance was recorded to be higher at the SCM than the surface in both years. In 2011, different species of diatoms dominated all clusters, except at the SCM of the coastal and shelf cluster wherein the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium grossestriatum was dominant. Most dominant species from 2011 were conspicuously absent in 2012 and there was a shift to the diatoms Fragilariopsis (surface), Thalassiosira and Rhizosolenia spp. in all clusters. These provide new insights on the phytoplankton community in relation to the changes in the oceanic circulation from subtropical North Pacific water in 2011 to tropical NEC water in 2012.

ACS Style

Kristina Cordero-Bailey; Iris Salud F. Bollozos; Joseph Dominic H. Palermo; Kathleen M. Silvano; Ma. Teresa L. Escobar; Gil S. Jacinto; Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone; Laura T. David; Aletta T. Yñiguez. Characterizing the vertical phytoplankton distribution in the Philippine Sea off the northeastern coast of Luzon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2021, 254, 107322 .

AMA Style

Kristina Cordero-Bailey, Iris Salud F. Bollozos, Joseph Dominic H. Palermo, Kathleen M. Silvano, Ma. Teresa L. Escobar, Gil S. Jacinto, Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, Laura T. David, Aletta T. Yñiguez. Characterizing the vertical phytoplankton distribution in the Philippine Sea off the northeastern coast of Luzon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2021; 254 ():107322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristina Cordero-Bailey; Iris Salud F. Bollozos; Joseph Dominic H. Palermo; Kathleen M. Silvano; Ma. Teresa L. Escobar; Gil S. Jacinto; Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone; Laura T. David; Aletta T. Yñiguez. 2021. "Characterizing the vertical phytoplankton distribution in the Philippine Sea off the northeastern coast of Luzon." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 254, no. : 107322.

Regular article
Published: 22 May 2020 in Journal of Phycology
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Twenty‐six cultures of the harmful marine dinoflagellate Karlodinium , isolated from Japanese and Philippine coastal waters, were examined using LM, SEM and molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA. Seven Karlodinium species (6 from Japan and 4 from Philippines), K. australe , K. ballantinum , K. decipiens , K. gentienii , K. veneficum , K. zhouanum , and a novel species Karlodinium azanzae sp. nov., were identified based on their morphology and phylogenetic positions. Karlodinium azanzae from Manila Bay, Philippines was further characterized by TEM, HPLC (chloroplast pigment) and bioassay on brine shrimp and other marine zooplankton. Cells of K. azanzae were the largest (mean 25.3 µm long) in Karlodinium , possessed numerous tiny reflective particles, starch grains and lipid granules, and usually swam at the bottom of the culture vessel. The straight apical structure complex and a ventral pore were common to the genus. The longitudinally elongated nucleus was located at the center, and the yellowish chloroplasts contained an embedded pyrenoid and carotenoid pigments typical of the genus (i.e., fucoxanthin as major carotenoid with its derivatives). TEM revealed a part of the flagellar apparatus, of which the long striated ventral connective is the first report in the Kareniaceae. Phylogenetic trees showed closest affinity of K. azanzae with K. australe and K. armiger. The new species could be differentiated from related species by cell size, position of the nucleus, and characteristic swimming behavior. Lethality of K. azanzae to large zooplankton and micropredation using a developed peduncle were also observed.

ACS Style

Garry Benico; Kazuya Takahashi; Wai Mun Lum; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Mitsunori Iwataki. The Harmful Unarmored Dinoflagellate Karlodinium in Japan and Philippines, with Reference to Ultrastructure and Micropredation of Karlodinium azanzae sp. nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae) 1. Journal of Phycology 2020, 56, 1264 -1282.

AMA Style

Garry Benico, Kazuya Takahashi, Wai Mun Lum, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Mitsunori Iwataki. The Harmful Unarmored Dinoflagellate Karlodinium in Japan and Philippines, with Reference to Ultrastructure and Micropredation of Karlodinium azanzae sp. nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae) 1. Journal of Phycology. 2020; 56 (5):1264-1282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garry Benico; Kazuya Takahashi; Wai Mun Lum; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Mitsunori Iwataki. 2020. "The Harmful Unarmored Dinoflagellate Karlodinium in Japan and Philippines, with Reference to Ultrastructure and Micropredation of Karlodinium azanzae sp. nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae) 1." Journal of Phycology 56, no. 5: 1264-1282.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2020 in Harmful Algae
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In the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines and Malaysia are two of the most affected by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Using long-term observations of HAB events, we determined if these are increasing in frequency and duration, and expanding across space in each country. Blooms of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing species in the Philippines did increase in frequency and duration during the early to mid-1990s, but have stabilized since then. However, the number of sites affected by these blooms continue to expand though at a slower rate than in the 1990s. Furthermore, the type of HABs and causative species have diversified for both toxic blooms and fish kill events. In contrast, Malaysia showed no increasing trend in the frequency of toxic blooms over the past three decades since Pyrodinium bahamense was reported in 1976. However, similar to the Philippines, other PST producers such as Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii have become a concern. No amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) has been confirmed in either Philippines or Malaysia thus far, while ciguatera fish poisoning cases are known from the Philippines and Malaysia but the causative organisms remain poorly studied. Since the 1990s and early 2000s, recognition of the distribution of other PST-producing species such as species of Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum in Southeast Asia has grown, though there has been no significant expansion in the known distributions within the last decade. A major more recent problem in the two countries and for Southeast Asia in general are the frequent fish-killing algal blooms of various species such as Prorocentrum cordatum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Chattonella spp., and unarmored dinoflagellates (e.g., Karlodinium australe and Takayama sp.). These new sites affected and the increase in types of HABs and causative species could be attributed to various factors such as introduction through mariculture and eutrophication, and partly because of increased scientific awareness. These connections still need to be more concretely investigated. The link to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) should also be better understood if we want to discern how climate change plays a role in these patterns of HAB occurrences.

ACS Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez; Po Teen Lim; Chui Pin Leaw; Steffiana J. Jipanin; Mitsunori Iwataki; Garry Benico; Rhodora V. Azanza. Over 30 years of HABs in the Philippines and Malaysia: What have we learned? Harmful Algae 2020, 102, 101776 .

AMA Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez, Po Teen Lim, Chui Pin Leaw, Steffiana J. Jipanin, Mitsunori Iwataki, Garry Benico, Rhodora V. Azanza. Over 30 years of HABs in the Philippines and Malaysia: What have we learned? Harmful Algae. 2020; 102 ():101776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez; Po Teen Lim; Chui Pin Leaw; Steffiana J. Jipanin; Mitsunori Iwataki; Garry Benico; Rhodora V. Azanza. 2020. "Over 30 years of HABs in the Philippines and Malaysia: What have we learned?" Harmful Algae 102, no. : 101776.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) that produce toxins and those that lead to fish kills are global problems that appear to be increasing in frequency and expanding in area. One way to help mitigate their impacts on people's health and livelihoods is to develop early-warning systems. Models to predict and manage HABs typically make use of complex multi-model structures incorporating satellite imagery and frequent monitoring data with different levels of detail into hydrodynamic models. These relatively more sophisticated methods are not necessarily applicable in countries like the Philippines. Empirical statistical models can be simpler alternatives that have also been successful for HAB forecasting of toxic blooms. Here, we present the use of the random forest, a machine learning algorithm, to develop an early-warning system for the prediction of two different types of HABs: fish kill and toxic bloom occurrences in Bolinao-Anda, Philippines, using data that can be obtained from in situ sensors. This site features intensive and extensive mariculture activities, as well as a long history of HABs. Data on temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and chlorophyll from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed together with shellfish ban and fish kill occurrences. The random forest algorithm performed well: the fish kill and toxic bloom models were 96.1% and 97.8% accurate in predicting fish kill and shellfish ban occurrences, respectively. For both models, the most important predictive variable was a decrease in dissolved oxygen. Fish kills were more likely during higher salinity and temperature levels, whereas the toxic blooms occurred more at relatively lower salinity and higher chlorophyll conditions. This demonstrates a step towards integrating information from data that can be obtained through real-time sensors into a an early-warning system for two different types of HABs. Further testing of these models through times and different areas are recommended.

ACS Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez; Zheina J. Ottong. Predicting fish kills and toxic blooms in an intensive mariculture site in the Philippines using a machine learning model. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 707, 136173 .

AMA Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez, Zheina J. Ottong. Predicting fish kills and toxic blooms in an intensive mariculture site in the Philippines using a machine learning model. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 707 ():136173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez; Zheina J. Ottong. 2019. "Predicting fish kills and toxic blooms in an intensive mariculture site in the Philippines using a machine learning model." Science of The Total Environment 707, no. : 136173.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2019 in Toxins
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Bivalve molluscs represent an important food source within the Philippines, but the health of seafood consumers is compromised through the accumulation of harmful algal toxins in edible shellfish tissues. In order to assess the dynamics of toxin risk in shellfish, this study investigated the uptake, depuration, assimilation, and analogue changes of paralytic shellfish toxins in Perna viridis. Tank experiments were conducted where mussels were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Water and shellfish were sampled over a six day period to determine toxin concentrations in the shellfish meat and water, as well as algal cell densities. The maximum summed toxin concentration determined was 367 µg STX eq./100 g shellfish tissue, more than six times higher than the regulatory action limit in the Philippines. Several uptake and depuration cycles were observed during the study, with the first observed within the first 24 h coinciding with high algal cell densities. Toxin burdens were assessed within different parts of the shellfish tissue, with the highest levels quantified in the mantle during the first 18 h period but shifting towards the gut thereafter. A comparison of toxin profile data evidenced the conversion of GTX1,4 in the source algae to the less potent GTX2,3 in the shellfish tissue. Overall, the study illustrated the temporal variability in Perna viridis toxin concentrations during a modelled algal bloom event, and the accumulation of toxin from the water even after toxic algae were removed.

ACS Style

John Kristoffer Andres; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Jennifer Mary Maister; Andrew D. Turner; Dave Eldon B. Olano; Jenelyn Mendoza; Lilibeth Salvador-Reyes; Rhodora V. Azanza. Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis). Toxins 2019, 11, 468 .

AMA Style

John Kristoffer Andres, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Jennifer Mary Maister, Andrew D. Turner, Dave Eldon B. Olano, Jenelyn Mendoza, Lilibeth Salvador-Reyes, Rhodora V. Azanza. Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis). Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Kristoffer Andres; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Jennifer Mary Maister; Andrew D. Turner; Dave Eldon B. Olano; Jenelyn Mendoza; Lilibeth Salvador-Reyes; Rhodora V. Azanza. 2019. "Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis)." Toxins 11, no. 8: 468.

Journal article
Published: 07 September 2018 in Harmful Algae
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In contrast to temperate Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), knowledge on the mechanisms driving tropical HABs are less well studied. The interaction of a seasonal temperature window, cysts (for certain species) and large-scale transport are some of the key processes in temperate HABs. In the Philippines, HABs occur not along long open coastlines, but in embayments that are highly influenced by run-off and stratification. These embayments are typically also the sites of cultured or wild harvest shellfish and other aquaculture activities. Sorsogon Bay in the northeastern Philippines has experienced prolonged shellfish-harvesting bans due to blooms by Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum severely affecting the fisheries industry in this area, as well as leading to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning illnesses and fatalities. A novel integrated model was developed that mechanistically captures the interactions between hydrodynamic conditions, nutrients, the life history (cells and cysts) of Pyrodinium, as well as the cultured shellfish within the bay and their ensuing toxicities due to ingestion of toxic Pyrodinium cells and cysts. This is the second model developed for HABs in the Philippines, and the first to integrate different components of Pyrodinium bloom dynamics. The model is modularly composed of a watershed nutrient and diffusion model, a 3D hydrodynamic model, a Pyrodinium population model and a shellfish toxin model. It was able to capture the observed temporal variations of Pyrodinium and shellfish toxicity. It was also able to represent some aspects of the spatial distribution in Sorsogon Bay though there were discrepancies. To explore the dynamics of blooms, the linkages between the bloom and decline of the Pyrodinium population with shellfish toxicity as affected by temperature, salinity and nutrients were investigated. Comparisons with field results showed the seasonality of blooms in Sorsogon Bay is driven by increased rainfall. The timing of these conditions is important in facilitating Pyrodinium excystment and reproduction. Model results showed as well the potential significance of shellfish grazing and dinoflagellate cell mortality in influencing the decline of the bloom, and toxicity levels. This approach is promising in helping to understand mechanisms for HABs more holistically, and the model can be further improved to provide more precise quantitative information.

ACS Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez; Jennifer Maister; Cesar L. Villanoy; Josephine Dianne Deauna; Eileen Peñaflor; Aldwin Almo; Laura T. David; Garry A. Benico; Ellen Hibay; Irmi Mora; Sandra Arcamo; Jun Relox; Rhodora V. Azanza. Insights into the dynamics of harmful algal blooms in a tropical estuary through an integrated hydrodynamic-Pyrodinium-shellfish model. Harmful Algae 2018, 80, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez, Jennifer Maister, Cesar L. Villanoy, Josephine Dianne Deauna, Eileen Peñaflor, Aldwin Almo, Laura T. David, Garry A. Benico, Ellen Hibay, Irmi Mora, Sandra Arcamo, Jun Relox, Rhodora V. Azanza. Insights into the dynamics of harmful algal blooms in a tropical estuary through an integrated hydrodynamic-Pyrodinium-shellfish model. Harmful Algae. 2018; 80 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aletta T. Yñiguez; Jennifer Maister; Cesar L. Villanoy; Josephine Dianne Deauna; Eileen Peñaflor; Aldwin Almo; Laura T. David; Garry A. Benico; Ellen Hibay; Irmi Mora; Sandra Arcamo; Jun Relox; Rhodora V. Azanza. 2018. "Insights into the dynamics of harmful algal blooms in a tropical estuary through an integrated hydrodynamic-Pyrodinium-shellfish model." Harmful Algae 80, no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2004 in Phycological Research
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ACS Style

Rhodora V. Azanza; Fernando P. Siringan; Maria Lourdes San Diego‐McGlone; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Neil H. Macalalad; Peter B. Zamora; Melissa B. Agustin; Kazumi Matsuoka. Horizontal dinoflagellate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines. Phycological Research 2004, 52, 376 -386.

AMA Style

Rhodora V. Azanza, Fernando P. Siringan, Maria Lourdes San Diego‐McGlone, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Neil H. Macalalad, Peter B. Zamora, Melissa B. Agustin, Kazumi Matsuoka. Horizontal dinoflagellate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines. Phycological Research. 2004; 52 (4):376-386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rhodora V. Azanza; Fernando P. Siringan; Maria Lourdes San Diego‐McGlone; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Neil H. Macalalad; Peter B. Zamora; Melissa B. Agustin; Kazumi Matsuoka. 2004. "Horizontal dinoflagellate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines." Phycological Research 52, no. 4: 376-386.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2004 in Phycological Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Rhodora V. Azanza; Fernando P. Siringan; Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Neil H. Macalalad; Peter B. Zamora; Melissa B. Agustin; Kazumi Matsuoka. Horizontal dinoflage11ate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines. Phycological Research 2004, 52, 376 -386.

AMA Style

Rhodora V. Azanza, Fernando P. Siringan, Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Neil H. Macalalad, Peter B. Zamora, Melissa B. Agustin, Kazumi Matsuoka. Horizontal dinoflage11ate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines. Phycological Research. 2004; 52 (4):376-386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rhodora V. Azanza; Fernando P. Siringan; Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Neil H. Macalalad; Peter B. Zamora; Melissa B. Agustin; Kazumi Matsuoka. 2004. "Horizontal dinoflage11ate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines." Phycological Research 52, no. 4: 376-386.