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Prof. Tuhkanen Tuula
Department of Biology and Environment Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland

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0 Drinking Water
0 Pharmaceuticals
0 Wastewater
0 Water Quality
0 Water Treatment

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Journal article
Published: 13 May 2020 in Water
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Presence of antimicrobial cocktails in the hydrological cycles is of interest because of their potential to mediate antimicrobial resistance within the natural environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, effluent suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface waters and river sediments in Kenya in order to determine the extent of pollution within the sampled environment. Target analysis for the most common antibiotics and ARVDs was done. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim (TMP), norfloxacin (NOR), zidovidine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP) were analyzed using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Effluent aqueous phase had concentrations ranging between 1.2 µg L−1 to 956.4 µg L−1 while the effluent SPM showed higher concentrations, ranging between 2.19 mg Kg−1 and 82.26 mg Kg−1. This study shows emission of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from WWTP to the environment mainly occurs via the SPM phase, which is usually overlooked in environmental analyses. Concentrations in surface waters and river sediments ranged between 1.1 µg L−1 to 228 µg L−1 and 11 µg Kg−1 to 4125 µg Kg−1 respectively. ARVDs occurred at consistently higher concentrations than antibiotics in both the aqueous and solid samples. The wastewater treatment plants and lagoons where sludge degradation should occur, are sources of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) including transformational products, nutrients and organic matter that are released back to the aqueous phase.

ACS Style

Pius Kairigo; Elijah Ngumba; Lotta-Riina Sundberg; Anthony Gachanja; Tuula Tuhkanen. Contamination of Surface Water and River Sediments by Antibiotic and Antiretroviral Drug Cocktails in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Occurrence, Risk and Mitigation Strategies. Water 2020, 12, 1376 .

AMA Style

Pius Kairigo, Elijah Ngumba, Lotta-Riina Sundberg, Anthony Gachanja, Tuula Tuhkanen. Contamination of Surface Water and River Sediments by Antibiotic and Antiretroviral Drug Cocktails in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Occurrence, Risk and Mitigation Strategies. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pius Kairigo; Elijah Ngumba; Lotta-Riina Sundberg; Anthony Gachanja; Tuula Tuhkanen. 2020. "Contamination of Surface Water and River Sediments by Antibiotic and Antiretroviral Drug Cocktails in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Occurrence, Risk and Mitigation Strategies." Water 12, no. 5: 1376.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Chemosphere
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A trial monitoring of a typical full-scale municipal WWTP in Central Finland was aimed to explore applicability of high performance liquid chromatography – size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection as a tool for advanced routine monitoring of wastewater treatment. High, intermediate, and low molecular weight (MW) fractions of wastewater influent and secondary effluent were characterized in terms of UV absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) and specific fluorescence represented tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like, and humic/fulvic-like compounds. The activated sludge treatment removed 97 ± 1% of BOD, 93 ± 2% of COD, 71 ± 7% of DOC, and 24 ± 7% of TN, while reduction of total UVA254 was 50 ± 6%. Intensity of total fluorescence signal declined by ∼80% for tyrosine-like, by 60–70% for tryptophan-like, and by 7–36% for humic/fulvic-like compounds. Low and intermediate MW humic/fulvic-like compounds fluorescing at λex/λem = 390/500 nm demonstrated recalcitrant behavior. Protein-like and humic/fulvic-like fractions of low MW < 1 kDa accounted for 60–65% of total UVA254 and 50–70% of total fluorescence of whole influent and effluent samples. Strong linear correlations were observed between BOD, COD, DOC, UVA254 and tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like fluorescence. The analytical approach based on HPSEC with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection allows rapid and advanced characterization of natural and anthropogenic organic matter in water treatment and distribution systems. Fairly good resolution archived in the HPSEC separation offers new opportunities for fingerprinting and tracking specific wastewater fractions.

ACS Style

Alexey Ignatev; Tuula Tuhkanen. Monitoring WWTP performance using size-exclusion chromatography with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection to track recalcitrant wastewater fractions. Chemosphere 2018, 214, 587 -597.

AMA Style

Alexey Ignatev, Tuula Tuhkanen. Monitoring WWTP performance using size-exclusion chromatography with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection to track recalcitrant wastewater fractions. Chemosphere. 2018; 214 ():587-597.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexey Ignatev; Tuula Tuhkanen. 2018. "Monitoring WWTP performance using size-exclusion chromatography with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection to track recalcitrant wastewater fractions." Chemosphere 214, no. : 587-597.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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In this paper, we investigated the occurrence of three antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin) and three antiretroviral (lamivudine, nevirapine and zidovudine) drugs in the Nairobi River Basin, Kenya. The analytical procedure involved extraction using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS). In this study, 40 sites were selected for sampling, including 38 sites along the rivers and 2 wastewater treatment effluent sites. All the studied compounds were detected with sulfamethoxazole having the highest detection frequency of 97.5% and ciprofloxacin had the lowest at 60%. The results showed that the concentration of the drugs increased in highly populated regions especially within the informal settlements. The maximum (median) concentrations in the river waters for sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, lamivudine, nevirapine and zidovudine in ng/L were 13,800 (1800), 2650 (327), 509 (129), 5430 (1000), 4860 (769), and 7680 (660), respectively. The maximum concentrations in the river waters were generally higher than those of the wastewater treatment plant effluents signifying that the rivers are substantially contaminated by domestic wastewater. The environmental risk was evaluated by calculating the risk quotients (RQs) for algae, daphnia and fish based on the maximum and median concentrations of the analytes in the river basin and was expressed as the ratios of measured environmental concentrations (MEC) to predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC). The RQs ranged from 0 to 507.8 and apart from lamivudine that had a low RQ, all the other analytes had RQ>1 at maximum and median measured concentrations for at least one taxonomic group. The high RQs are indicative of possible adverse ecological effects and calls for corrective and mitigation strategies.

ACS Style

Elijah Ngumba; Anthony Gachanja; Tuula Tuhkanen. Occurrence of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in Nairobi River Basin, Kenya. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 539, 206 -213.

AMA Style

Elijah Ngumba, Anthony Gachanja, Tuula Tuhkanen. Occurrence of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in Nairobi River Basin, Kenya. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 539 ():206-213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elijah Ngumba; Anthony Gachanja; Tuula Tuhkanen. 2016. "Occurrence of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in Nairobi River Basin, Kenya." Science of The Total Environment 539, no. : 206-213.