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Wim Van Den Bergh
Energy and Materials in Infrastructure and Buildings (EMIB) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium

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Review
Published: 07 June 2021 in Renewable Energy
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In recent years, harvesting solar energy as a renewable and sustainable energy source has been studied extensively across engineering fields. Having reviewed more than 50 large-scale projects of Hydronic Asphalt Pavement (HAP), this paper offers a series of findings: the range of construction cost of asphalt collector varies between 25 and 151 €/m2 and 1.760–3.000 €/m2 for the heat exchanger and the total cost. The energy harvest capacity of asphalt solar collector systems (0,6–0,8 GJ/m2/year) and the required amount of heat for snow melting projects (100–900 W/m2) vary significantly in different projects. Using grid supports for easier pipe placement and protection of pipes against heavy loads during and after construction is recommended. Pavement solar collector systems reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 8–100% in different projects by changing their source of energy from fossil fuels to renewable and sustainable sources. Moreover, in order to further evaluate the sustainability of the HAP systems, a detailed life cycle assessment is required, including all available data related to the energy performance, pavement service life, material end-of-life recycling, etc. Finally, the paper identifies the knowledge gaps requiring further research especially in the area of energy output of the HAP systems, pavement service life and life cycle assessment.

ACS Style

Taher Ghalandari; Navid Hasheminejad; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye. A critical review on large-scale research prototypes and actual projects of hydronic asphalt pavement systems. Renewable Energy 2021, 177, 1421 -1437.

AMA Style

Taher Ghalandari, Navid Hasheminejad, Wim Van Den Bergh, Cedric Vuye. A critical review on large-scale research prototypes and actual projects of hydronic asphalt pavement systems. Renewable Energy. 2021; 177 ():1421-1437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taher Ghalandari; Navid Hasheminejad; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye. 2021. "A critical review on large-scale research prototypes and actual projects of hydronic asphalt pavement systems." Renewable Energy 177, no. : 1421-1437.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Sustainability
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In this study, an innovative methodology is proposed to characterize the short-term aging of asphalt binders using the matrix analysis method. The rotational viscosity and complex shear modulus of asphalt binders were chosen as target rheological properties for the analysis of aging. A set of square matrices was developed based on test temperatures and the synthetic additive wax content. Transformational short-term aging matrices were obtained that characterize the trend of the aging process as a function of binder type, temperature sweep, and additive percentage. The results of the matrix analysis show that the trend of short-term aging depends on the binder performance grade and the rheological characteristic chosen for the analysis of aging. In addition, transformational aging matrices can provide detailed information about the range of the aging rate and the trend in aging for each binder type. Furthermore, the components of the transformational matrices clearly show the sensitivity of the binders to aging. In conclusion, the matrix analysis of aging can be used to compare the effects of short-term aging of different asphalt binders.

ACS Style

Ali Jamshidi; Greg White; Wim Van Den Bergh; Seyed Omranian; Meor Hamzah. Development of a Matrix Analysis Methodology for Characterization of Short-Term Aging in Asphalt Binders Modified by Synthetic Wax. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5784 .

AMA Style

Ali Jamshidi, Greg White, Wim Van Den Bergh, Seyed Omranian, Meor Hamzah. Development of a Matrix Analysis Methodology for Characterization of Short-Term Aging in Asphalt Binders Modified by Synthetic Wax. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Jamshidi; Greg White; Wim Van Den Bergh; Seyed Omranian; Meor Hamzah. 2021. "Development of a Matrix Analysis Methodology for Characterization of Short-Term Aging in Asphalt Binders Modified by Synthetic Wax." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5784.

Preprint content
Published: 19 May 2021
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A species’ success during the invasion of new areas hinges on an interplay between demographic processes and the outcome of localized selection. Invasive European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) established populations in Australia and North America in the 19th century. Here, we compare whole-genome sequences among native and independently introduced European Starling populations from three continents to determine how demographic processes interact with rapid adaptive evolution to generate similar genetic patterns in these recent and replicated invasions. Our results confirm that a post-bottleneck expansion may in fact support local adaptation. We find that specific genomic regions have differentiated even on this short evolutionary timescale, and suggest that selection best explains differentiation in at least two of these regions. This infamous and highly mobile invader adapted to novel selection (e.g., extrinsic factors), perhaps in part due to the demographic boom intrinsic to many invasions.

ACS Style

Natalie R. Hofmeister; Katarina Stuart; Wesley C. Warren; Scott J. Werner; Melissa Bateson; Gregory F. Ball; Katherine L. Buchanan; David W. Burt; Adam P.A. Cardilini; Phillip Cassey; Tim De Meyer; Julia George; Simone L. Meddle; Hannah M. Rowland; Craig D.H. Sherman; William Sherwin; Wim Vanden Berghe; Lee Ann Rollins; David F. Clayton. Concurrent invasions by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) suggest selection on shared genomic regions even after genetic bottlenecks. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Natalie R. Hofmeister, Katarina Stuart, Wesley C. Warren, Scott J. Werner, Melissa Bateson, Gregory F. Ball, Katherine L. Buchanan, David W. Burt, Adam P.A. Cardilini, Phillip Cassey, Tim De Meyer, Julia George, Simone L. Meddle, Hannah M. Rowland, Craig D.H. Sherman, William Sherwin, Wim Vanden Berghe, Lee Ann Rollins, David F. Clayton. Concurrent invasions by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) suggest selection on shared genomic regions even after genetic bottlenecks. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalie R. Hofmeister; Katarina Stuart; Wesley C. Warren; Scott J. Werner; Melissa Bateson; Gregory F. Ball; Katherine L. Buchanan; David W. Burt; Adam P.A. Cardilini; Phillip Cassey; Tim De Meyer; Julia George; Simone L. Meddle; Hannah M. Rowland; Craig D.H. Sherman; William Sherwin; Wim Vanden Berghe; Lee Ann Rollins; David F. Clayton. 2021. "Concurrent invasions by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) suggest selection on shared genomic regions even after genetic bottlenecks." , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Incorporating reclaimed asphalt (RA) in surface layer mixtures is still limited due to performance concerns, and it becomes even more challenging when combining aged polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) with virgin PMB. This study aims to evaluate, from a binder perspective, the feasibility of incorporating reclaimed polymer-modified binder (RPMB) in new surface layer mixtures. To address this challenge, blends of RPMB and virgin PMB were investigated at three replacement rates (20%, 40% and 60%) with and without a tall oil-based rejuvenator. First, the viscoelastic behaviour of the blends was assessed using a dynamic shear rheometer. Moreover, physicochemical changes were tracked using infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The experimental investigation revealed that, due to polymer degradation of the RMPB, only the blends with 20% RMPB exhibited polymer activity. Finally, the use of the rejuvenator compensated for the rheological properties of the aged RPMB and reduced the susceptibility to non-load-associated cracking.

ACS Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Georgios Pipintakos; Geert Jacobs; David Hernando; Mats Bruynen; Jeroen Bruurs; Wim Van Den Bergh. Evaluating the role of recycling rate and rejuvenator on the chemo-rheological properties of reclaimed polymer-modified binders. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2021, 22, S83 -S98.

AMA Style

Alexandros Margaritis, Georgios Pipintakos, Geert Jacobs, David Hernando, Mats Bruynen, Jeroen Bruurs, Wim Van Den Bergh. Evaluating the role of recycling rate and rejuvenator on the chemo-rheological properties of reclaimed polymer-modified binders. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2021; 22 (sup1):S83-S98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Georgios Pipintakos; Geert Jacobs; David Hernando; Mats Bruynen; Jeroen Bruurs; Wim Van Den Bergh. 2021. "Evaluating the role of recycling rate and rejuvenator on the chemo-rheological properties of reclaimed polymer-modified binders." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, no. sup1: S83-S98.

Journal article
Published: 22 December 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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At the end of their service life, asphalt pavements exhibit distresses such as cracking and ravelling due to the aged bituminous binder. The recycling process of reclaimed asphalt should compensate for the deteriorated binder properties. The main objective of this binder study is to compare two common recycling strategies: the use of a softer binder and a rejuvenator. Three recycling percentages, 0%, 40% and 70% of reclaimed asphalt binder were evaluated. All binder blends were prepared with similar penetration and softening point values. In order to simulate binder performance during service life, ageing protocols by means of rolling thin film oven test and pressure ageing vessel were performed. The investigation included both mechanical and chemical tests. A dynamic shear rheometer was used to assess different rheological parameters over an extensive temperature range. Linear amplitude sweep tests were performed to estimate the fatigue resistance at intermediate temperatures. Resistance to permanent deformation was assessed with a multiple stress creep recovery test. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to assess the formation of bonds that indicate oxidative ageing after the ageing protocols. Moreover, an optimised method was introduced to calculate the carbonyl index for rejuvenated binders, which also allows to detect the presence of a rejuvenator in a bituminous binder. The results show that the inclusion of rejuvenator results in similar rheological behaviour compared to the application of a soft binder. Furthermore, the rejuvenator improves binder fatigue life without reducing the performance at elevated temperatures.

ACS Style

Geert Jacobs; Alexandros Margaritis; David Hernando; Liang He; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh. Influence of soft binder and rejuvenator on the mechanical and chemical properties of bituminous binders. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 287, 125596 .

AMA Style

Geert Jacobs, Alexandros Margaritis, David Hernando, Liang He, Johan Blom, Wim Van Den Bergh. Influence of soft binder and rejuvenator on the mechanical and chemical properties of bituminous binders. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 287 ():125596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geert Jacobs; Alexandros Margaritis; David Hernando; Liang He; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh. 2020. "Influence of soft binder and rejuvenator on the mechanical and chemical properties of bituminous binders." Journal of Cleaner Production 287, no. : 125596.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2020 in Materials
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With the increased use of reclaimed asphalt (RA), the ability of bituminous materials to resist fatigue cracking may face a decline mainly due to the aged reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB), especially when RA is used at higher rates and not sufficiently treated. In this study, the bulk scale (asphalt) and its subscale (mortar) were employed to evaluate the effect on fatigue resistance when a RAB is added, by considering three replacement rates: 0%, 40%, and 70% RAB. The fatigue testing of asphalt mixtures was carried out using a four-point bending (4PB) setup, while the mortars were tested using a new column-like geometry utilising a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The fatigue properties were further analysed using dissipated energy concepts. The aim of this study was, first, to assess whether the inclusion of a RAB can provide at least similar fatigue properties compared to an all-virgin mix, and second, to evaluate whether the proposed treatment is beneficial for the mixtures with a RAB. The asphalt tests revealed that the inclusion of a 40% RAB led to increased fatigue resistance, whereas the mortar tests showed that the inclusion of RAB has an inverse effect on fatigue life.

ACS Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Geert Jacobs; Georgios Pipintakos; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Van Den Bergh. Fatigue Resistance of Bituminous Mixtures and Mortars Containing High Reclaimed Asphalt Content. Materials 2020, 13, 5680 .

AMA Style

Alexandros Margaritis, Geert Jacobs, Georgios Pipintakos, Johan Blom, Wim Van Den Van Den Bergh. Fatigue Resistance of Bituminous Mixtures and Mortars Containing High Reclaimed Asphalt Content. Materials. 2020; 13 (24):5680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Geert Jacobs; Georgios Pipintakos; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Van Den Bergh. 2020. "Fatigue Resistance of Bituminous Mixtures and Mortars Containing High Reclaimed Asphalt Content." Materials 13, no. 24: 5680.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Journal of Building Engineering
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The use of rubber powders in rubber concrete mixtures are gaining importance. In this study, the effect of the modified rubbers on the surface characteristics of rubber concrete is investigated, together with their engineering practicability by different rubber modification methods. The surface changes of rubber modified by sodium hydroxide, sulfonation, and urea were studied by contact angle and infrared spectroscopy. The basic mechanical properties and impact resistance of modified rubber concrete were studied and related by Scanning Electron Microscope image analysis. The results show that the selected rubber modification can improve the interaction between cement paste and rubber and improve the adhesion between them. Compared with ordinary rubber concrete, the compressive strength of rubber concrete treated with sodium hydroxide was only slightly improved, but its flexural strength, tensile splitting strength, and impact resistance were greatly improved. After the rubber was modified by urea or sulfonation, a variety of polar groups were introduced on the rubber surface. That led to an increase in the mutual attraction between rubber particles and cement paste, and improved the compressive strength, the tensile splitting strength, the flexural strength, and the impact resistance of rubber concrete. Furthermore, the strength loss of rubber concrete was greatly reduced. Rubber modification improves the performance of rubber concrete, showing good application potential.

ACS Style

Liang He; Haodong Cai; Yong Huang; Yu Ma; Wim Van Den Bergh; László Gaspar; Jan Valentin; Yuri Emmanuilovich Vasiliev; Karol J. Kowalski; Junhui Zhang. Research on the properties of rubber concrete containing surface-modified rubber powders. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 35, 101991 .

AMA Style

Liang He, Haodong Cai, Yong Huang, Yu Ma, Wim Van Den Bergh, László Gaspar, Jan Valentin, Yuri Emmanuilovich Vasiliev, Karol J. Kowalski, Junhui Zhang. Research on the properties of rubber concrete containing surface-modified rubber powders. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 35 ():101991.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang He; Haodong Cai; Yong Huang; Yu Ma; Wim Van Den Bergh; László Gaspar; Jan Valentin; Yuri Emmanuilovich Vasiliev; Karol J. Kowalski; Junhui Zhang. 2020. "Research on the properties of rubber concrete containing surface-modified rubber powders." Journal of Building Engineering 35, no. : 101991.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2020 in Materials
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Bitumen is one of the most important materials used in roads. During asphalt pavement construction, workers can be affected by emissions, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), when bitumen is heated. Therefore, it is crucial to correctly identify and measure VOCs. This paper presents a novel, promising method to determine VOC emissions. The proposed method offers a way to standardize routine measurements on a lab scale, enabling reliable comparison across bitumen types and their modifications or additives. A proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) was used to monitor VOC emissions from commercial unmodified bitumen and crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) with heating of up to 180 °C. Results confirmed that the temperature range of 160–180 °C is a highly influential factor for VOC emissions from heated commercial bitumen and particularly CRMB. A significant increase in alkane and aromatic emission was detected when the binders were heated to 180 °C. Sulfur-containing VOCs were almost nonexistent for the base bitumen fumes, while a significant increase was detected in the fumes when two different types of CR were added to the bitumen, even at 120 °C. The additional CR in the bituminous binder contributed to the potentially harmful VOC emission of benzothiazole, which belongs to the class of sulfur-containing compounds. The concentration of benzothiazole was 65%, 38%, and 35% higher for CR1 in comparison to CR2 at 140, 160, and 180 °C, respectively. It is clear from the results that this method allows different bitumen sources or modifications to be quickly analyzed and their VOC emissions cross-compared. If adopted and confirmed further, the method could offer the asphalt industry a viable solution to monitor VOC emissions by analyzing samples in real time at different steps of the production process.

ACS Style

Jaffer Borinelli; Johan Blom; Miguel Portillo-Estrada; Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye. VOC Emission Analysis of Bitumen Using Proton-Transfer Reaction Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Materials 2020, 13, 3659 .

AMA Style

Jaffer Borinelli, Johan Blom, Miguel Portillo-Estrada, Patricia Kara De Maeijer, Wim Van Den Bergh, Cedric Vuye. VOC Emission Analysis of Bitumen Using Proton-Transfer Reaction Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Materials. 2020; 13 (17):3659.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaffer Borinelli; Johan Blom; Miguel Portillo-Estrada; Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye. 2020. "VOC Emission Analysis of Bitumen Using Proton-Transfer Reaction Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry." Materials 13, no. 17: 3659.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Several factors affect asphalt binder and mixture characteristics. This makes pavement performance assessment a mounting task. This paper evaluates the effects of short-term aging on compactibility and volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures using the Response Surface Method (RSM). Three different binders were utilized to produce mixtures (type AC-14). Aging temperature, aging duration, and duration in a climate chamber with increased humidity and ultraviolet lighting were considered as independent variables (IV), while compactibility and volumetric properties were regarded as dependent variables (DV). The findings revealed significant impacts of aging temperature and duration on compactibility, air voids, voids in mineral aggregate, and voids filled with asphalt, while duration in the climate chamber exhibited no significant influence on the DVs. The effects of IVs on DVs varied by binder type. This was achieved through an elaborate statistical analysis. The study, finally, demonstrates the RSM’s potential to predict changes in responses from mathematical equations—converging with the experimental observation—with excellent accuracy. Potentially, pavement contractors can use this method by replacing haulage duration and mixtures’ temperatures during paving in the developed models. It enables them to predict the pavement density and adjust pressure as well as the number of roller passes to achieve the desired requirements.

ACS Style

Seyed Omranian; Meor Hamzah; Georgios Pipintakos; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye; Mohd Hasan. Effects of Short-Term Aging on the Compactibility and Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Response Surface Method. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6181 .

AMA Style

Seyed Omranian, Meor Hamzah, Georgios Pipintakos, Wim Van Den Bergh, Cedric Vuye, Mohd Hasan. Effects of Short-Term Aging on the Compactibility and Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Response Surface Method. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seyed Omranian; Meor Hamzah; Georgios Pipintakos; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye; Mohd Hasan. 2020. "Effects of Short-Term Aging on the Compactibility and Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Response Surface Method." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6181.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2019 in Materials
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Asphalt mixtures are the most common types of pavement material used in the world. Characterizing the mechanical behavior of these complex materials is essential in durable, cost-effective, and sustainable pavement design. One of the important properties of asphalt mixtures is the complex modulus of elasticity. This parameter can be determined using different standardized methods, which are often expensive, complex to perform, and sensitive to the experimental setup. Therefore, recently, there has been considerable interest in developing new, easier, and more comprehensive techniques to investigate the mechanical properties of asphalt. The main objective of this research is to develop an alternative method based on an optical measurement technique (laser Doppler vibrometry). To do this, a frequency domain system identification technique based on analytical formulas (Timoshenko’s beam theory) is used to determine the complex modulus of asphalt concrete at its natural frequencies and to form their master curve. The master curve plotted by this method is compared with the master curve obtained from the standard four-point bending test, and it is concluded that the proposed method is able to produce a master curve similar to the master curve of the standard method. Therefore, the proposed method has the potential to replace the standard stiffness tests. Furthermore, the standard stiffness methods usually conduct experiments up to the maximum frequency of 30 Hz. However, the proposed method can provide accurate complex modulus at high frequencies. This makes an accurate comparison between the properties of the asphalt mixtures in high frequencies and the development of more accurate theoretical models for simulation of specimens possible.

ACS Style

Navid Hasheminejad; Cedric Vuye; Alexandros Margaritis; Wim Van Den Bergh; Joris Dirckx; Steve Vanlanduit. Characterizing the Complex Modulus of Asphalt Concrete Using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer. Materials 2019, 12, 3542 .

AMA Style

Navid Hasheminejad, Cedric Vuye, Alexandros Margaritis, Wim Van Den Bergh, Joris Dirckx, Steve Vanlanduit. Characterizing the Complex Modulus of Asphalt Concrete Using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer. Materials. 2019; 12 (21):3542.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navid Hasheminejad; Cedric Vuye; Alexandros Margaritis; Wim Van Den Bergh; Joris Dirckx; Steve Vanlanduit. 2019. "Characterizing the Complex Modulus of Asphalt Concrete Using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer." Materials 12, no. 21: 3542.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Materials
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Industrial waste causes environmental, economic, and social problems. In Morocco, the Jorf Lasfar Thermal Power Station produces two types of coal ash with enormous quantities: fly ash (FA) and Bottom ash (BA). FA is recovered in cement while BA is stored in landfills. To reduce the effects of BA disposal in landfills, several experimental studies have tested the possibility of their recovery in the road construction, especially as a subbase. In the first phase of this study, the BA underwent a physicochemical and geotechnical characterization. The results obtained show that the BA should be treated to improve its mechanical properties. The most commonly used materials are lime and cement. In the selected low-cost treatment, which is the subject of the second phase of the study, lime is used to improve the low pozzolanicity of BA while calcarenite sand is used to increase the compactness. Several mixtures containing BA, lime, and calcarenite sand were prepared. Each of these mixtures was compacted in modified Proctor molds and then subjected to a series of tests to study the following characteristics: compressive strength, dry and wet California Bearing Ratio (CBR), dry density and swelling. The composition of each mixture was based on an experimental design approach. The results show that the values of the compressive strength, the dry density, and the CBR index have increased after treatment, potentially leading to a valorization of the treated BA for use in a subbase.

ACS Style

Souad El Moudni El Alami; Raja Moussaoui; Mohamed Monkade; Khaled Lahlou; Navid Hasheminejad; Alexandros Margaritis; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye. Lime Treatment of Coal Bottom Ash for Use in Road Pavements: Application to El Jadida Zone in Morocco. Materials 2019, 12, 2674 .

AMA Style

Souad El Moudni El Alami, Raja Moussaoui, Mohamed Monkade, Khaled Lahlou, Navid Hasheminejad, Alexandros Margaritis, Wim Van Den Bergh, Cedric Vuye. Lime Treatment of Coal Bottom Ash for Use in Road Pavements: Application to El Jadida Zone in Morocco. Materials. 2019; 12 (17):2674.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Souad El Moudni El Alami; Raja Moussaoui; Mohamed Monkade; Khaled Lahlou; Navid Hasheminejad; Alexandros Margaritis; Wim Van Den Bergh; Cedric Vuye. 2019. "Lime Treatment of Coal Bottom Ash for Use in Road Pavements: Application to El Jadida Zone in Morocco." Materials 12, no. 17: 2674.

Review
Published: 20 June 2019 in Infrastructures
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Pavement design is essentially and usually a structural long-term evaluation process which is needed to ensure that traffic loads are efficiently distributed at all levels of the total road structure. Furthermore, to get a complete analysis of its durability behavior, long-term monitoring should be facilitated, not only from the top by falling weight deflectometer (FWD) or core drilling but preferably from inside the structure and at exactly the same positions during a long-time interval. Considering that it is very hard to devise an efficient method to determine realistic in-situ mechanical properties of pavements, the determination of strain at the bottom of asphalt pavement layers through non-destructive tests is of a great interest. As it is known, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are the most promising candidates to effectively replace conventional strain gauges for a long-term monitoring application in a harsh environment. The main goals of this paper are to compile an overview of the recent developments worldwide in the application of fiber optics sensors (FOS) in asphalt pavement monitoring systems; to find out if those systems provide repeatable and suitable results for a long-term monitoring; if there are certain solutions to validate an inverse modelling approach based on the results of FWD and FOS.

ACS Style

Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Geert Luyckx; Cedric Vuye; Eli Voet; Wim Van Den Bergh; Steve Vanlanduit; Johan Braspenninckx; Nele Stevens; Jurgen De Wolf. Fiber Optics Sensors in Asphalt Pavement: State-of-the-Art Review. Infrastructures 2019, 4, 36 .

AMA Style

Patricia Kara De Maeijer, Geert Luyckx, Cedric Vuye, Eli Voet, Wim Van Den Bergh, Steve Vanlanduit, Johan Braspenninckx, Nele Stevens, Jurgen De Wolf. Fiber Optics Sensors in Asphalt Pavement: State-of-the-Art Review. Infrastructures. 2019; 4 (2):36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Geert Luyckx; Cedric Vuye; Eli Voet; Wim Van Den Bergh; Steve Vanlanduit; Johan Braspenninckx; Nele Stevens; Jurgen De Wolf. 2019. "Fiber Optics Sensors in Asphalt Pavement: State-of-the-Art Review." Infrastructures 4, no. 2: 36.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2019 in Applied Sciences
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The fatigue performance and healing ability of asphalt pavements are important for mixture design, rehabilitation, and maintenance of the roads. By analyzing these parameters in an asphalt mixture, it is possible to predict the crack formation and propagation in asphalt pavements and healing of these cracks during the rest periods. The healing effect in asphalt mixtures has been observed and verified by many researchers and different methods exist to evaluate this phenomenon. However, current methods are still inadequate to fully observe and quantify the healing phenomenon in asphalt mixtures. In this study, a digital image correlation (DIC) method is used to calculate the strain map on the surface of cylindrical asphalt specimens during the indirect tensile fatigue test. This strain map is used to detect the location of crack initiations and development of the microcracks during the experiments. Next, the specimens are unloaded and the temperature of the climate chamber is increased to 60 °C for 18 h to investigate the healing phenomenon on the surface of the specimens. It is observed that the strain reduces near the microcrack areas especially at the tip of the microcracks. Furthermore, using DIC it is possible to observe the healing rate and the minimum time required to heal the microcracks on the surface of the specimens.

ACS Style

Navid Hasheminejad; Cedric Vuye; Alexandros Margaritis; Bart Ribbens; Geert Jacobs; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh; Joris Dirckx; Steve Vanlanduit. Investigation of Crack Propagation and Healing of Asphalt Concrete Using Digital Image Correlation. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2459 .

AMA Style

Navid Hasheminejad, Cedric Vuye, Alexandros Margaritis, Bart Ribbens, Geert Jacobs, Johan Blom, Wim Van Den Bergh, Joris Dirckx, Steve Vanlanduit. Investigation of Crack Propagation and Healing of Asphalt Concrete Using Digital Image Correlation. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (12):2459.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navid Hasheminejad; Cedric Vuye; Alexandros Margaritis; Bart Ribbens; Geert Jacobs; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh; Joris Dirckx; Steve Vanlanduit. 2019. "Investigation of Crack Propagation and Healing of Asphalt Concrete Using Digital Image Correlation." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12: 2459.

Articles
Published: 12 June 2019 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Currently, reclaimed asphalt (RA) is considered as one of the most recyclable materials in the construction industry of the developed countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of RA on manufactured mixtures in Flanders and to define a correlation between RA and mechanical performance through the statistical spectrum. In this study a statistical analysis was carried out on a dataset of 74 bituminous mixtures, certified in Flanders (2009–2016). A bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the influential factors and the impact on the performance of mixtures. In addition, the determination of the effect of RA on major mechanical properties was evaluated by an independent-samples T-test analysis. Finally, a prediction model was fitted using the multiple linear regression analysis. The main result of the comparison within the mechanical properties showed that for this dataset the mixtures with RA exhibit at least equal mechanical properties compared to mixtures without RA. The correlation analysis provided insight on the influential factors of the mechanical properties, such as a significant linear correlation between binder properties (penetration and softening point) and mechanical properties (stiffness, fatigue and wheel rutting). Moreover, the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis quantitatively described the influence of mix properties on mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh. Evaluating the mechanical performance of Flemish bituminous mixtures containing RA by statistical analysis. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 20, S725 -S739.

AMA Style

Alexandros Margaritis, Johan Blom, Wim Van Den Bergh. Evaluating the mechanical performance of Flemish bituminous mixtures containing RA by statistical analysis. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 20 (sup2):S725-S739.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh. 2019. "Evaluating the mechanical performance of Flemish bituminous mixtures containing RA by statistical analysis." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. sup2: S725-S739.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2019 in Coatings
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The utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) in the road construction sector induces considerable economic and ecological benefits. The blending of the recycled material with new components is believed to be of great importance for the mixture’s properties. An extensive knowledge of the blending of the materials is crucial in optimizing the use of RA, especially at higher recycling rates. In this paper, the applicability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode to study the bituminous coating of RA granulates is investigated. This method is a promising alternative to trace heterogeneous areas within the coating compared to methods that require extraction and recovery of bitumen. A method for sample preparation and FTIR spectra analysis is proposed. Four different samples were analyzed: a reference RA granulate, two types of RA granulates mixed with neat bitumen, and a RA granulate with rejuvenator. The results show that the use of ATR-FTIR microscope allows the tracing of different components, indications of blending, as well as proof of rejuvenation of the aged bituminous area.

ACS Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Giorgio Tofani; Geert Jacobs; Johan Blom; Serge Tavernier; Cedric Vuye; Wim Van Den Bergh. On the Applicability of ATR-FTIR Microscopy to Evaluate the Blending between Neat Bitumen and Bituminous Coating of Reclaimed Asphalt. Coatings 2019, 9, 240 .

AMA Style

Alexandros Margaritis, Giorgio Tofani, Geert Jacobs, Johan Blom, Serge Tavernier, Cedric Vuye, Wim Van Den Bergh. On the Applicability of ATR-FTIR Microscopy to Evaluate the Blending between Neat Bitumen and Bituminous Coating of Reclaimed Asphalt. Coatings. 2019; 9 (4):240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Margaritis; Giorgio Tofani; Geert Jacobs; Johan Blom; Serge Tavernier; Cedric Vuye; Wim Van Den Bergh. 2019. "On the Applicability of ATR-FTIR Microscopy to Evaluate the Blending between Neat Bitumen and Bituminous Coating of Reclaimed Asphalt." Coatings 9, no. 4: 240.

Conference paper
Published: 23 February 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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In 2015, the ROAD_IT project initiated the development and demonstration of an integrated and coherent IT process control system for the Flemish asphalt sector in order to modernize existing asphalt paving technologies and to obtain real-time data to monitor pavement behavior. One of the demonstration test tracks is CyPaTs, the construction of a bicycle path built in September 2017, using innovative technologies (www.uantwerpen.be/cypats). Five technologies are described in this contribution. An asphalt solar collector (PSC) with a piping system was installed directly in the asphalt. Cold water during summer season and hot water in winter season running through the pipes, keep the asphalt structure in a better temperature interval, avoiding rutting and cracking. Other advantages of this system are: energy gain, the prevention of damage to asphalt and the enhancement of traffic safety. The expected energy gain per year varies between 0.5 and 0.8 GJ/m2. About 20% of this energy is used for the operation of the asphalt collector itself. The remaining 80% can be used in nearby buildings. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) monitoring system was integrated in all three asphalt layers for the first time in Belgium. Two novel approaches of FBGs installation in asphalt layers were elaborated in this bicycle path: installation of FBGs in prefabricated asphalt specimens at the bottom of base layer and installation of FBGs in a saw cut of approx. 2mm in the previously constructed asphalt layer. The results proved a survival rate of the FBGs of 100%. The obtained strain and temperature data from FBG monitoring system has proved to be an excellent approach to establish and reflect the real condition of the asphalt pavement behaviour in time at different temperatures. The temperatures of the asphalt pavement during construction were followed up by the infrared thermography measurement techniques: a thermographic line-scanner (PAVE-IR by Moba AG) which was mounted at the back of the finisher and a hand-held IR camera (FLIR T640) was used for taking pictures every 2 meters. A real-time temperature contour plot of the pavement during construction was created to monitor asphalt pavement temperatures for quality inspection during the paving process or for later assessment. Two other non-destructive technologies for quality assessment were applied during this project. At first, the thickness was measured using aluminium plates and the MIT-SCAN T3. The obtained values were compared with topographic height measurements. Secondly, the density was measured with the PQI-380 non-nuclear density meter at several spots. The objective here is to check the density of the bicycle path, as well as the accuracy and investigate different parameters that influence the variations of the results, in particular the temperature dependency.

ACS Style

Wim Van Den Bergh; Geert Jacobs; Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Cedric Vuye; Sravani Arimilli; Karolien Couscheir; Leen Lauriks; Robin Baetens; Ian Severins; Alexandros Margaritis; Navid Hasheminejad; Johan Blom; Jan Stoop; Muddsair Sharif. Demonstrating Innovative Technologies for the Flemish Asphalt Sector in the CyPaTs Project. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 471, 022031 .

AMA Style

Wim Van Den Bergh, Geert Jacobs, Patricia Kara De Maeijer, Cedric Vuye, Sravani Arimilli, Karolien Couscheir, Leen Lauriks, Robin Baetens, Ian Severins, Alexandros Margaritis, Navid Hasheminejad, Johan Blom, Jan Stoop, Muddsair Sharif. Demonstrating Innovative Technologies for the Flemish Asphalt Sector in the CyPaTs Project. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 471 (2):022031.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wim Van Den Bergh; Geert Jacobs; Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Cedric Vuye; Sravani Arimilli; Karolien Couscheir; Leen Lauriks; Robin Baetens; Ian Severins; Alexandros Margaritis; Navid Hasheminejad; Johan Blom; Jan Stoop; Muddsair Sharif. 2019. "Demonstrating Innovative Technologies for the Flemish Asphalt Sector in the CyPaTs Project." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471, no. 2: 022031.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2019 in Infrastructures
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In this study, the feasibility of a natural peat fiber and finely ground peat powder as a modifier for bitumen was investigated. Initially, the as-received peat material was characterized in detail: the material was ground to various degrees, separated into fiber and powder fractions, and the gradation of the powder fraction as well as the size of the fibers were determined. A possible solubility in bitumen, the moisture content, and the density of both fractions were evaluated, and a limited chemical characterization of the fibers was conducted. Secondly, the rheological behavior of the powder and the fibers when blended with bitumen was evaluated. Additionally, a limited asphalt study was conducted. The rheological data showed the stiffening effects of the powder fraction and the presence of a fiber network, which were obvious as a plateau modulus towards lower frequencies. The fiber network was strain-dependent and showed elastic effects. This was further confirmed by the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCRT) tests. These tests also indicated that the fibers should improve the rutting resistance, although it was not possible to confirm this in asphalt rutting tests. Asphalt drainage tests demonstrated that adding dry peat, whether this is ground or not, is effective in reducing the binder drainage. However, the data also revealed that the amount of added peat fibers and powder should be limited to avoid difficulties in the compaction of these asphalt mixes.

ACS Style

Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Hilde Soenen; Wim Van Den Bergh; Johan Blom; Geert Jacobs; Jan Stoop. Peat Fibers and Finely Ground Peat Powder for Application in Asphalt. Infrastructures 2019, 4, 3 .

AMA Style

Patricia Kara De Maeijer, Hilde Soenen, Wim Van Den Bergh, Johan Blom, Geert Jacobs, Jan Stoop. Peat Fibers and Finely Ground Peat Powder for Application in Asphalt. Infrastructures. 2019; 4 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Hilde Soenen; Wim Van Den Bergh; Johan Blom; Geert Jacobs; Jan Stoop. 2019. "Peat Fibers and Finely Ground Peat Powder for Application in Asphalt." Infrastructures 4, no. 1: 3.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Infrastructures
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A laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is a noncontact optical measurement device to measure the vibration velocities of particular points on the surface of an object. Even though LDV has become more popular in road engineering in recent years, their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is strongly dependent on light scattering properties of the surface which, in some cases, needs to be properly conditioned. SNR is the main limitation in LDV instrumentation when measuring on low diffusive surfaces like pavements; therefore, an investigation on the SNR of different LDV devices on different surface conditions is of great importance. The objective of this research is to investigate the quality of two types of commercially available LDV systems—helium–neon (He–Ne)-based vibrometers and recently developed infrared vibrometers—on different surface conditions, i.e., retroreflective tape, white tape, black tape, and asphalt concrete. Both noise floor and modal analysis experiments are carried out on these surface conditions. It is shown that the noise floor of the He–Ne LDV is higher when dealing with a noncooperative dark surface, such as asphalt concrete, and it can be improved by improving the surface quality or by using an infrared LDV, which consequently improves the modal analysis experiments performed on pavement materials.

ACS Style

Navid Hasheminejad; Cedric Vuye; Wim Van Den Bergh; Joris Dirckx; Steve Vanlanduit. A Comparative Study of Laser Doppler Vibrometers for Vibration Measurements on Pavement Materials. Infrastructures 2018, 3, 47 .

AMA Style

Navid Hasheminejad, Cedric Vuye, Wim Van Den Bergh, Joris Dirckx, Steve Vanlanduit. A Comparative Study of Laser Doppler Vibrometers for Vibration Measurements on Pavement Materials. Infrastructures. 2018; 3 (4):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navid Hasheminejad; Cedric Vuye; Wim Van Den Bergh; Joris Dirckx; Steve Vanlanduit. 2018. "A Comparative Study of Laser Doppler Vibrometers for Vibration Measurements on Pavement Materials." Infrastructures 3, no. 4: 47.

Conference paper
Published: 13 September 2018 in High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6
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In this study, the suitability of a natural peat fiber, as a modifier for bitumen was investigated. Peat fibers were dried, ground, and fractionated into a fiber and a granular fraction. Rheological data on peat modified binders indicated that the granular fraction is acting as a filler mainly stiffening the bituminous binders whilst the fiber fraction mainly increases the elastic behavior, which became especially visible at higher service temperatures. It was observed that by changing the ratio of fibers versus granular particles, the rheological behavior can be regulated. In addition, drainage tests were carried out on stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixes. The data indicated that peat fibers can effectively reduce drainage, and can be used as an alternative for the currently used cellulose fibers.

ACS Style

Hilde Soenen; Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh. Peat as an Example of a Natural Fiber in Bitumen. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2018, 300 -305.

AMA Style

Hilde Soenen, Patricia Kara De Maeijer, Johan Blom, Wim Van Den Bergh. Peat as an Example of a Natural Fiber in Bitumen. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2018; ():300-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hilde Soenen; Patricia Kara De Maeijer; Johan Blom; Wim Van Den Bergh. 2018. "Peat as an Example of a Natural Fiber in Bitumen." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 300-305.

Original article
Published: 07 September 2018 in Energy Efficiency
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The current contribution gives insight into the Belgian low-voltage electricity mix, used in environmental life cycle assessment studies and modelled following the attributional and consequential approach. Is the electricity mix for Belgium, as available in the life cycle inventory database ecoinvent 3.1, representative for the current electricity mix and the future developments? Studies on this research topic are missing in the literature, especially for this particular geographical and time frame. In this study, data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity and the Federal Planning Bureau have been used to model the historical and future Belgian low-voltage electricity mix. The environmental impact is analysed for different scenarios: attributional and consequential modelling, historic and outlook data, the domestic electricity mix and the extended mix with import from other countries. The life cycle inventory database ecoinvent 3.1 and the life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe version 1.12 are used. It was found that the historical attributional mixes are well represented by the ecoinvent 3.1 mix. All other scenario mixes significantly differ from the mixes in ecoinvent 3.1.

ACS Style

Matthias Buyle; Joke Anthonissen; Wim Van Den Bergh; Johan Braet; Amaryllis Audenaert. Analysis of the Belgian electricity mix used in environmental life cycle assessment studies: how reliable is the ecoinvent 3.1 mix? Energy Efficiency 2018, 12, 1105 -1121.

AMA Style

Matthias Buyle, Joke Anthonissen, Wim Van Den Bergh, Johan Braet, Amaryllis Audenaert. Analysis of the Belgian electricity mix used in environmental life cycle assessment studies: how reliable is the ecoinvent 3.1 mix? Energy Efficiency. 2018; 12 (5):1105-1121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthias Buyle; Joke Anthonissen; Wim Van Den Bergh; Johan Braet; Amaryllis Audenaert. 2018. "Analysis of the Belgian electricity mix used in environmental life cycle assessment studies: how reliable is the ecoinvent 3.1 mix?" Energy Efficiency 12, no. 5: 1105-1121.