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Stephane Heritier
School Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Review
Published: 14 December 2020 in Diabetologia
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Aims/hypothesis Few studies examine the association between age at diagnosis and subsequent complications from type 2 diabetes. This paper aims to summarise the risk of mortality, macrovascular complications and microvascular complications associated with age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Methods Data were sourced from MEDLINE and All EBM (Evidence Based Medicine) databases from inception to July 2018. Observational studies, investigating the effect of age at diabetes diagnosis on macrovascular and microvascular diabetes complications in adults with type 2 diabetes were selected according to pre-specified criteria. Two investigators independently extracted data and evaluated all studies. If data were not reported in a comparable format, data were obtained from authors, presented as minimally adjusted ORs (and 95% CIs) per 1 year increase in age at diabetes diagnosis, adjusted for current age for each outcome of interest. The study protocol was recorded with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42016043593). Results Data from 26 observational studies comprising 1,325,493 individuals from 30 countries were included. Random-effects meta-analyses with inverse variance weighting were used to obtain the pooled ORs. Age at diabetes diagnosis was inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality and macrovascular and microvascular disease (all p < 0.001). Each 1 year increase in age at diabetes diagnosis was associated with a 4%, 3% and 5% decreased risk of all-cause mortality, macrovascular disease and microvascular disease, respectively, adjusted for current age. The effects were consistent for the individual components of the composite outcomes (all p < 0.001). Conclusions/interpretation Younger, rather than older, age at diabetes diagnosis was associated with higher risk of mortality and vascular disease. Early and sustained interventions to delay type 2 diabetes onset and improve blood glucose levels and cardiovascular risk profiles of those already diagnosed are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.

ACS Style

Natalie Nanayakkara; Andrea J. Curtis; Stephane Heritier; Adelle M. Gadowski; Meda E. Pavkov; Timothy Kenealy; David R. Owens; Rebecca L. Thomas; Soon Song; Jencia Wong; Juliana C.-N. Chan; Andrea O.-Y. Luk; Giuseppe Penno; Linong Ji; Viswanathan Mohan; Anandakumar Amutha; Pedro Romero-Aroca; Danijela Gasevic; Dianna J. Magliano; Helena J. Teede; John Chalmers; Sophia Zoungas. Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses. Diabetologia 2020, 64, 275 -287.

AMA Style

Natalie Nanayakkara, Andrea J. Curtis, Stephane Heritier, Adelle M. Gadowski, Meda E. Pavkov, Timothy Kenealy, David R. Owens, Rebecca L. Thomas, Soon Song, Jencia Wong, Juliana C.-N. Chan, Andrea O.-Y. Luk, Giuseppe Penno, Linong Ji, Viswanathan Mohan, Anandakumar Amutha, Pedro Romero-Aroca, Danijela Gasevic, Dianna J. Magliano, Helena J. Teede, John Chalmers, Sophia Zoungas. Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses. Diabetologia. 2020; 64 (2):275-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalie Nanayakkara; Andrea J. Curtis; Stephane Heritier; Adelle M. Gadowski; Meda E. Pavkov; Timothy Kenealy; David R. Owens; Rebecca L. Thomas; Soon Song; Jencia Wong; Juliana C.-N. Chan; Andrea O.-Y. Luk; Giuseppe Penno; Linong Ji; Viswanathan Mohan; Anandakumar Amutha; Pedro Romero-Aroca; Danijela Gasevic; Dianna J. Magliano; Helena J. Teede; John Chalmers; Sophia Zoungas. 2020. "Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses." Diabetologia 64, no. 2: 275-287.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Nutrients
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The aim of this study was to assess the relative validity and reproducibility of a six-item Australian Short Dietary Screener (Aus-SDS). The Aus-SDS assessed the daily intake of core food groups (vegetables, fruits, legumes and beans, cereals, protein sources and dairy sources) in 100 Australians (52 males and 48 females) aged ≥70 years. Relative validity was assessed by comparing intakes from the Aus-SDS1 with an average of three 24-h recalls (24-HRs), and reproducibility using two administrations of the Aus-SDS (Aus-SDS1 and Aus-SDS2). Cohen’s kappa statistic between the Aus-SDS1 and 24-HRs showed moderate to good agreement, ranging from 0.44 for fruits and dairy to 0.64 for protein. There was poor agreement for legume intake (0.12). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated acceptable limits of agreement between the Aus-SDS1 and 24-HRs for all food groups. Median intakes obtained from Aus-SDS1 and Aus-SDS2 did not differ. For all food groups, Cohen’s kappa statistic ranged from 0.68 to 0.89, indicating acceptable agreement between the Aus-SDS1 and Aus-SDS2. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between Aus-SDS1 and 24-HRs across all food groups ranged from 0.64 for fruit to 0.83 for protein. We found the Aus-SDS to be a useful tool in assessing daily intake of core food groups in this population.

ACS Style

Adelle M. Gadowski; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Stephane Heritier; Andrea J. Curtis; Natalie Nanayakkara; Sophia Zoungas; Alice J. Owen. Development, Relative Validity and Reproducibility of the Aus-SDS (Australian Short Dietary Screener) in Adults Aged 70 Years and above. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1436 .

AMA Style

Adelle M. Gadowski, Tracy A. McCaffrey, Stephane Heritier, Andrea J. Curtis, Natalie Nanayakkara, Sophia Zoungas, Alice J. Owen. Development, Relative Validity and Reproducibility of the Aus-SDS (Australian Short Dietary Screener) in Adults Aged 70 Years and above. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (5):1436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adelle M. Gadowski; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Stephane Heritier; Andrea J. Curtis; Natalie Nanayakkara; Sophia Zoungas; Alice J. Owen. 2020. "Development, Relative Validity and Reproducibility of the Aus-SDS (Australian Short Dietary Screener) in Adults Aged 70 Years and above." Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1436.

Research article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Statistics in Medicine
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Trial planning requires making efficient yet practical design choices. In a cluster randomized crossover trial, clusters of subjects cross back and forth between implementing the control and intervention conditions over the course of the trial, with each crossover marking the start of a new period. If it is possible to set up such a trial with more crossovers, a pertinent question is whether there are efficiency gains from clusters crossing over more frequently, and if these gains are substantial enough to justify the added complexity and cost of implementing more crossovers. We seek to determine the optimal number of crossovers for a fixed trial duration, and then identify other highly efficient designs by allowing the total number of clusters to vary and imposing thresholds on maximum cost and minimum statistical power. Our results pertain to trials with continuous recruitment and a continuous primary outcome, with the treatment effect estimated using a linear mixed model. To account for the similarity between subjects' outcomes within a cluster, we assume a correlation structure in which the correlation decays gradually in a continuous manner as the time between subjects' measurements increases. The optimal design is characterized by crossovers between the control and intervention conditions with each successive subject. However, this design is neither practical nor cost‐efficient to implement, nor is it necessary: the gains in efficiency increase sharply in moving from a two‐period to a four‐period trial design, but approach an asymptote for the scenarios considered as the number of crossovers continues to increase.

ACS Style

Kelsey L. Grantham; Jessica Kasza; Stephane Heritier; Karla Hemming; Edward Litton; Andrew B. Forbes. How many times should a cluster randomized crossover trial cross over? Statistics in Medicine 2019, 38, 5021 -5033.

AMA Style

Kelsey L. Grantham, Jessica Kasza, Stephane Heritier, Karla Hemming, Edward Litton, Andrew B. Forbes. How many times should a cluster randomized crossover trial cross over? Statistics in Medicine. 2019; 38 (25):5021-5033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kelsey L. Grantham; Jessica Kasza; Stephane Heritier; Karla Hemming; Edward Litton; Andrew B. Forbes. 2019. "How many times should a cluster randomized crossover trial cross over?" Statistics in Medicine 38, no. 25: 5021-5033.

Comparative study
Published: 09 August 2019 in Nutrients
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Lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) should be accompanied by dietary guidance for cardiovascular risk reduction; however, current evidence suggests sub-optimal dietary behaviors in those on LLT. We examined the associations between the dietary intake of key food groups (vegetables, fruit, cereal, protein, and dairy) and LLT use in Australian adults using quantile regression. We used data from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab), a prospective population-based study of adults aged ≥25 years, conducted over 5 years (1999–2005). Measurements included a 121-item food frequency questionnaire and LLT use. LLT use was categorized as: LLT users (n = 446), commenced LLT (n = 565), ceased LLT (n = 71), and non-users (n = 4813). Less than 1% of the cohort met recommended intakes of all food groups at the baseline and follow up. The median daily dietary intake at the follow up among LLT users was 2.2 serves of vegetables, 1.4 serves of fruit, 2.8 serves of cereal, 2.0 serves of protein, and 1.4 serves of dairy. Adjusted analysis showed no differences across the quantiles of intake of key food groups in LLT users and commenced LLT compared to non-users. The LLT medication status is not associated with any difference in meeting recommended intakes of key foods.

ACS Style

Adelle M. Gadowski; Natalie Nanayakkara; Stephane Heritier; Dianna Magliano; Jonathan E. Shaw; Andrea J. Curtis; Sophia Zoungas; Alice J. Owen; Shaw; Owen. Association between Dietary Intake and Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Prospective Analysis of Data from Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Using a Quantile Regression Approach. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1858 .

AMA Style

Adelle M. Gadowski, Natalie Nanayakkara, Stephane Heritier, Dianna Magliano, Jonathan E. Shaw, Andrea J. Curtis, Sophia Zoungas, Alice J. Owen, Shaw, Owen. Association between Dietary Intake and Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Prospective Analysis of Data from Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Using a Quantile Regression Approach. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (8):1858.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adelle M. Gadowski; Natalie Nanayakkara; Stephane Heritier; Dianna Magliano; Jonathan E. Shaw; Andrea J. Curtis; Sophia Zoungas; Alice J. Owen; Shaw; Owen. 2019. "Association between Dietary Intake and Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Prospective Analysis of Data from Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Using a Quantile Regression Approach." Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1858.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in The Spine Journal
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This study found an inverse relationship between lumbar paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area and low back disability, but not pain intensity. While further investigation is needed, these findings suggest that treatment strategies directed at increasing paraspinal muscle size may be effective in reducing low back disability.

ACS Style

Tom A. Ranger; Flavia Cicuttini; Tue Secher Jensen; Stephane Heritier; Donna M. Urquhart. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area predicts low back disability but not pain intensity. The Spine Journal 2019, 19, 862 -868.

AMA Style

Tom A. Ranger, Flavia Cicuttini, Tue Secher Jensen, Stephane Heritier, Donna M. Urquhart. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area predicts low back disability but not pain intensity. The Spine Journal. 2019; 19 (5):862-868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom A. Ranger; Flavia Cicuttini; Tue Secher Jensen; Stephane Heritier; Donna M. Urquhart. 2019. "Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area predicts low back disability but not pain intensity." The Spine Journal 19, no. 5: 862-868.

Daring discourse
Published: 02 March 2019 in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine
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ACS Style

Robert Gotmaker; Michael J Barrington; John Reynolds; Lorenzo Trippa; Stephane Heritier. Bayesian adaptive design: the future for regional anesthesia trials? Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2019, 44, 617 -622.

AMA Style

Robert Gotmaker, Michael J Barrington, John Reynolds, Lorenzo Trippa, Stephane Heritier. Bayesian adaptive design: the future for regional anesthesia trials? Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine. 2019; 44 (6):617-622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Gotmaker; Michael J Barrington; John Reynolds; Lorenzo Trippa; Stephane Heritier. 2019. "Bayesian adaptive design: the future for regional anesthesia trials?" Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 44, no. 6: 617-622.

Research article
Published: 09 January 2019 in Statistics in Medicine
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A requirement for calculating sample sizes for cluster randomized trials (CRTs) conducted over multiple periods of time is the specification of a form for the correlation between outcomes of subjects within the same cluster, encoded via the within‐cluster correlation structure. Previously proposed within‐cluster correlation structures have made strong assumptions; for example, the usual assumption is that correlations between the outcomes of all pairs of subjects are identical (“uniform correlation”). More recently, structures that allow for a decay in correlation between pairs of outcomes measured in different periods have been suggested. However, these structures are overly simple in settings with continuous recruitment and measurement. We propose a more realistic “continuous‐time correlation decay” structure whereby correlations between subjects' outcomes decay as the time between these subjects' measurement times increases. We investigate the use of this structure on trial planning in the context of a primary care diabetes trial, where there is evidence of decaying correlation between pairs of patients' outcomes over time. In particular, for a range of different trial designs, we derive the variance of the treatment effect estimator under continuous‐time correlation decay and compare this to the variance obtained under uniform correlation. For stepped wedge and cluster randomized crossover designs, incorrectly assuming uniform correlation will underestimate the required sample size under most trial configurations likely to occur in practice. Planning of CRTs requires consideration of the most appropriate within‐cluster correlation structure to obtain a suitable sample size.

ACS Style

Kelsey L. Grantham; Jessica Kasza; Stephane Heritier; Karla Hemming; Andrew B. Forbes. Accounting for a decaying correlation structure in cluster randomized trials with continuous recruitment. Statistics in Medicine 2019, 38, 1918 -1934.

AMA Style

Kelsey L. Grantham, Jessica Kasza, Stephane Heritier, Karla Hemming, Andrew B. Forbes. Accounting for a decaying correlation structure in cluster randomized trials with continuous recruitment. Statistics in Medicine. 2019; 38 (11):1918-1934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kelsey L. Grantham; Jessica Kasza; Stephane Heritier; Karla Hemming; Andrew B. Forbes. 2019. "Accounting for a decaying correlation structure in cluster randomized trials with continuous recruitment." Statistics in Medicine 38, no. 11: 1918-1934.

Epidemiology
Published: 01 December 2018 in Spine
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Community-based, cohort study. Our aim was to determine the course of back pain in middle-aged women over a nine-year period, and assess whether obesity and physical inactivity are associated with more frequent back pain. Back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. With minimal effective therapies and rising financial burden, identifying modifiable risk factors remains a key priority. The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health is a cohort study of community-based, middle-aged women who completed questionnaires every three years between 2004 and 2013. 10,530 completed the survey in 2004 (mean age 55.5 years), 9,020 completed follow-up nine years later. Self-reported data on back pain in the last 12 months and other socio-demographic factors were collected at all four surveys. ‘Frequent back pain’ was defined as back pain reported at ≥ 3 surveys. Back pain was common and persistent, with 48% having back pain in ≥ 3 out of four surveys. Baseline obesity (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.12 - 1.25), lack of vigorous physical activity (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.10 - 1.25), depressive symptoms (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.33 - 1.47) and low education status (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.12 – 1.24), were independently associated with an increased risk of frequent back pain (all p Conclusions. Obesity, depressive symptoms, low education status and lack of vigorous physical activity are associated with higher risk of frequent back pain over the following nine years among women in their mid-50 s. Targeting these risk factors may lessen the burden of back pain. Level of Evidence: 2

ACS Style

Sharmayne R.E. Brady; Sultana Monira Hussain; Wendy J Brown; Stephane Heritier; Yuanyuan Wang; Helena Teede; Donna M. Urquhart; Flavia Cicuttini. Course and Contributors to Back Pain in Middle-aged Women Over 9 Years. Spine 2018, 43, 1648 -1656.

AMA Style

Sharmayne R.E. Brady, Sultana Monira Hussain, Wendy J Brown, Stephane Heritier, Yuanyuan Wang, Helena Teede, Donna M. Urquhart, Flavia Cicuttini. Course and Contributors to Back Pain in Middle-aged Women Over 9 Years. Spine. 2018; 43 (23):1648-1656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharmayne R.E. Brady; Sultana Monira Hussain; Wendy J Brown; Stephane Heritier; Yuanyuan Wang; Helena Teede; Donna M. Urquhart; Flavia Cicuttini. 2018. "Course and Contributors to Back Pain in Middle-aged Women Over 9 Years." Spine 43, no. 23: 1648-1656.

Original investigation
Published: 01 November 2018 in JAMA Internal Medicine
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Question Is a low-dose tricyclic antidepressant effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain? Findings In this randomized clinical trial of 146 participants with chronic low back pain, the use of low-dose amitriptyline did not demonstrate an improvement in pain, disability, or work at 6 months compared with an active comparator. However, there was a reduction in disability at 3 months, an improvement in pain intensity that was nonsignificant at 6 months, and minimal adverse events reported for the treatment group. Meaning These results suggest that low-dose amitriptyline may be an effective treatment for chronic low back pain; although large-scale trials are needed, it may be worth considering amitriptyline, especially if the alternative is opioids. Importance Antidepressants at low dose are commonly prescribed for the management of chronic low back pain and their use is recommended in international clinical guidelines. However, there is no evidence for their efficacy. Objective To examine the efficacy of a low-dose antidepressant compared with an active comparator in reducing pain, disability, and work absence and hindrance in individuals with chronic low back pain. Design, Setting, and Participants A double-blind, randomized clinical trial with a 6-month follow-up of adults with chronic, nonspecific, low back pain who were recruited through hospital/medical clinics and advertising was carried out. Intervention Low-dose amitriptyline (25 mg/d) or an active comparator (benztropine mesylate, 1 mg/d) for 6 months. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was pain intensity measured at 3 and 6 months using the visual analog scale and Descriptor Differential Scale. Secondary outcomes included disability assessed using the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and work absence and hindrance assessed using the Short Form Health and Labour Questionnaire. Results Of the 146 randomized participants (90 [61.6%] male; mean [SD] age, 54.8 [13.7] years), 118 (81%) completed 6-month follow-up. Treatment with low-dose amitriptyline did not result in greater pain reduction than the comparator at 6 (adjusted difference, −7.81; 95% CI, −15.7 to 0.10) or 3 months (adjusted difference, −1.05; 95% CI, −7.87 to 5.78), independent of baseline pain. There was no statistically significant difference in disability between the groups at 6 months (adjusted difference, −0.98; 95% CI, −2.42 to 0.46); however, there was a statistically significant improvement in disability for the low-dose amitriptyline group at 3 months (adjusted difference, −1.62; 95% CI, −2.88 to −0.36). There were no differences between the groups in work outcomes at 6 months (adjusted difference, absence: 1.51; 95% CI, 0.43-5.38; hindrance: 0.53; 95% CI, 0.19-1.51), or 3 months (adjusted difference, absence: 0.86; 95% CI, 0.32-2.31; hindrance: 0.78; 95% CI, 0.29-2.08), or in the number of participants who withdrew owing to adverse events (9 [12%] in each group; χ2 = 0.004; P = .95). Conclusions and Relevance This trial suggests that amitriptyline may be an effective treatment for chronic low back pain. There were no significant improvements in outcomes at 6 months, but there was a reduction in disability at 3 months, an improvement in pain intensity that was nonsignificant at 6 months, and minimal adverse events reported with a low-dose, modest sample size and active comparator. Although large-scale clinical trials that include dose escalation are needed, it may be worth considering low-dose amitriptyline if the only alternative is an opioid. Trial Registration ANZCTR: ACTRN12612000131853 Identify all potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to your comment. Conflicts of interest comprise financial interests, activities, and relationships within the past 3 years including but not limited to employment, affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria or payment, speaker's bureaus, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, donation of medical equipment, or patents planned, pending, or issued. Err on the side of full disclosure. If you have no conflicts of interest, check "No potential conflicts of interest" in the box below. The information will be posted with your response. The most efficacious combination of medications that I used for extended pain control was the combination of nortriptyline and gabapentin in low dosage. Finally, a group at a Canadian medical school reported an ingenious placebo cross-over trial in 2009 (see Lancet citation below). Oddly, it takes about three weeks to "kick-in." Along with scheduled low dose acetaminophen, I almost never needed persistent use of NSAIDs or opioids.

ACS Style

Donna M. Urquhart; Anita E. Wluka; Maurits van Tulder; Stephane Heritier; Andrew Forbes; Chris Fong; Yuanyuan Wang; Malcolm R. Sim; Stephen J. Gibson; Carolyn Arnold; Flavia Cicuttini. Efficacy of Low-Dose Amitriptyline for Chronic Low Back Pain. JAMA Internal Medicine 2018, 178, 1474 -1481.

AMA Style

Donna M. Urquhart, Anita E. Wluka, Maurits van Tulder, Stephane Heritier, Andrew Forbes, Chris Fong, Yuanyuan Wang, Malcolm R. Sim, Stephen J. Gibson, Carolyn Arnold, Flavia Cicuttini. Efficacy of Low-Dose Amitriptyline for Chronic Low Back Pain. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2018; 178 (11):1474-1481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Donna M. Urquhart; Anita E. Wluka; Maurits van Tulder; Stephane Heritier; Andrew Forbes; Chris Fong; Yuanyuan Wang; Malcolm R. Sim; Stephen J. Gibson; Carolyn Arnold; Flavia Cicuttini. 2018. "Efficacy of Low-Dose Amitriptyline for Chronic Low Back Pain." JAMA Internal Medicine 178, no. 11: 1474-1481.

Original paper
Published: 27 November 2017 in Statistical Methods & Applications
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This paper discusses the contribution of Cerioli et al. (Stat Methods Appl, 2018), where robust monitoring based on high breakdown point estimators is proposed for multivariate data. The results follow years of development in robust diagnostic techniques. We discuss the issues of extending data monitoring to other models with complex structure, e.g. factor analysis, mixed linear models for which S and MM-estimators exist or deviating data cells. We emphasise the importance of robust testing that is often overlooked despite robust tests being readily available once S and MM-estimators have been defined. We mention open questions like out-of-sample inference or big data issues that would benefit from monitoring.

ACS Style

Stephane Heritier; Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser. Discussion of “The power of monitoring: how to make the most of a contaminated multivariate sample” by Andrea Cerioli, Marco Riani, Anthony C. Atkinson and Aldo Corbellini. Statistical Methods & Applications 2017, 27, 595 -602.

AMA Style

Stephane Heritier, Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser. Discussion of “The power of monitoring: how to make the most of a contaminated multivariate sample” by Andrea Cerioli, Marco Riani, Anthony C. Atkinson and Aldo Corbellini. Statistical Methods & Applications. 2017; 27 (4):595-602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephane Heritier; Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser. 2017. "Discussion of “The power of monitoring: how to make the most of a contaminated multivariate sample” by Andrea Cerioli, Marco Riani, Anthony C. Atkinson and Aldo Corbellini." Statistical Methods & Applications 27, no. 4: 595-602.

Article
Published: 03 May 2017 in Statistics in Medicine
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Adaptive designs encompass all trials allowing various types of design modifications over the course of the trial. A key requirement for confirmatory adaptive designs to be accepted by regulators is the strong control of the family-wise error rate. This can be achieved by combining the p-values for each arm and stage to account for adaptations (including but not limited to treatment selection), sample size adaptation and multiple stages. While the theory for this is novel and well-established, in practice, these methods can perform poorly, especially for unbalanced designs and for small to moderate sample sizes. The problem is that standard stagewise tests have inflated type I error rate, especially but not only when the baseline success rate is close to the boundary and this is carried over to the adaptive tests, seriously inflating the family-wise error rate. We propose to fix this problem by feeding the adaptive test with second-order accurate p-values, in particular bootstrap p-values. Secondly, an adjusted version of the Simes procedure for testing intersection hypotheses that reduces the built-in conservatism is suggested. Numerical work and simulations show that unlike their standard counterparts the new approach preserves the overall error rate, at or below the nominal level across the board, irrespective of the baseline rate, stagewise sample sizes or allocation ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Stephane Heritier; Chris J. Lloyd; Serigne N. Lô. Accurate p -values for adaptive designs with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 2017, 36, 2643 -2655.

AMA Style

Stephane Heritier, Chris J. Lloyd, Serigne N. Lô. Accurate p -values for adaptive designs with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine. 2017; 36 (17):2643-2655.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephane Heritier; Chris J. Lloyd; Serigne N. Lô. 2017. "Accurate p -values for adaptive designs with binary endpoints." Statistics in Medicine 36, no. 17: 2643-2655.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2017 in Arthritis Care & Research
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Back pain causes greater disability worldwide than any other condition, with women more likely to experience back pain than men. Our aim was to identify modifiable risk factors for back pain in middle-aged women. Women born between 1946 and 1951 were randomly selected from the national health insurance scheme database to participate in The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Self-reported data on back pain in the last 12 months, and on weight, physical activity, and other sociodemographic factors, were collected in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, and 2013. In 1998, a total of 12,338 women completed the survey and 10,011 (74%) completed the 2013 survey. At baseline, median (range) age was 49.5 years (44.6-53.5 years), and 54% reported back pain. In multivariate analysis, baseline weight and depression were positive predictors of back pain over each 3-year survey interval and over the following 15 years, whereas participation in vigorous physical activity was protective. The effects of weight on back pain were most marked in women with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 . Back pain is common in middle-aged women. Increased weight, weight gain, and depression were independent predictors of back pain over 15 years, whereas participation in vigorous physical activity was protective. Targeting these lifestyle factors is an important area for future research on reducing the burden of back pain in middle-aged women.

ACS Style

Sharmayne R. E. Brady; Sultana Monira Hussain; Wendy J Brown; Stephane Heritier; Yuanyuan Wang; Helena Teede; Donna M. Urquhart; Flavia M. Cicuttini. Predictors of Back Pain in Middle-Aged Women: Data From the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health. Arthritis Care & Research 2017, 69, 709 -716.

AMA Style

Sharmayne R. E. Brady, Sultana Monira Hussain, Wendy J Brown, Stephane Heritier, Yuanyuan Wang, Helena Teede, Donna M. Urquhart, Flavia M. Cicuttini. Predictors of Back Pain in Middle-Aged Women: Data From the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health. Arthritis Care & Research. 2017; 69 (5):709-716.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharmayne R. E. Brady; Sultana Monira Hussain; Wendy J Brown; Stephane Heritier; Yuanyuan Wang; Helena Teede; Donna M. Urquhart; Flavia M. Cicuttini. 2017. "Predictors of Back Pain in Middle-Aged Women: Data From the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health." Arthritis Care & Research 69, no. 5: 709-716.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2016 in Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
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ACS Style

William H. Aeberhard; Eva Cantoni; Stephane Heritier. Saddlepoint tests for accurate and robust inference on overdispersed count data. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 2016, 107, 162 -175.

AMA Style

William H. Aeberhard, Eva Cantoni, Stephane Heritier. Saddlepoint tests for accurate and robust inference on overdispersed count data. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 2016; 107 ():162-175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William H. Aeberhard; Eva Cantoni; Stephane Heritier. 2016. "Saddlepoint tests for accurate and robust inference on overdispersed count data." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 107, no. : 162-175.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2016 in Rheumatology
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Objectives . Conflicting reports of the effect of physical activity on knee cartilage may be due to the heterogeneity of populations examined and, in particular, the underlying health of the knee joint. This study examined the influence of recreational and occupational physical activity on cartilage volume loss. Methods . A total of 250 participants with no significant musculoskeletal disease were recruited. A gender-specific median cartilage volume split was used to define people in the lowest and highest 50% of baseline cartilage volume. Baseline recreational and occupational activity was examined by questionnaire, while cartilage volume was assessed by MRI at baseline and 2.4 years later. Results . Significant interactions were demonstrable between physical activity and cartilage volume loss based on stratification of baseline cartilage volume (all P ⩽ 0.03). There was a dose–response relationship between frequently performed baseline occupational activities and medial cartilage volume loss in both the low (B = 0.2% per annum, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.04% per annum) and high (B = −0.2% per annum, 95% CI: −0.4, 0.0% per annum) baseline cartilage volume groups (P = 0.001 for interaction). Individuals with low baseline cartilage volume who were active in their occupation and/or recreational activity had greater medial cartilage volume loss than their more inactive counterparts (2.4% per annum vs 1.5% per annum, P = 0.02). Conclusion . Whereas people with less baseline cartilage volume are more at risk of structural knee damage with either heavy occupational or recreational workloads or both, individuals with high baseline cartilage volume may advantageously modify their risk for knee OA by participating in more frequent occupational physical activities.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl; Yuanyuan Wang; Stephane Heritier; Anita Wluka; Boyd J. Strauss; Joseph Proietto; John B. Dixon; Graeme Jones; Flavia M. Cicuttini. The interaction between physical activity and amount of baseline knee cartilage. Rheumatology 2016, 55, 1277 -1284.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl, Yuanyuan Wang, Stephane Heritier, Anita Wluka, Boyd J. Strauss, Joseph Proietto, John B. Dixon, Graeme Jones, Flavia M. Cicuttini. The interaction between physical activity and amount of baseline knee cartilage. Rheumatology. 2016; 55 (7):1277-1284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl; Yuanyuan Wang; Stephane Heritier; Anita Wluka; Boyd J. Strauss; Joseph Proietto; John B. Dixon; Graeme Jones; Flavia M. Cicuttini. 2016. "The interaction between physical activity and amount of baseline knee cartilage." Rheumatology 55, no. 7: 1277-1284.

Letter
Published: 11 February 2016 in Arthritis Research & Therapy
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Emanuel KS, Kingma I, Helder MN, Smit TH. Response to: ‘A dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine’. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18:41. Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa). 2001;26:1873–8. Article CAS Google Scholar Kettler A, Wilke HJ. Review of existing grading systems for cervical or lumbar disc and facet joint degeneration. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:705–18. PubMed Central Article PubMed Google Scholar Teichtahl AJ, Urquhart DM, Wang Y, Wluka AE, Heritier S, Cicuttini FM. A dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:297. PubMed Central Article PubMed Google Scholar Download references Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Prahran, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia Andrew J. Teichtahl, Donna M. Urquhart, Yuanyuan Wang, Anita E. Wluka, Stephane Heritier & Flavia M. Cicuttini Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia Andrew J. Teichtahl You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to Flavia M. Cicuttini. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. See related research by Teichtahl et al., http://www.arthritis-research.com/content/17/1/297 and correspondence from Emanuel et al., http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-0944-y Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Reprints and Permissions Teichtahl, A.J., Urquhart, D.M., Wang, Y. et al. Response to: ‘A dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine’—authors’ reply. Arthritis Res Ther 18, 45 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-0945-x Download citation Published: 11 February 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-0945-x

ACS Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl; Donna M. Urquhart; Yuanyuan Wang; Anita E. Wluka; Stephane Heritier; Flavia M. Cicuttini. Response to: ‘A dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine’—authors’ reply. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2016, 18, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl, Donna M. Urquhart, Yuanyuan Wang, Anita E. Wluka, Stephane Heritier, Flavia M. Cicuttini. Response to: ‘A dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine’—authors’ reply. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2016; 18 (1):1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl; Donna M. Urquhart; Yuanyuan Wang; Anita E. Wluka; Stephane Heritier; Flavia M. Cicuttini. 2016. "Response to: ‘A dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine’—authors’ reply." Arthritis Research & Therapy 18, no. 1: 1-2.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2015 in Arthritis Research & Therapy
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Varied definitions of disc pathology exist in the literature. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) classification systems incorporate several qualitative features including disc appearance, the distinction between the nucleus and the annulus, signal intensity and intervertebral disc height. The lack of a continuous measure has made it difficult to sensitively examine degenerative disc disease. This study sought to examine the relationship between disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height. 72 community-based individuals not selected for low back pain had MRI from which the presence of lumbosacral disc degeneration was identified using the Pfirrmann grading system, and intervertebral disc height was measured. At each lumbosacral level, with higher grade of disc degeneration, intervertebral disc height was reduced (all p ≤ 0.003). Results remained unchanged when grade 5 disc degeneration, which necessitated a collapsed disc space, was excluded from analyses (all p ≤ 0.03). To quantify these associations, at each lumbosacral level, for every grade increase in disc degeneration, there was a reduction in intervertebral disc height, after adjusting for age, gender, Body mass index and smoking history (β range from −0.98 mm to −1.60 mm, 95 % CI range from −2.37 to −0.31, all p ≤ 0.005). This study has demonstrated a negative dose–response relationship between increasing severity of disc degeneration with a reduction in intervertebral disc height. Although the assessment of disc degeneration incorporates a number of qualitative measures, these data substantiate the utility of intervertebral disc height as a quantitative and continuous outcome measure in epidemiological studies, and potentially clinical practice.

ACS Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl; Donna M. Urquhart; Yuanyuan Wang; Anita E. Wluka; Stephane Heritier; Flavia M. Cicuttini. A Dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015, 17, 297 .

AMA Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl, Donna M. Urquhart, Yuanyuan Wang, Anita E. Wluka, Stephane Heritier, Flavia M. Cicuttini. A Dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2015; 17 (1):297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew J. Teichtahl; Donna M. Urquhart; Yuanyuan Wang; Anita E. Wluka; Stephane Heritier; Flavia M. Cicuttini. 2015. "A Dose–response relationship between severity of disc degeneration and intervertebral disc height in the lumbosacral spine." Arthritis Research & Therapy 17, no. 1: 297.

Study protocol
Published: 27 June 2015 in BMC Nephrology
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The FAVOURED study is an international multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which commenced recruitment in 2008 and examines whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) either alone or in combination with aspirin will effectively reduce primary access failure of de novo arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) in patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease. Publication of new evidence derived from additional studies of clopidogrel and a high screen failure rate due to prevalent aspirin usage prompted an updated trial design. The original trial protocol published in 2009 has undergone two major amendments, which were implemented in 2011. Firstly, the primary outcome 'early thrombosis' at 3 months following AVF creation was broadened to a more clinically relevant outcome of 'AVF access failure'; a composite of thrombosis, AVF abandonment and cannulation failure at 12 months. Secondly, participants unable to cease using aspirin were allowed to be enrolled and randomised to omega-3 PUFAs or placebo. The revised primary aim of the FAVOURED study is to test the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFAs will reduce rates of AVF access failure within 12 months following AVF surgery. The secondary aims are to examine the effect of omega-3 PUFAs and aspirin on the individual components of the primary end-point, to examine the safety of study interventions and assess central venous catheter requirement as a result of access failure. This multicentre international clinical trial was amended to address the clinically relevant question of whether the usability of de novo AVF at 12 months can be improved by the early use of omega-3 PUFAs and to a lesser extent aspirin. This study protocol amendment was made in response to a large trial demonstrating that clopidogrel is effective in safely preventing primary AVF thrombosis, but ineffective at increasing functional patency. Secondly, including patients taking aspirin will enroll a more representative cohort of haemodialysis patients, who are significantly older with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes which may increase event rates and the power of the study. Australia & New Zealand Clinical Trial Register (ACTRN12607000569404).

ACS Style

Andrea K. Viecelli; Elaine Pascoe; Kevan R. Polkinghorne; Carmel Hawley; Peta-Anne Paul-Brent; Sunil V. Badve; Alan Cass; Stephane Heritier; Peter G. Kerr; Trevor A. Mori; Amanda Robertson; Hooi L. Seong; Ashley B. Irish; FAVOURED study team. The Omega-3 fatty acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) study: the updated final trial protocol and rationale of post-initiation trial modifications. BMC Nephrology 2015, 16, 89 .

AMA Style

Andrea K. Viecelli, Elaine Pascoe, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Carmel Hawley, Peta-Anne Paul-Brent, Sunil V. Badve, Alan Cass, Stephane Heritier, Peter G. Kerr, Trevor A. Mori, Amanda Robertson, Hooi L. Seong, Ashley B. Irish, FAVOURED study team. The Omega-3 fatty acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) study: the updated final trial protocol and rationale of post-initiation trial modifications. BMC Nephrology. 2015; 16 (1):89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea K. Viecelli; Elaine Pascoe; Kevan R. Polkinghorne; Carmel Hawley; Peta-Anne Paul-Brent; Sunil V. Badve; Alan Cass; Stephane Heritier; Peter G. Kerr; Trevor A. Mori; Amanda Robertson; Hooi L. Seong; Ashley B. Irish; FAVOURED study team. 2015. "The Omega-3 fatty acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) study: the updated final trial protocol and rationale of post-initiation trial modifications." BMC Nephrology 16, no. 1: 89.

Study protocol
Published: 05 June 2015 in Trials
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Positioning a patient lying-flat in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke may improve recovery and reduce disability, but such a possibility has not been formally tested in a randomised trial. We therefore initiated the Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST) to determine the effects of lying-flat (0°) compared with sitting-up (≥30°) head positioning in the first 24 hours of hospital admission for patients with acute stroke. We plan to conduct an international, cluster randomised, crossover, open, blinded outcome-assessed clinical trial involving 140 study hospitals (clusters) with established acute stroke care programs. Each hospital will be randomly assigned to sequential policies of lying-flat (0°) or sitting-up (≥30°) head position as a ‘business as usual’ stroke care policy during the first 24 hours of admittance. Each hospital is required to recruit 60 consecutive patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), and all patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (an estimated average of 10), in the first randomised head position policy before crossing over to the second head position policy with a similar recruitment target. After collection of in-hospital clinical and management data and 7-day outcomes, central trained blinded assessors will conduct a telephone disability assessment with the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. The primary outcome for analysis is a shift (defined as improvement) in death or disability on this scale. For a cluster size of 60 patients with AIS per intervention and with various assumptions including an intracluster correlation coefficient of 0.03, a sample size of 16,800 patients at 140 centres will provide 90 % power (α 0.05) to detect at least a 16 % relative improvement (shift) in an ordinal logistic regression analysis of the primary outcome. The treatment effect will also be assessed in all patients with ICH who are recruited during each treatment study period. HeadPoST is a large international clinical trial in which we will rigorously evaluate the effects of different head positioning in patients with acute stroke. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02162017 (date of registration: 27 April 2014); ANZCTR identifier: ACTRN12614000483651 (date of registration: 9 May 2014). Protocol version and date: version 2.2, 19 June 2014.

ACS Style

Paula Muñoz-Venturelli; for the HeadPoST Collaborative Investigators; Hisatomi Arima; Pablo M Lavados; Alejandro M Brunser; Bin Peng; Liying Cui; Lily Song; Laurent Billot; Elizabeth Boaden; Maree L. Hackett; Stephane Heritier; Stephen Jan; Sandy Middleton; Verónica V. Olavarría; Joyce Y. Lim; Richard I. Lindley; Emma Heeley; Thompson G Robinson; Octavio M Pontesneto; Lkhamtsoo Natsagdorj; Ruey-Tay Lin; Caroline Watkins; Craig S. Anderson. Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST) – sitting-up vs lying-flat positioning of patients with acute stroke: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015, 16, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Paula Muñoz-Venturelli, for the HeadPoST Collaborative Investigators, Hisatomi Arima, Pablo M Lavados, Alejandro M Brunser, Bin Peng, Liying Cui, Lily Song, Laurent Billot, Elizabeth Boaden, Maree L. Hackett, Stephane Heritier, Stephen Jan, Sandy Middleton, Verónica V. Olavarría, Joyce Y. Lim, Richard I. Lindley, Emma Heeley, Thompson G Robinson, Octavio M Pontesneto, Lkhamtsoo Natsagdorj, Ruey-Tay Lin, Caroline Watkins, Craig S. Anderson. Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST) – sitting-up vs lying-flat positioning of patients with acute stroke: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2015; 16 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paula Muñoz-Venturelli; for the HeadPoST Collaborative Investigators; Hisatomi Arima; Pablo M Lavados; Alejandro M Brunser; Bin Peng; Liying Cui; Lily Song; Laurent Billot; Elizabeth Boaden; Maree L. Hackett; Stephane Heritier; Stephen Jan; Sandy Middleton; Verónica V. Olavarría; Joyce Y. Lim; Richard I. Lindley; Emma Heeley; Thompson G Robinson; Octavio M Pontesneto; Lkhamtsoo Natsagdorj; Ruey-Tay Lin; Caroline Watkins; Craig S. Anderson. 2015. "Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST) – sitting-up vs lying-flat positioning of patients with acute stroke: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial." Trials 16, no. 1: 1-11.

Review
Published: 28 June 2014 in Cerebrovascular Diseases
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Background: Patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have impaired vasomotor reactivity, especially in the affected cerebral hemisphere, such that they may depend directly on systemic blood pressure to maintain perfusion to vulnerable ‘at risk' penumbral tissue. As the sitting up position may affect cerebral perfusion by decreasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) in salvageable tissue, positioning AIS patients with their head in a lying flat position could increase CBF through collateral circulation or gravitational force. We wished to quantify the effect of different head positions on mean flow velocity (MFV) by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) in AIS patients to assess the potential for benefit (or harm) of head positioning in a clinical trial. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies with TCD to evaluate differences in cerebral MFV between the lying flat and sitting up head positions in AIS. For each study and each comparison, we obtained the mean value of changes in MFV and its variance. Results: A total of 303 studies were identified, but 298 were excluded for varying reasons; 4 papers met the inclusion criteria and 57 patients were included in the meta-analysis for calculation of the overall mean difference in MFV. We found a significant increase in MFV from a bed angle of 30 to 15° (4.6 cm/s, 95% confidence interval, CI, 2.9-6.2, p Conclusions: In AIS patients, MFV increased significantly in the side affected by the stroke but not in the unaffected side when they were positioned in a lying flat head position at 0 or 15° compared to an upright head position at 30°. The clinical significance of these findings is now undergoing further randomized evaluation in the international multicenter Head Position in Acute Stroke Trial (HeadPoST).

ACS Style

Verónica V. Olavarría; Hisatomi Arima; Craig S. Anderson; Alejandro M. Brunser; Paula Muñoz-Venturelli; Stephane Heritier; Pablo M. Lavados. Head Position and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014, 37, 401 -408.

AMA Style

Verónica V. Olavarría, Hisatomi Arima, Craig S. Anderson, Alejandro M. Brunser, Paula Muñoz-Venturelli, Stephane Heritier, Pablo M. Lavados. Head Position and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2014; 37 (6):401-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Verónica V. Olavarría; Hisatomi Arima; Craig S. Anderson; Alejandro M. Brunser; Paula Muñoz-Venturelli; Stephane Heritier; Pablo M. Lavados. 2014. "Head Position and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Cerebrovascular Diseases 37, no. 6: 401-408.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
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Jun Ma; Stephane Heritier; Serigne N. Lô. On the maximum penalized likelihood approach for proportional hazard models with right censored survival data. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 2014, 74, 142 -156.

AMA Style

Jun Ma, Stephane Heritier, Serigne N. Lô. On the maximum penalized likelihood approach for proportional hazard models with right censored survival data. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 2014; 74 ():142-156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun Ma; Stephane Heritier; Serigne N. Lô. 2014. "On the maximum penalized likelihood approach for proportional hazard models with right censored survival data." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 74, no. : 142-156.