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Developments in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer material industry over the last few decades, resulting in a series of fascinating multifunctional composites used in fields ranging from portable electronic devices, entertainment and sports to the military, aerospace, and automotive sectors. CNTs offer good thermal and electrical properties, as well as a low density and a high Young’s modulus, making them suitable nanofillers for polymer composites. As mechanical reinforcements for structural applications CNTs are unique due to their nano-dimensions and size, as well as their incredible strength. Although a large number of studies have been conducted on these novel materials, there have only been a few reviews published on their mechanical performance in polymer composites. As a result, in this review we have covered some of the key application factors as well as the mechanical properties of CNTs-reinforced polymer composites. Finally, the potential uses of CNTs hybridised with polymer composites reinforced with natural fibres such as kenaf fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, bamboo fibre, and sugar palm fibre have been highlighted.
N. M. Nurazzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; M. M. Harussani; S. H. Kamarudin; M. Rayung; M. R. M. Asyraf; H. A. Aisyah; M. N. F. Norrrahim; R. A. Ilyas; N. Abdullah; E. S. Zainudin; S. M. Sapuan; A. Khalina. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites—A Review. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2186 .
AMA StyleN. M. Nurazzi, F. A. Sabaruddin, M. M. Harussani, S. H. Kamarudin, M. Rayung, M. R. M. Asyraf, H. A. Aisyah, M. N. F. Norrrahim, R. A. Ilyas, N. Abdullah, E. S. Zainudin, S. M. Sapuan, A. Khalina. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites—A Review. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (9):2186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. M. Nurazzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; M. M. Harussani; S. H. Kamarudin; M. Rayung; M. R. M. Asyraf; H. A. Aisyah; M. N. F. Norrrahim; R. A. Ilyas; N. Abdullah; E. S. Zainudin; S. M. Sapuan; A. Khalina. 2021. "Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites—A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9: 2186.
Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.
N. M. Nurazzi; M. R. M. Asyraf; M. Rayung; M. N. F. Norrrahim; S. S. Shazleen; M. S. A. Rani; A. R. Shafi; H. A. Aisyah; M. H. M. Radzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; R. A. Ilyas; E. S. Zainudin; K. Abdan. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers 2021, 13, 2710 .
AMA StyleN. M. Nurazzi, M. R. M. Asyraf, M. Rayung, M. N. F. Norrrahim, S. S. Shazleen, M. S. A. Rani, A. R. Shafi, H. A. Aisyah, M. H. M. Radzi, F. A. Sabaruddin, R. A. Ilyas, E. S. Zainudin, K. Abdan. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers. 2021; 13 (16):2710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. M. Nurazzi; M. R. M. Asyraf; M. Rayung; M. N. F. Norrrahim; S. S. Shazleen; M. S. A. Rani; A. R. Shafi; H. A. Aisyah; M. H. M. Radzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; R. A. Ilyas; E. S. Zainudin; K. Abdan. 2021. "Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments." Polymers 13, no. 16: 2710.
In the determination of the bioavailability of drugs administered orally, the drugs’ solubility and permeability play a crucial role. For absorption of drug molecules and production of a pharmacological response, solubility is an important parameter that defines the concentration of the drug in systemic circulation. It is a challenging task to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs that have poor water solubility. Most drug molecules are either poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous environments. Polymer nanocomposites are combinations of two or more different materials that possess unique characteristics and are fused together with sufficient energy in such a manner that the resultant material will have the best properties of both materials. These polymeric materials (biodegradable and other naturally bioactive polymers) are comprised of nanosized particles in a composition of other materials. A systematic search was carried out on Web of Science and SCOPUS using different keywords, and 485 records were found. After the screening and eligibility process, 88 journal articles were found to be eligible, and hence selected to be reviewed and analyzed. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials have emerged in the manufacture of therapeutic and pharmacologic devices, such as impermanent implantation and 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration and biomedical applications. Substantial effort has been made in the usage of bio-based polymers for potential pharmacologic and biomedical purposes, including targeted deliveries and drug carriers for regulated drug release. These implementations necessitate unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic, microbiological, metabolic, and degradation characteristics of the materials in order to provide prolific therapeutic treatments. As a result, a broadly diverse spectrum of natural or artificially synthesized polymers capable of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolyzing, or enzyme decomposition are being explored for biomedical purposes. This summary examines the contemporary status of biodegradable naturally and synthetically derived polymers for biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, bioengineering, targeted drug discovery and delivery, implantation, and wound repair and healing. This review presents an insight into a number of the commonly used tissue engineering applications, including drug delivery carrier systems, demonstrated in the recent findings. Due to the inherent remarkable properties of biodegradable and bioactive polymers, such as their antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, certain materials have gained significant interest in recent years. These systems are also actively being researched to improve therapeutic activity and mitigate adverse consequences. In this article, we also present the main drug delivery systems reported in the literature and the main methods available to impregnate the polymeric scaffolds with drugs, their properties, and their respective benefits for tissue engineering.
Shubham Sharma; P. Sudhakara; Jujhar Singh; R. Ilyas; M. Asyraf; M. Razman. Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 2623 .
AMA StyleShubham Sharma, P. Sudhakara, Jujhar Singh, R. Ilyas, M. Asyraf, M. Razman. Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (16):2623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShubham Sharma; P. Sudhakara; Jujhar Singh; R. Ilyas; M. Asyraf; M. Razman. 2021. "Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications." Polymers 13, no. 16: 2623.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value derived by the local community from cultural heritage and natural heritage in Jugra, Kuala Langat, as it has the potential to be a recognized heritage tourism site. The quantitative approach was used by conducting a survey study. A total of 392 respondents among the local community were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The collected data were processed with SPSS software and analyzed using cross tabulation analysis. Then, several hypotheses were tested using AMOS software. The result showed that Jugra’s unique heritage elements positively influenced the respondent’s willingness to accept and fund its tourism development. Socioeconomic factors also influenced the respondents’ disposition to preserve heritage. The findings revealed that there was priceless value when respondents agreed with the development, although they had never visited the heritage sites. Their physical, economic, and social valuation made them proud of the heritage, as it is a reflection of their identity. This study also aims to emphasize the role of local community as one of the stakeholders, as they should also be able to benefit from tourism development. All these would help boost the tourism industry, particularly through the archaeo-tourism and eco-tourism perspectives.
Zainab Roslan; Zuliskandar Ramli; Muhammad Razman; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; N. Nurazzi. Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8705 .
AMA StyleZainab Roslan, Zuliskandar Ramli, Muhammad Razman, M. Asyraf, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, N. Nurazzi. Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZainab Roslan; Zuliskandar Ramli; Muhammad Razman; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; N. Nurazzi. 2021. "Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8705.
Six different solvents were used as extraction medium (water, methanol, ethanol, acidified methanol, benzene and acetone) to check their phenolics extraction efficacy from flour of two rye cultivars. Rye extracts with different solvents were further analyzed for the estimation of phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. Different tests (TPC, TAC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, RPA and CTC) were performed to check the antioxidant properties and tannin contents in extracts. A bioactive profile of a rye cultivar indicated the presence of total phenolic compounds (0.08–2.62 mg GAE/g), total antioxidant capacity (0.9–6.8 mg AAE/g) and condensed tannin content (4.24–9.28 mg CE/100 g). HPLC was done to check phenolics in rye extract with the best solvent (water), which indicated the presence of Catechol (91.1–120.4 mg/100 g), resorcinol (52–70.3 mg/100 g), vanillin (1.3–5.5 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (1.4–1.5 mg/100 g), quercetin (4.6–4.67 mg/100 g) and benzoic acid (5.3 mg/100 g) in rye extracts. The presence of DNA damage protection potential in rye extracts indicates its medicinal importance. Rye flour could be utilized in the preparation of antioxidant-rich health-benefiting food products.
Pinderpal Kaur; Kawaljit Sandhu; Sneh Bangar; Sukhvinder Purewal; Maninder Kaur; Rushdan Ilyas; Muhammad Asyraf; Muhammad Razman. Unraveling the Bioactive Profile, Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protection Potential of Rye (Secale cereale) Flour. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1214 .
AMA StylePinderpal Kaur, Kawaljit Sandhu, Sneh Bangar, Sukhvinder Purewal, Maninder Kaur, Rushdan Ilyas, Muhammad Asyraf, Muhammad Razman. Unraveling the Bioactive Profile, Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protection Potential of Rye (Secale cereale) Flour. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (8):1214.
Chicago/Turabian StylePinderpal Kaur; Kawaljit Sandhu; Sneh Bangar; Sukhvinder Purewal; Maninder Kaur; Rushdan Ilyas; Muhammad Asyraf; Muhammad Razman. 2021. "Unraveling the Bioactive Profile, Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protection Potential of Rye (Secale cereale) Flour." Antioxidants 10, no. 8: 1214.
In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites’ mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.
N. Nurazzi; M. Asyraf; S. Fatimah Athiyah; S. Shazleen; S. Rafiqah; M. Harussani; S. Kamarudin; M. Razman; M. Rahmah; E. Zainudin; R. Ilyas; H. Aisyah; M. Norrrahim; N. Abdullah; S. Sapuan; A. Khalina. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 2170 .
AMA StyleN. Nurazzi, M. Asyraf, S. Fatimah Athiyah, S. Shazleen, S. Rafiqah, M. Harussani, S. Kamarudin, M. Razman, M. Rahmah, E. Zainudin, R. Ilyas, H. Aisyah, M. Norrrahim, N. Abdullah, S. Sapuan, A. Khalina. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (13):2170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Nurazzi; M. Asyraf; S. Fatimah Athiyah; S. Shazleen; S. Rafiqah; M. Harussani; S. Kamarudin; M. Razman; M. Rahmah; E. Zainudin; R. Ilyas; H. Aisyah; M. Norrrahim; N. Abdullah; S. Sapuan; A. Khalina. 2021. "A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications." Polymers 13, no. 13: 2170.
Natural fibers have attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composites because of their “greener” nature and contribution to sustainable practice. Various industries have shifted toward sustainable technology in order to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. This manuscript aims to provide a brief review of the development of the foremost natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite (NFRPC) product designs and their applications. The first part of the manuscript presents a summary of the background of various natural fibers and their composites in the context of engineering applications. The behaviors of NFPCs vary with fiber type, source, and structure. Several drawbacks of NFPCs, e.g., higher water absorption rate, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties, have limited their applications. This has necessitated the development of good practice in systematic engineering design in order to attain optimized NRPC products. Product design and manufacturing engineering need to move in a mutually considerate manner in order to produce successful natural fiber-based composite material products. The design process involves concept design, material selection, and finally, the manufacturing of the design. Numerous products have been commercialized using natural fibers, e.g., sports equipment, musical instruments, and electronic products. In the end, this review provides a guideline for the product design process based on natural fibers, which subsequently leads to a sustainable design.
M. Azman; M. Asyraf; A. Khalina; Michal Petrů; C. Ruzaidi; S. Sapuan; W. Wan Nik; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; M. Suriani. Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 1917 .
AMA StyleM. Azman, M. Asyraf, A. Khalina, Michal Petrů, C. Ruzaidi, S. Sapuan, W. Wan Nik, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, M. Suriani. Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review. Polymers. 2021; 13 (12):1917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Azman; M. Asyraf; A. Khalina; Michal Petrů; C. Ruzaidi; S. Sapuan; W. Wan Nik; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; M. Suriani. 2021. "Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review." Polymers 13, no. 12: 1917.
The existing cross arms in high transmission towers are made of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (PGFRPC). The moisture, temperature change in the atmosphere, and other environmental factors affect the performance of these members and cause a complete failure. It is apparent that any material used in such applications is susceptible to attack from environmental factors. Therefore, a feasible solution for this issue is to enhance the PGFRPC with a composite-filled sandwich structure as an alternative that could sustain longer than the existing cross arms due to its superior performance under bending and compressive loads. This paper presents a case study on experimental and analytical mechanical performance of both PGFRPCs and composite-filled sandwich structure. In this review, the composite-filled sandwich structure is proposed as an alternative to the conventional PGFRPC.
A.L. Amir; M.R. Ishak; N. Yidris; M.Y.M. Zuhri; M.R.M. Asyraf. Advances of composite cross arms with incorporation of material core structures: Manufacturability, recent progress and views. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 13, 1115 -1131.
AMA StyleA.L. Amir, M.R. Ishak, N. Yidris, M.Y.M. Zuhri, M.R.M. Asyraf. Advances of composite cross arms with incorporation of material core structures: Manufacturability, recent progress and views. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 13 ():1115-1131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.L. Amir; M.R. Ishak; N. Yidris; M.Y.M. Zuhri; M.R.M. Asyraf. 2021. "Advances of composite cross arms with incorporation of material core structures: Manufacturability, recent progress and views." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 13, no. : 1115-1131.
Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.
R. Ilyas; S. Sapuan; M. Asyraf; D. Dayana; J. Amelia; M. Rani; Mohd Norrrahim; N. Nurazzi; H. Aisyah; Shubham Sharma; M. Ishak; M. Rafidah; M. Razman. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers 2021, 13, 1701 .
AMA StyleR. Ilyas, S. Sapuan, M. Asyraf, D. Dayana, J. Amelia, M. Rani, Mohd Norrrahim, N. Nurazzi, H. Aisyah, Shubham Sharma, M. Ishak, M. Rafidah, M. Razman. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1701.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Ilyas; S. Sapuan; M. Asyraf; D. Dayana; J. Amelia; M. Rani; Mohd Norrrahim; N. Nurazzi; H. Aisyah; Shubham Sharma; M. Ishak; M. Rafidah; M. Razman. 2021. "Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1701.
Nowadays, pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite (PGFRPC) structures have been used widely for cross-arms in high transmission towers. These composite structures have replaced cross-arms of conventional materials like wood due to several factors, such as better strength, superior resistance to environmental degradation, reduced weight, and comparatively cheaper maintenance. However, lately, several performance failures have been found on existing cross-arm members, caused by moisture, temperature changes in the atmosphere, and other environmental factors, which may lead to a complete failure or reduced service life. As a potential solution for this problem, enhancing PGFRPC with honeycomb-filled composite structures will become a possible alternative that can sustain a longer service life compared to that of existing cross-arms. This is due to the new composite structures’ superior performance under mechanical duress in providing better stiffness, excellence in flexural characteristics, good energy absorption, and increased load-carrying capacity. Although there has been a lack of previous research done on the enhancement of existing composite cross-arms in applications for high transmission towers, several studies on the enhancement of hollow beams and tubes have been done. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review study on the mechanical efficiency of both PGFRPC structures and honeycomb-filled composite sandwich structures in experimental and analytical terms.
Abd Amir; Mohamad Ishak; Noorfaizal Yidris; Mohamed Zuhri; Muhammad Asyraf. Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers 2021, 13, 1341 .
AMA StyleAbd Amir, Mohamad Ishak, Noorfaizal Yidris, Mohamed Zuhri, Muhammad Asyraf. Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers. 2021; 13 (8):1341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd Amir; Mohamad Ishak; Noorfaizal Yidris; Mohamed Zuhri; Muhammad Asyraf. 2021. "Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties." Polymers 13, no. 8: 1341.
Over recent years, enthusiasm towards the manufacturing of biopolymers has attracted considerable attention due to the rising concern about depleting resources and worsening pollution. Among the biopolymers available in the world, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the highest biopolymers produced globally and thus, making it suitable for product commercialisation. Therefore, the effectiveness of natural fibre reinforced PLA composite as an alternative material to substitute the non-renewable petroleum-based materials has been examined by researchers. The type of fibre used in fibre/matrix adhesion is very important because it influences the biocomposites’ mechanical properties. Besides that, an outline of the present circumstance of natural fibre-reinforced PLA 3D printing, as well as its functions in 4D printing for applications of stimuli-responsive polymers were also discussed. This research paper aims to present the development and conducted studies on PLA-based natural fibre bio-composites over the last decade. This work reviews recent PLA-derived bio-composite research related to PLA synthesis and biodegradation, its properties, processes, challenges and prospects.
R.A. Ilyas; S.M. Sapuan; M.M. Harussani; M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi; M.Z.M. Haziq; M.S.N. Atikah; M.R.M. Asyraf; M.R. Ishak; M.R. Razman; N.M. Nurazzi; M.N.F. Norrrahim; Hairul Abral; Mochamad Asrofi. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 1326 .
AMA StyleR.A. Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, M.M. Harussani, M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi, M.Z.M. Haziq, M.S.N. Atikah, M.R.M. Asyraf, M.R. Ishak, M.R. Razman, N.M. Nurazzi, M.N.F. Norrrahim, Hairul Abral, Mochamad Asrofi. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (8):1326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR.A. Ilyas; S.M. Sapuan; M.M. Harussani; M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi; M.Z.M. Haziq; M.S.N. Atikah; M.R.M. Asyraf; M.R. Ishak; M.R. Razman; N.M. Nurazzi; M.N.F. Norrrahim; Hairul Abral; Mochamad Asrofi. 2021. "Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications." Polymers 13, no. 8: 1326.
Despite growing urban electricity consumption, information on actual energy use in the household sector is still limited and causal factors leading to electricity consumption remain speculative due to urban expansion and its growing complexity, particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia. This study aims to examine the critical determinants of household electricity consumption by evaluating the patterns and flows of consumption and analysing relationships and their effects on electricity usage among 620 urban households in Seremban, Malaysia. Results suggest that the average urban household electricity consumption is 648.31 kWh/month; this value continues to grow with the increase in the household monthly income (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) and number of rooms (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) as quality of life improves. A large portion of electricity is allocated for kitchen/home consumption, followed by cooling and lighting. Multiple linear regressions revealed that married households with a high monthly income and living in spacious houses together with three to five people are important predictors of electricity consumption in Seremban. This study empirically identified that the number of rooms is the most critical factor of electricity consumption and strategies to increase energy efficiency, maintain resource sustainability and minimise greenhouse gas threat on the urban ecosystem are vital. Therefore, promoting low carbon initiatives for energy conservation and technology improvement and implementing policies in the domestic sector are essential to achieve the greatest potential energy consumption reduction in urban regions.
Sharif Ali; Muhammad Razman; Azahan Awang; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; Roderick Lawrence. Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4441 .
AMA StyleSharif Ali, Muhammad Razman, Azahan Awang, M. Asyraf, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, Roderick Lawrence. Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharif Ali; Muhammad Razman; Azahan Awang; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; Roderick Lawrence. 2021. "Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4441.
A novel class of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanomaterials has been surging since 1991 due to their noticeable mechanical and electrical properties, as well as their good electron transport properties. This is evidence that the development of CNT-reinforced polymer composites could contribute in expanding many areas of use, from energy-related devices to structural components. As a promising material with a wide range of applications, their poor solubility in aqueous and organic solvents has hindered the utilizations of CNTs. The current state of research in CNTs—both single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced polymer composites—was reviewed in the context of the presently employed covalent and non-covalent functionalization. As such, this overview intends to provide a critical assessment of a surging class of composite materials and unveil the successful development associated with CNT-incorporated polymer composites. The mechanisms related to the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of CNT-reinforced polymer composites is also discussed. It is vital to understand how the addition of CNTs in a polymer composite alters the microstructure at the micro- and nano-scale, as well as how these modifications influence overall structural behavior, not only in its as fabricated form but also its functionalization techniques. The technological superiority gained with CNT addition to polymer composites may be advantageous, but scientific values are here to be critically explored for reliable, sustainable, and structural reliability in different industrial needs.
Norizan Mohd Nurazzi; M.R.M. Asyraf; Abdan Khalina; Norli Abdullah; Fatimah Sabaruddin; Siti Kamarudin; So’Bah Ahmad; Annie Mahat; Chuan Lee; H. Aisyah; Mohd Norrrahim; R. Ilyas; M. Harussani; M. Ishak; S. Sapuan. Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview. Polymers 2021, 13, 1047 .
AMA StyleNorizan Mohd Nurazzi, M.R.M. Asyraf, Abdan Khalina, Norli Abdullah, Fatimah Sabaruddin, Siti Kamarudin, So’Bah Ahmad, Annie Mahat, Chuan Lee, H. Aisyah, Mohd Norrrahim, R. Ilyas, M. Harussani, M. Ishak, S. Sapuan. Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorizan Mohd Nurazzi; M.R.M. Asyraf; Abdan Khalina; Norli Abdullah; Fatimah Sabaruddin; Siti Kamarudin; So’Bah Ahmad; Annie Mahat; Chuan Lee; H. Aisyah; Mohd Norrrahim; R. Ilyas; M. Harussani; M. Ishak; S. Sapuan. 2021. "Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1047.
Cross arms are mainly made up of wood (conventional) and pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (modern) installed in suspension tower. However, the creep response of both materials has not been fully covered in many literatures to explain the long-term durability of the current cross arm design. Thus, it is necessary to find the creep trends and models to evaluate the behavior in the tropical outdoor environment. The creep properties of Balau wood and pultruded composite at load of 10, 20 and 30 % of ultimate flexural stress were evaluated from quasi-static flexural test results. Using several creep numerical models, the creep properties of wood and composite cross arms were modelled. The results showed that the GFRP had a significant value of flexural strength, while Balau wood performed better in flexural modulus. In terms of creep properties, GFRP specimen exhibited high creep resistance with greater stability during transition from elastic to viscoelastic phase. From numerical modelling perspective, the simulated creep trends from Burger and Norton models were deviated from the experimental data. Subsequently, the most suitable creep model to forecast the creep behavior for wood and composite specimens was Findley model. All in all, pultruded composite is the most appropriate durable material to be applied in cross arms, while Findley model is a suitable model to represent creep performance of anisotropic materials.
M. R. M. Asyraf; M. R. Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris. Comparison of Static and Long-term Creep Behaviors between Balau Wood and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Cross-arm Application. Fibers and Polymers 2021, 22, 793 -803.
AMA StyleM. R. M. Asyraf, M. R. Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, N. Yidris. Comparison of Static and Long-term Creep Behaviors between Balau Wood and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Cross-arm Application. Fibers and Polymers. 2021; 22 (3):793-803.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. R. M. Asyraf; M. R. Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris. 2021. "Comparison of Static and Long-term Creep Behaviors between Balau Wood and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Cross-arm Application." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 3: 793-803.
Previously, numerous creep studies on wood materials have been conducted in various coupon-scale tests. None had conducted research on creep properties of full-scale wooden cross-arms under actual environment and working load conditions. Hence, this research established findings on effect of braced arms on the creep behaviors of Virgin Balau (Shorea dipterocarpaceae) wood timber cross-arm in 132 kV latticed tower. In this research, creep properties of the main members of both current and braced wooden cross-arm designs were evaluated under actual working load conditions at 1000 h. The wooden cross-arm was assembled on a custom-made creep test rig at an outdoor area to simulate its long-term mechanical behaviours under actual environment of tropical climate conditions. Further creep numerical analyses were also performed by using Findley and Burger models in order to elaborate the transient creep, elastic and viscoelastic moduli of both wooden cross-arm configurations. The findings display that the reinforcement of braced arms in cross-arm structure significantly reduced its creep strain. The inclusion of bracing system in cross-arm structure enhanced transient creep and stress independent material exponent of the wooden structure. The addition of braced arms also improved elastic and viscoelastic moduli of wooden cross-arm structure. Thus, the outcomes suggested that the installation of bracing system in wooden cross-arm could extend the structure’s service life. Subsequently, this effort would ease maintenance and reduce cost for long-term applications in transmission towers.
Muhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. Influence of Additional Bracing Arms as Reinforcement Members in Wooden Timber Cross-Arms on Their Long-Term Creep Responses and Properties. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2061 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Asyraf, Mohamad Ishak, Salit Sapuan, Noorfaizal Yidris. Influence of Additional Bracing Arms as Reinforcement Members in Wooden Timber Cross-Arms on Their Long-Term Creep Responses and Properties. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (5):2061.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. 2021. "Influence of Additional Bracing Arms as Reinforcement Members in Wooden Timber Cross-Arms on Their Long-Term Creep Responses and Properties." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5: 2061.
Even though natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have been widely used in automotive and building industries, there is still a room to promote them to high-level structural applications such as primary structural component specifically for bullet proof and ballistic applications. The promising performance of Kevlar fabrics and aramid had widely implemented in numerous ballistic and bullet proof applications including for bullet proof helmets, vest, and other armor parts provides an acceptable range of protection to soldiers. However, disposal of used Kevlar products would affect the disruption of the ecosystem and pollutes the environment. Replacing the current Kevlar fabric and aramid in the protective equipment with natural fibers with enhanced kinetic energy absorption and dissipation has been significant effort to upgrade the ballistic performance of the composite structure with green and renewable resources. The vast availability, low cost and ease of manufacturing of natural fibers have grasped the attention of researchers around the globe in order to study them in heavy armory equipment and high durable products. The possibility in enhancement of natural fiber’s mechanical properties has led the extension of research studies toward the application of NFRPCs for structural and ballistic applications. Hence, this article established a state-of-the-art review on the influence of utilizing various natural fibers as an alternative material to Kevlar fabric for armor structure system. The article also focuses on the effect of layering and sequencing of natural fiber fabric in the composites to advance the current armor structure system.
N. Nurazzi; M. Asyraf; A. Khalina; N. Abdullah; H. Aisyah; S. Rafiqah; F. Sabaruddin; S. Kamarudin; M. Norrrahim; R. Ilyas; S. Sapuan. A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Bullet Proof and Ballistic Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 646 .
AMA StyleN. Nurazzi, M. Asyraf, A. Khalina, N. Abdullah, H. Aisyah, S. Rafiqah, F. Sabaruddin, S. Kamarudin, M. Norrrahim, R. Ilyas, S. Sapuan. A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Bullet Proof and Ballistic Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (4):646.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Nurazzi; M. Asyraf; A. Khalina; N. Abdullah; H. Aisyah; S. Rafiqah; F. Sabaruddin; S. Kamarudin; M. Norrrahim; R. Ilyas; S. Sapuan. 2021. "A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Bullet Proof and Ballistic Applications." Polymers 13, no. 4: 646.
The application of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (PGFRPCs) as a replacement for conventional wooden cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new. Although numerous studies have conducted creep tests on coupon-scale PGFRPC cross-arms, none had performed creep analyses on full-scale PGFRPC cross-arms under actual working load conditions. Thus, this work proposed to study the influence of an additional bracing system on the creep responses of PGFRPC cross-arms in a 132 kV transmission tower. The creep behaviors and responses of the main members in current and braced PGFRPC cross-arm designs were compared and evaluated in a transmission tower under actual working conditions. These PGFRPC cross-arms were subjected to actual working loads mimicking the actual weight of electrical cables and insulators for a duration of 1000 h. The cross-arms were installed on a custom test rig in an open area to simulate the actual environment of tropical climate conditions. Further creep analysis was performed by using Findley and Burger models on the basis of experimental data to link instantaneous and extended (transient and viscoelastic) creep strains. The addition of braced arms to the structure reduced the total strain of a cross-arm’s main member beams and improved elastic and viscous moduli. The addition of bracing arms improved the structural integrity and stiffness of the cross-arm structure. The findings of this study suggested that the use of a bracing system in cross-arm structures could prolong the structures’ service life and subsequently reduce maintenance effort and cost for long-term applications in transmission towers.
Muhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses. Polymers 2021, 13, 620 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Asyraf, Mohamad Ishak, Salit Sapuan, Noorfaizal Yidris. Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses. Polymers. 2021; 13 (4):620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. 2021. "Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses." Polymers 13, no. 4: 620.
Natural cellulosic fibres, such as kenaf, have potential for use as replacement of man-made fibres in polymeric composites. The rapid depletion of synthetic resources, such as petroleum, and the growing consciousness of global environmental problems related to synthetic products push toward the acceptance of natural fibres as biocomposite components. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a multipurpose hibiscus species used to make engineered wood, clothing, packing material, rope and twine. Kenaf is essentially made up of cellulose (about 70%), predicting its excellent mechanical performance. Kenaf fibres are chemically treated before mixing with other polymer resins to enhance their fibre properties. Based on the previous literature, the effect of chemical treatment on the dynamic mechanical performance of kenaf cellulosic biocomposites remains unexplored. The present review focuses on the recent works on the influence of major chemical treatments used on kenaf fibre, such as alkaline, silane and acetylation on fabricated biocomposites. The present review also unveils other chemical treatments (e.g. zein and amino acid) and combined treatments on the fibre to improve the biocomposites’ dynamic mechanical behaviour.
M. R. M. Asyraf; M. Rafidah; A. Azrina; M. R. Razman. Dynamic mechanical behaviour of kenaf cellulosic fibre biocomposites: a comprehensive review on chemical treatments. Cellulose 2021, 28, 2675 -2695.
AMA StyleM. R. M. Asyraf, M. Rafidah, A. Azrina, M. R. Razman. Dynamic mechanical behaviour of kenaf cellulosic fibre biocomposites: a comprehensive review on chemical treatments. Cellulose. 2021; 28 (5):2675-2695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. R. M. Asyraf; M. Rafidah; A. Azrina; M. R. Razman. 2021. "Dynamic mechanical behaviour of kenaf cellulosic fibre biocomposites: a comprehensive review on chemical treatments." Cellulose 28, no. 5: 2675-2695.
The interest in using natural fiber reinforced composites is now at its highest. Numerous studies have been conducted due to their positive benefits related to environmental issues. Even though they have limitations for some load requirements, this drawback has been countered through fiber treatment and hybridization. Sandwich structure, on the other hand, is a combination of two or more individual components with different properties, which when joined together can result in better performance. Sandwich structures have been used in a wide range of industrial material applications. They are known to be lightweight and good at absorbing energy, providing superior strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, and offering opportunities, through design integration, to remove some components from the core element. Today, many industries use composite sandwich structures in a range of components. Through good design of the core structure, one can maximize the strength properties, with a low density. However, the application of natural fiber composites in sandwich structures is still minimal. Therefore, this paper reviewed the possibility of using a natural fiber composite in sandwich structure applications. It addressed the mechanical properties and energy-absorbing characteristics of natural fiber-based sandwich structures tested under various compression loads. The results and potential areas of improvement to fit into a wide range of engineering applications were discussed.
S. Alsubari; M. Y. M. Zuhri; S. M. Sapuan; M. R. Ishak; R. A. Ilyas; M. R. M. Asyraf. Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers 2021, 13, 423 .
AMA StyleS. Alsubari, M. Y. M. Zuhri, S. M. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. M. Asyraf. Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):423.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Alsubari; M. Y. M. Zuhri; S. M. Sapuan; M. R. Ishak; R. A. Ilyas; M. R. M. Asyraf. 2021. "Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties." Polymers 13, no. 3: 423.
The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.
Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran; Abdulrahman A. B. A. Mohammed; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas; M. R. M. Asyraf; Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor; Michal Petrů. Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 231 .
AMA StyleAbdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Abdulrahman A. B. A. Mohammed, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. M. Asyraf, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor, Michal Petrů. Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13 (2):231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran; Abdulrahman A. B. A. Mohammed; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas; M. R. M. Asyraf; Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor; Michal Petrů. 2021. "Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 2: 231.