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Dr. Hubainé Tóth Eszter
Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry

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0 soil water content
0 No-tillage
0 biochar applications
0 tillage
0 soil GHG fluxes

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Journal article
Published: 28 April 2021 in Water
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The aim of this study was to do a complex examination of the soil–plant–water system and soil greenhouse gas emissions when biochar is applied to soil planted with sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata). The study covers two consecutive vegetation periods. We investigated (i) the changes in plant growth, (ii) soil water and temperature at different depths, (iii) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2 and N2O) after biochar application, and (iv) the soil water, chemistry, and plant interactions. We used discrete measurements for plant growth, biomass production, and soil chemistry, while continuously monitoring the soil water content and temperature, and the state of plant health (i.e., using spectral reflectance sensors). Plant response in the control plot showed higher values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; 0.3%) and lower values for photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) by 26.8% and 2.24%, respectively, than for biochar treatments. We found significant negative correlations between fAPAR and soil water contents (SWC), and NDVI and SWC values (−0.59 < r < −0.30; p < 0.05). Soil temperature at the depth of 15 cm influenced soil CO2 emissions to a larger extent (r > 0.5; p < 0.01) than air temperature (0.21 < r < 0.33) or soil water content (r < 0.06; p > 0.05). Our data showed strong connections between GHG production and soil chemical parameters of soil pH, nitrogen, potassium, or phosphate concentrations. Biochar application increased soil CO2 emissions but reduced N2O emissions. Our results demonstrated that biochar amendment to soils can help plant growth initially, but might not result in enhanced crop yield. The plant parameters were substantially different between the investigated years for both control and biochar amended parcels; therefore, long-term studies are essential to document the lasting effects of these treatments.

ACS Style

Ágota Horel; Eszter Tóth. Changes in the Soil–Plant–Water System Due to Biochar Amendment. Water 2021, 13, 1216 .

AMA Style

Ágota Horel, Eszter Tóth. Changes in the Soil–Plant–Water System Due to Biochar Amendment. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ágota Horel; Eszter Tóth. 2021. "Changes in the Soil–Plant–Water System Due to Biochar Amendment." Water 13, no. 9: 1216.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2020 in Agronomy
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Understanding the roles of natural drivers and anthropogenic activities in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of arable fields is crucial for adopting the most appropriate agricultural management. This study investigated the effect of two tillage treatments of mouldboard ploughing (MP) and no-tillage (NT), and the environmental factors (soil water content and temperature, carbon content and nitrogen forms) on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The research was conducted on chernozem soil under winter wheat cultivation. Besides field monitoring, several laboratory experiments took place to examine the effects of environmental drivers and fertilization management on soil GHG emissions. We observed no significant difference between the CO2 emission of MP and NT during a full year period. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in the sub-periods (more particularly during vegetation and then after harvest). NT had higher CO2 emission than MP in all laboratory experiments (p < 0.001) and in the after harvest period of the field trial, measured on bare soil (p < 0.0001). NT had significantly higher N2O emission both under laboratory (p < 0.0001) and field conditions (p < 0.0081). Different fertilization showed no distinguishable effect on N2O emission in the laboratory. This study confirms that N2O emission of the arable field depended more on soil water content than soil temperature, and vice-versa for CO2 emission.

ACS Style

Márton Dencső; Ágota Horel; Igor Bogunovic; Eszter Tóth. Effects of Environmental Drivers and Agricultural Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions. Agronomy 2020, 11, 54 .

AMA Style

Márton Dencső, Ágota Horel, Igor Bogunovic, Eszter Tóth. Effects of Environmental Drivers and Agricultural Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions. Agronomy. 2020; 11 (1):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márton Dencső; Ágota Horel; Igor Bogunovic; Eszter Tóth. 2020. "Effects of Environmental Drivers and Agricultural Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions." Agronomy 11, no. 1: 54.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The present study investigated the growth of Capsicum annuum L. (pepper) in an outdoor pot experiment. Changes in the plants’ aboveground and root biomass, leaf area, plant height, stem thickness, and yield, as a response to different doses of biochar amendments were observed. During the 12.5-week-long study, four treatments with biochar amounts of 0, 0.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (by weight) were added to silt loam soil. Photochemical responses of plants, the plants photochemical reflectance index (PRI) modified by the different doses of biochar were continuously monitored. Plant height and fruit yield were initially the highest for BC5.0; however, by the end of the experiment, both parameters showed higher values for BC2.5, e.g., 15.9 and 9.1% higher plant height and 32.5 and 22.6% higher fruit yield for BC2.5 and BC5.0 compared to control, respectively. By the end of the experiment the BC2.5 treatments had significantly higher stem thickness (p < 0.001) compared to all other amendments. Root dry matter in biochar treatments increased relative to controls with the highest values (54.9% increase) observed in the BC2.5 treatment. Biochar treatment increased leaf area index (LAI) values for the higher doses (1.58, 1.59, 2.03, and 1.89 for C, BC0.5, BC2.5, and BC5.0, respectively). Significant differences between control and biochar amended soils’ PRI measurements were observed (p < 0.001), showing less plant sensitivity to environmental changes when biochar was applied to the soil. While biochar amendment could greatly enhance plant growth and development, there is an optimal amount of biochar after which additional amount might not result in substantial differences, or even can result in lower fruit yield as found in the present study.

ACS Style

Klára Pokovai; Eszter Tóth; Ágota Horel. Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Capsicum annuum L. in Biochar Amended Soil. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4111 .

AMA Style

Klára Pokovai, Eszter Tóth, Ágota Horel. Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Capsicum annuum L. in Biochar Amended Soil. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Klára Pokovai; Eszter Tóth; Ágota Horel. 2020. "Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Capsicum annuum L. in Biochar Amended Soil." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4111.

Preprint content
Published: 10 March 2020
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The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of CO2 emission of two different croplands in Croatia (Šašinovec, 45° 50´ N; 16° 11´ E; soil type - Stagnosols) and in Hungary (Józsefmajor, 47° 40´ N; 19° 36´ E; Chernozems). The measurements of the soil water content (SWC), soil temperature (Ts), organic matter (OM) and CO2 flux was executed after the harvest of the soybean in both fields. In a regular grid (2 x 2 m and 2 x 3 m) 44 and 170 samples were collected from Croatian and Hungarian site, respectively. At Hungarian site Ts and SWC showed relatively high spatial heterogeneity, ranging from 19.4 to 24.6 oC, and from 7.5 to 34.1%, respectively. Content of soil OM had lower variability ranging from 2.0 to 2.4 % at Croatian and from 3.2 to 4.5 % at Hungarian site, respectively. CO2 efflux was 0.125 ± 0.078 and 0.060 ± 0.088 mg m- 2 s-1 in average at Croatian and Hungarian field, respectively. Investigated properties did not follow normal distribution, so logarithm transformation were applied before modelling. Kriging interpolation model for mapping soil properties is tested to compare the prediction accuracy. Soil maps showed sufficient concentrations of soil OM at Hungarian site and insufficient concentrations of OM at Croatian site. Soil CO2 efflux map showed that the largest part of the investigated area in Hungary have low loss of C, while loss of C at Croatian site is high. There are areas, especially wheeled rows, where CO2 emission is lower than the average value of the field at both investigated site. These low CO2 emission areas coincide with the compacted row of wheel tracks. For future management it is necessary to provide better conditioning of soil at Croatian site and adopt environmental friendly soil management at both sites. 

 

This work is supported by the Croatian-Hungarian Bilateral Project (2018-2.1.12-TÉT-HR-2018-00007) and the PD116084  and NKFIH131792 reseach project.

ACS Style

Eszter Toth; Márton Dencső; Györgyi Gelybó; János Mészáros; Zsófia Bakacsi; Ágota Horel; Leon Josip Telak; Marija Galic; Ivica Kisic; Igor Bogunovic. Spatial heterogeneity of CO2 emission in Hungarian and Croatian arable fields – preliminary results. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Eszter Toth, Márton Dencső, Györgyi Gelybó, János Mészáros, Zsófia Bakacsi, Ágota Horel, Leon Josip Telak, Marija Galic, Ivica Kisic, Igor Bogunovic. Spatial heterogeneity of CO2 emission in Hungarian and Croatian arable fields – preliminary results. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eszter Toth; Márton Dencső; Györgyi Gelybó; János Mészáros; Zsófia Bakacsi; Ágota Horel; Leon Josip Telak; Marija Galic; Ivica Kisic; Igor Bogunovic. 2020. "Spatial heterogeneity of CO2 emission in Hungarian and Croatian arable fields – preliminary results." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2019 in Agronomy
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Recent studies on using soil enhancer material, such as biochar, provide varying results from a soil hydrological and chemical perspective. Therefore, research focusing on soil-biochar-plant interactions is still necessary to enhance our knowledge on complex effects of biochar on soil characteristics. The present study investigated the changes in soil water content (SWC) and soil respiration (belowground CO2 production) over time during the growth of Capsicum annuum (pepper) in pot experiments. Concurrently, we investigated the influence of grain husk biochar with the amount of 0, 0.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (by weight) added to silt loam soil. Pepper plants were grown under natural environmental conditions to better represent field conditions, and additional irrigation was applied. SWC among treatments showed minor changes to precipitation during the beginning of the study while plants were in the growing phase. The highest water holding throughout the experiment was observed in the case of BC5.0. CO2 production increased in biochar amended soils during the first few days of the experiments; while the overall cumulative CO2 production was the highest in control and the lowest in BC2.5 treatments. We used the HYDRUS 1D soil hydrological model to simulate changes in SWC, using the control treatment without biochar as a reference data source for model calibration. The simulated SWC dynamics fitted well the measured ones in all treatments. Therefore, the HYDRUS 1D can be an exceptionally valuable tool to predict the hydrological response of different amount of biochar addition to silt loam soil including plant growth.

ACS Style

Ágota Horel; Eszter Tóth; Györgyi Gelybó; Márton Dencső; Csilla Farkas. Biochar Amendment Affects Soil Water and CO2 Regime during Capsicum Annuum Plant Growth. Agronomy 2019, 9, 58 .

AMA Style

Ágota Horel, Eszter Tóth, Györgyi Gelybó, Márton Dencső, Csilla Farkas. Biochar Amendment Affects Soil Water and CO2 Regime during Capsicum Annuum Plant Growth. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (2):58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ágota Horel; Eszter Tóth; Györgyi Gelybó; Márton Dencső; Csilla Farkas. 2019. "Biochar Amendment Affects Soil Water and CO2 Regime during Capsicum Annuum Plant Growth." Agronomy 9, no. 2: 58.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2018 in Sustainability
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Greenhouse gases emitted from agricultural soils entering the atmosphere must be reduced to decrease negative impacts on the environment. As soil management can have an influence on greenhouse gas emissions, we investigated the effects of different soil management systems and enhancer materials on CO2 and N2O fluxes in a vineyard. Five treatments were investigated: (i) no-till management with no fertilizer addition as the control (C); (ii) tilled soil (shallow) with no fertilizer (T); (iii) tilled soil, no fertilizer, and biochar application (T + BC); (iv) tilled soil and manure addition (T + M); and (v) tilled soil, manure, and biochar application (T + M + BC). T treatment showed the highest overall N2O emission, while the lowest was observed in the case of T + M + BC, while manure and biochar addition decreased. Tillage in general increased overall CO2 emissions in all treatments (T 26.7% and T + BC 30.0% higher CO2 than C), while manure addition resulted in reduced soil respiration values (T + M 23.0% and T + M + BC 24.8% lower CO2 than T). There were no strong correlations between temperatures or soil water contents and N2O emissions, while in terms of CO2 emissions, weak to moderately strong connections were observed with environmental drivers.

ACS Style

Ágota Horel; Eszter Tóth; Györgyi Gelybó; Márton Dencső; Imre Potyó. Soil CO2 and N2O Emission Drivers in a Vineyard (Vitis vinifera) under Different Soil Management Systems and Amendments. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1811 .

AMA Style

Ágota Horel, Eszter Tóth, Györgyi Gelybó, Márton Dencső, Imre Potyó. Soil CO2 and N2O Emission Drivers in a Vineyard (Vitis vinifera) under Different Soil Management Systems and Amendments. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ágota Horel; Eszter Tóth; Györgyi Gelybó; Márton Dencső; Imre Potyó. 2018. "Soil CO2 and N2O Emission Drivers in a Vineyard (Vitis vinifera) under Different Soil Management Systems and Amendments." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1811.