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Amir H. Pakpour
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

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Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
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(1) Background: The older adult population of society is exposed to multiple stressors daily, such as the loss of loved ones, dysfunctional mobility, financial dependence, and suffering from numerous chronic illnesses. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Anxiety about Aging Scale among older adults in Iran. (2) Methods: A sample of 703 community-dwelling older adults was recruited and screened using a standardized tool. The mean age of participants was 69.4 ± 8.1 years. The majority of participants were male (59.2%), married (66.6%), and illiterate (79.7%). A ‘forward-backward’ translation method was used in developing the Iranian version of the AAS for assessing the psychometric properties among older adults. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the Rasch model were used for construct validity. (3) Results: Applying CFA indicated that the model’s four original factors are the best solution, representing 55% of the total variance. The result of the CFA showed that this four-factor model had a good fit for the data. The findings were also confirmed by Rasch analysis. (4) Conclusions: The Persian version of the AAS is valid and reliable for measuring aging anxiety among Iranian older adults.

ACS Style

Amir Pakpour; Shamsedin Namjoo; Khadijeh Sabahiazar; Mohammad Jafarabadi; Vijay Chattu; Hamid Allahverdipour. Psychometric Properties of the Lasher and Faulkender Anxiety about Aging Scale (AAS) among Iranian Older Adults. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 2021, 11, 829 -837.

AMA Style

Amir Pakpour, Shamsedin Namjoo, Khadijeh Sabahiazar, Mohammad Jafarabadi, Vijay Chattu, Hamid Allahverdipour. Psychometric Properties of the Lasher and Faulkender Anxiety about Aging Scale (AAS) among Iranian Older Adults. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11 (3):829-837.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Pakpour; Shamsedin Namjoo; Khadijeh Sabahiazar; Mohammad Jafarabadi; Vijay Chattu; Hamid Allahverdipour. 2021. "Psychometric Properties of the Lasher and Faulkender Anxiety about Aging Scale (AAS) among Iranian Older Adults." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 3: 829-837.

Research article
Published: 13 July 2021 in PLOS ONE
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Aim This study tested the construct validity (i.e., factor structure) of the Persian Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) on a sample of male prisoners. Methods All the participants (mean±SD age = 39.44±7.94 years) completed three scales—the Persian MAAS, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis with differential item functioning (DIF) were applied to examine the construct validity of the MAAS. Specifically, the DIF was tested across different insomnia status (using ISI with a cutoff of 15), psychiatric well-being status (using GHQ-12 with a cutoff of 12), and age (using mean age of 39.44 as the cutoff). Results The CFA results showed a single factor solution for the Persian MAAS. The Rasch results showed all MAAS items fit in the construct (infit mean square [MnSq] = 0.72 to 1.41; outfit MnSq = 0.74 to 1.39) without displaying DIF items (DIF contrast = -0.34 to 0.31 for insomnia condition; -0.22 to 0.25 for psychiatric well-being; -0.26 to 0.29 for age). Conclusions The Persian version of the MAAS is, therefore, a valid instrument to measure mindfulness among Iranian male prisoners.

ACS Style

Ali Poorebrahim; Chung-Ying Lin; Vida Imani; Shapour Soltankhah Kolvani; Seyed Abbas Alaviyoun; Narges Ehsani; Amir H. Pakpour. Using Mindful Attention Awareness Scale on male prisoners: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch models. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0254333 .

AMA Style

Ali Poorebrahim, Chung-Ying Lin, Vida Imani, Shapour Soltankhah Kolvani, Seyed Abbas Alaviyoun, Narges Ehsani, Amir H. Pakpour. Using Mindful Attention Awareness Scale on male prisoners: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch models. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (7):e0254333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Poorebrahim; Chung-Ying Lin; Vida Imani; Shapour Soltankhah Kolvani; Seyed Abbas Alaviyoun; Narges Ehsani; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Using Mindful Attention Awareness Scale on male prisoners: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch models." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7: e0254333.

Original research article
Published: 12 July 2021 in Frontiers in Psychiatry
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The adverse effect of COVID-19 pandemic among individuals has been very disturbing especially among healthcare workers. This study aims to examine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, sleep problems, and psychological distress among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers in Taiwan. Hence, a total of 500 frontline healthcare workers were recruited to participate in this cross-sectional study. They responded to measures on fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, PTSD, perceived stigma, and self-stigma. The results indicated a prevalence rate of 15.4% for PTSD symptoms, 44.6% for insomnia, 25.6% for depressive symptoms, 30.6% for anxiety symptoms, and 23.4% for stress among the participants. There were significantly positive interrelationships between all these variables. Anxiety symptoms and fear of COVID-19 predicted PTSD whereas symptoms of anxiety, fear of COVID-19, and stress predicted insomnia. The prevalence rates of the psychological problems reveal a worrying view of mental health challenges among Taiwanese frontline healthcare workers. Anxiety symptoms and fear of COVID-19 are the common predictive factors of PTSD and sleep problems suggesting that mental healthcare services for them may help prevent future occurrence of psychological problems by allaying fears of healthcare workers. Therefore, there should be mental healthcare services for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ACS Style

Mei-Yun Lu; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Shikha Kukreti; Carol Strong; Yi-Hsuan Lin; Yi-Jie Kuo; Yu-Pin Chen; Chung-Ying Lin; Po-Lin Chen; Nai-Ying Ko; Wen-Chien Ko. The Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Sleep Problems, and Psychological Distress Among COVID-19 Frontline Healthcare Workers in Taiwan. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021, 12, 705657 .

AMA Style

Mei-Yun Lu, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Shikha Kukreti, Carol Strong, Yi-Hsuan Lin, Yi-Jie Kuo, Yu-Pin Chen, Chung-Ying Lin, Po-Lin Chen, Nai-Ying Ko, Wen-Chien Ko. The Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Sleep Problems, and Psychological Distress Among COVID-19 Frontline Healthcare Workers in Taiwan. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021; 12 ():705657.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mei-Yun Lu; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Shikha Kukreti; Carol Strong; Yi-Hsuan Lin; Yi-Jie Kuo; Yu-Pin Chen; Chung-Ying Lin; Po-Lin Chen; Nai-Ying Ko; Wen-Chien Ko. 2021. "The Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Sleep Problems, and Psychological Distress Among COVID-19 Frontline Healthcare Workers in Taiwan." Frontiers in Psychiatry 12, no. : 705657.

Review
Published: 09 July 2021 in Journal of Sleep Research
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The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) changed lifestyles worldwide and subsequently induced individuals’ sleep problems. Sleep problems have been demonstrated by scattered evidence among the current literature on COVID-19; however, little is known regarding the synthesised prevalence of sleep problems (i.e. insomnia symptoms and poor sleep quality) for males and females separately. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to answer the important question regarding prevalence of sleep problems during the COVID-19 outbreak period between genders. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale checklist, relevant studies with satisfactory methodological quality searched for in five academic databases (Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, Web of Science , and EMBASE) were included and analysed. The protocol of the project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; identification code CRD42020181644). A total of 54 papers (N = 67,722) in the female subgroup and 45 papers (N = 45,718) in the male subgroup were pooled in the meta-analysis. The corrected pooled estimated prevalence of sleep problems was 24% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19%–29%) for female participants and 27% (95% CI 24%–30%) for male participants. Although in both gender subgroups, patients with COVID-19, health professionals and general population showed the highest prevalence of sleep problems, it did not reach statistical significance. Based on multivariable meta-regression, both gender groups had higher prevalence of sleep problems during the lockdown period. Therefore, healthcare providers should pay attention to the sleep problems and take appropriate preventive action.

ACS Style

Zainab Alimoradi; David Gozal; Hector W. H. Tsang; Chung‐Ying Lin; Anders Broström; Maurice M. Ohayon; Amir H. Pakpour. Gender‐specific estimates of sleep problems during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Sleep Research 2021, e13432 .

AMA Style

Zainab Alimoradi, David Gozal, Hector W. H. Tsang, Chung‐Ying Lin, Anders Broström, Maurice M. Ohayon, Amir H. Pakpour. Gender‐specific estimates of sleep problems during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Sleep Research. 2021; ():e13432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zainab Alimoradi; David Gozal; Hector W. H. Tsang; Chung‐Ying Lin; Anders Broström; Maurice M. Ohayon; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Gender‐specific estimates of sleep problems during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Systematic review and meta‐analysis." Journal of Sleep Research , no. : e13432.

Review
Published: 04 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Adults with schizophrenia usually have impairments in theory of mind (ToM), which subsequently cause them problems in social interaction. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to assess their ToM using adequate measures. This systematic review evaluated current ToM measures (or ToM tasks) for adults with schizophrenia and summarized their specific characteristics, including the concept and construct, administration, and psychometric properties. From a review of 117 articles, 13 types of ToM tasks were identified, and the findings from these articles were qualitatively synthesized. The results showed that ToM tasks are diverse in their presentation modalities, answer modes, strategies of controlling cognitive confounders, and scoring. Most tasks employ cognitive and affective dimensions and target a specific, single ToM concept. The present systematic review found that psychometric evidence supporting the ToM tasks, such as internal consistency, test–retest reliability, unidimensionality, and convergent, criterion, and ecological validities, is insufficient. Based on the results, we propose several principles for selecting appropriate ToM tasks in practice, e.g., selecting a task with multiple ToM concepts, or an exclusive ToM construct containing the cognitive and affective dimensions. Moreover, future studies are needed to provide more psychometric evidence on each type of ToM task applied in people with schizophrenia.

ACS Style

Ya-Chin Yeh; Chung-Ying Lin; Ping-Chia Li; Chi-Fa Hung; Chun-Hua Cheng; Ming-Hui Kuo; Kuan-Lin Chen. A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7172 .

AMA Style

Ya-Chin Yeh, Chung-Ying Lin, Ping-Chia Li, Chi-Fa Hung, Chun-Hua Cheng, Ming-Hui Kuo, Kuan-Lin Chen. A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):7172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ya-Chin Yeh; Chung-Ying Lin; Ping-Chia Li; Chi-Fa Hung; Chun-Hua Cheng; Ming-Hui Kuo; Kuan-Lin Chen. 2021. "A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 7172.

Research paper
Published: 25 June 2021 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Objective: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most robust models in explaining health-related behavior. In this study, we tested the extended TPB to predict university students’ intentions to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was developed to investigate students’ intention to uptake the COVID-19 vaccine based on the components of the TPB (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and extended components (i.e., knowledge about COVID-19, risk perception of COVID-19, and past influenza vaccination behavior). Non-probability sampling was used to collect data from 3145 students from 43 universities in mainland China in January 2021. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the proposed model. Enrolled students were relatively young (mean age = 20.80 years; SD = 2.09), half of them are female (50.2%), and most of them were studying in undergraduate programs (n = 3026; 96.2%). Results: The results showed that students’ knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine and risk perception of COVID-19 positively influenced their attitude toward the uptake of a COVID-19 vaccine. Also, students’ attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination uptake and their past influenza vaccination uptake behaviors were positively associated with the intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were not significant predictors for the intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination (R2 = 0.49). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the extended TPB appears to be an efficient model with the focus on attitude, knowledge, risk perception, and past influenza vaccination uptake behaviors in explaining students’ intention for COVID-19 vaccination.

ACS Style

Chia-Wei Fan; I-Hua Chen; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. Extended theory of planned behavior in explaining the intention to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among mainland Chinese university students: an online survey study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2021, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Chia-Wei Fan, I-Hua Chen, Nai-Ying Ko, Cheng-Fang Yen, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir H. Pakpour. Extended theory of planned behavior in explaining the intention to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among mainland Chinese university students: an online survey study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2021; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chia-Wei Fan; I-Hua Chen; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Extended theory of planned behavior in explaining the intention to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among mainland Chinese university students: an online survey study." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics , no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Vaccine
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COVID-19 continues to ravage the world with economies and life significantly and negatively affected. Fortunately, there has been significant progress in the production of vaccines to stem the infection. However, with controversies and myths surrounding vaccinations, it is timely to examine individuals’ willingness to vaccinate. The present study adapted the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-Flu Scale) into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S) for validation and assessed the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination utilizing the cognitive model of empowerment (CME). A total of 3145 university students (mean age = 20.80 years; SD = 2.09) were recruited for the present study between January 5 and 16, 2021. Two MoVac-COVID19S scales (9-item and 12-item) were adapted from the MoVac-Flu Scale, an instrument developed using CME. Psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain reliability and validity properties. The findings indicated that the MoVac-COVID19S had high internal consistency in both the 9-item version (ω = 0.921) and 12-item version (ω = 0.898). The factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S (9-item and 12-item versions) corresponded well with CME theory. All the fit indices were satisfactory (comparative fit index = 0.984, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.971, root mean square error of approximation = 0.088, standardized root mean square residual = 0.058) but the 9-item MoVac-COVID had better fit indices than the 12-item MoVac-COVID due to the negative wording effects existing in the 12-item MoVac-COVID19S. The scale had satisfactory known-group validity in both 9-item and 12-item versions. The MoVac-COVID19S has promising psychometric properties based on internal consistency, factor structure, and known-group validity.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. Adapting the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Psychometric evaluation among mainland Chinese university students. Vaccine 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Nai-Ying Ko, Cheng-Fang Yen, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir H. Pakpour. Adapting the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Psychometric evaluation among mainland Chinese university students. Vaccine. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Adapting the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Psychometric evaluation among mainland Chinese university students." Vaccine , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Vaccines
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One of the most efficient methods to control the high infection rate of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is to have a high coverage of COVID-19 vaccination worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand individuals’ intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated. The present study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explain the intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated among a representative sample in Qazvin, Iran. The TPB uses psychological constructs of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control to explain an individual’s intention to perform a behavior. Fear and perceived infectability were additionally incorporated into the TPB to explain the intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated. Utilizing multistage stratified cluster sampling, 10,843 participants (4092 males; 37.7%) with a mean age of 35.54 years (SD = 12.00) completed a survey. The survey assessed TPB constructs (including attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention related to COVID-19 vaccination) together with fear of COVID-19 and perceived COVID-19 infectability. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to examine whether fear of COVID-19, perceived infectability, and the TPB constructs explained individuals’ intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated. The SEM demonstrated satisfactory fit (comparative fit index = 0.970; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.962; root mean square error of approximation = 0.040; standardized root mean square residual = 0.050). Moreover, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, attitude, and perceived COVID-19 infectability significantly explained individuals’ intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated. Perceived COVID-19 infectability and TPB constructs were all significant mediators in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated. Incorporating fear of COVID-19 and perceived COVID-19 infectability effectively into the TPB explained Iranians’ intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated. Therefore, Iranians who have a strong belief in Muslim religion may improve their intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated via these constructs.

ACS Style

Rafat Yahaghi; Safie Ahmadizade; Razie Fotuhi; Elham Taherkhani; Mehdi Ranjbaran; Zeinab Buchali; Robabe Jafari; Narges Zamani; Azam Shahbazkhania; Hengame Simiari; Jalal Rahmani; Nahid Yazdi; Hashem Alijani; Leila Poorzolfaghar; Fatemeh Rajabi; Chung-Ying Lin; Anders Broström; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated. Vaccines 2021, 9, 684 .

AMA Style

Rafat Yahaghi, Safie Ahmadizade, Razie Fotuhi, Elham Taherkhani, Mehdi Ranjbaran, Zeinab Buchali, Robabe Jafari, Narges Zamani, Azam Shahbazkhania, Hengame Simiari, Jalal Rahmani, Nahid Yazdi, Hashem Alijani, Leila Poorzolfaghar, Fatemeh Rajabi, Chung-Ying Lin, Anders Broström, Mark Griffiths, Amir Pakpour. Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (7):684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafat Yahaghi; Safie Ahmadizade; Razie Fotuhi; Elham Taherkhani; Mehdi Ranjbaran; Zeinab Buchali; Robabe Jafari; Narges Zamani; Azam Shahbazkhania; Hengame Simiari; Jalal Rahmani; Nahid Yazdi; Hashem Alijani; Leila Poorzolfaghar; Fatemeh Rajabi; Chung-Ying Lin; Anders Broström; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. 2021. "Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated." Vaccines 9, no. 7: 684.

Public health
Published: 17 June 2021 in BMJ Open
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Objective To develop a psychometrically reliable instrument to assess psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic across Arab countries. Design The new instrument was developed through the review of relevant literature. We adapted multiple items from the following tools: The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, Health Anxiety Inventory, Swine Influenza Anxiety Scale and the Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety to design our new assessment tool which is called COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale (CPDS). For psychometric analyses and validation, we conducted a cross-sectional study that solicited data through a web-based survey using the newly developed CPDS. Setting and participants This validation study was conducted in four Arab countries, including Algeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. A total of 1337 participants from these countries have voluntarily responded to our survey questionnaire that included the newly developed scale. Results The final version of the CPDS comprised 12 items. Participants from Algeria (n=447), Kuwait (n=437), Saudi Arabia (n=160) and Yemen (n=293) have completed the 12-item CPDS. Exploratory factor analysis (used on the Algerian sample) suggested a two-factor structure of the CPDS. The two-factor structure was then supported by the confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample. Additionally, Rasch analyses showed that all the items fit well in their embedded construct; only one item showed somewhat substantial differential item functioning across gender and country. Conclusion The 12-item CPDS was found to be measurement invariant across country and gender. The CPDS, with its promising psychometric properties, might help healthcare professionals to identify people with COVID-19-induced psychological distress.

ACS Style

Zine.El.Abiddine Fares; Ala'A B. Al-Tammemi; Hesham F. Gadelrab; Chung-Ying Lin; Musheer A. Aljaberi; Amthal Alhuwailah; Mohammed Lakder Roubi. Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e046006 .

AMA Style

Zine.El.Abiddine Fares, Ala'A B. Al-Tammemi, Hesham F. Gadelrab, Chung-Ying Lin, Musheer A. Aljaberi, Amthal Alhuwailah, Mohammed Lakder Roubi. Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation. BMJ Open. 2021; 11 (6):e046006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zine.El.Abiddine Fares; Ala'A B. Al-Tammemi; Hesham F. Gadelrab; Chung-Ying Lin; Musheer A. Aljaberi; Amthal Alhuwailah; Mohammed Lakder Roubi. 2021. "Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation." BMJ Open 11, no. 6: e046006.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021
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To develop a psychometrically reliable instrument to assess psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic across Arab countries. The new instrument was developed through the review of relevant literature. We adapted multiple items from the following tools: The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, Health Anxiety Inventory, Swine Influenza Anxiety Scale and the Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety to design our new assessment tool which is called COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale (CPDS). For psychometric analyses and validation, we conducted a cross-sectional study that solicited data through a web-based survey using the newly developed CPDS. This validation study was conducted in four Arab countries, including Algeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. A total of 1337 participants from these countries have voluntarily responded to our survey questionnaire that included the newly developed scale. The final version of the CPDS comprised 12 items. Participants from Algeria (n=447), Kuwait (n=437), Saudi Arabia (n=160) and Yemen (n=293) have completed the 12-item CPDS. Exploratory factor analysis (used on the Algerian sample) suggested a two-factor structure of the CPDS. The two-factor structure was then supported by the confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample. Additionally, Rasch analyses showed that all the items fit well in their embedded construct; only one item showed somewhat substantial differential item functioning across gender and country. The 12-item CPDS was found to be measurement invariant across country and gender. The CPDS, with its promising psychometric properties, might help healthcare professionals to identify people with COVID-19-induced psychological distress.

ACS Style

Zine.El.Abiddine Fares; Ala'A B. Al-Tammemi; Hesham F. Gadelrab; Chung-Ying Lin; Musheer A. Aljaberi; Amthal Alhuwailah; Mohammed Lakder Roubi. Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation. 2021, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Zine.El.Abiddine Fares, Ala'A B. Al-Tammemi, Hesham F. Gadelrab, Chung-Ying Lin, Musheer A. Aljaberi, Amthal Alhuwailah, Mohammed Lakder Roubi. Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation. . 2021; 11 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zine.El.Abiddine Fares; Ala'A B. Al-Tammemi; Hesham F. Gadelrab; Chung-Ying Lin; Musheer A. Aljaberi; Amthal Alhuwailah; Mohammed Lakder Roubi. 2021. "Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation." 11, no. 6: 1.

Review
Published: 10 June 2021 in EClinicalMedicine
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Background The emerging novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the leading cause of deaths worldwide in 2020. The present systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the magnitude of sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with psychological distress. Methods Five academic databases (Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Embase) were searched. Observational studies including case-control studies and cross-sectional studies were included if relevant data relationships were reported (i.e., sleep assessed utilizing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index or Insomnia Severity Index). All the studies were English, peer-reviewed papers published between December 2019 and February 2021. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020181644. Findings 168 cross-sectional, four case-control, and five longitudinal design papers comprising 345,270 participants from 39 countries were identified. The corrected pooled estimated prevalence of sleep problems were 31% among healthcare professionals, 18% among the general population, and 57% among COVID-19 patients (all p-values < 0.05). Sleep problems were associated with depression among healthcare professionals, the general population, and COVID-19 patients, with Fisher's Z scores of -0.28, -0.30, and -0.36, respectively. Sleep problems were positively (and moderately) associated with anxiety among healthcare professionals, the general population, and COVID-19 patients, with Fisher's z scores of 0.55, 0.48, and 0.49, respectively. Interpretation Sleep problems appear to have been common during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, sleep problems were found to be associated with higher levels of psychological distress. With the use of effective programs treating sleep problems, psychological distress may be reduced. Vice versa, the use of effective programs treating psychological distress, sleep problems may be reduced. Funding The present study received no funding.

ACS Style

Zainab Alimoradi; Anders Broström; Hector W.H. Tsang; Mark D. Griffiths; Shahab Haghayegh; Maurice M. Ohayon; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour. Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its’ association to psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021, 36, 100916 -100916.

AMA Style

Zainab Alimoradi, Anders Broström, Hector W.H. Tsang, Mark D. Griffiths, Shahab Haghayegh, Maurice M. Ohayon, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour. Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its’ association to psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 36 ():100916-100916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zainab Alimoradi; Anders Broström; Hector W.H. Tsang; Mark D. Griffiths; Shahab Haghayegh; Maurice M. Ohayon; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its’ association to psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis." EClinicalMedicine 36, no. : 100916-100916.

Psychiatry
Published: 24 May 2021 in Frontiers in Psychiatry
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Background: Social distancing and school suspension due to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) may have a negative impact on children's behavior and well-being. Problematic smartphone use (PSU), problematic social media use (PSMU) and perceived weight stigma (PWS) are particularly important issues for children, yet we have a poor understanding of how these may have been affected by lockdowns and physical isolation resulting from COVID-19. This research aimed to understand how these psychosocial and behavioral variables may be associated with psychological distress, and how these associations may have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 489 children completed a three-wave longitudinal study from January 2020 to June 2020. The first wave was conducted before the COVID-19 outbreak. The second wave was conducted during the outbreak. The third wave was conducted during post-COVID-19 lockdown. Questionnaires measured psychological distress, PSU, PSMU, and PWS. Results: PSU, PSMU, PWS and psychological distress were all significantly associated with each other. PSU was significantly higher during outbreak. PWS was significantly higher before outbreak. We found an increased association between PSMU and PWS across three waves in all three models. The association between PSU and depression/anxiety decreased across three waves; however, association between PSMU and depression/anxiety increased across three waves. Conclusions: COVID-19 initiated school suspension and associated lockdowns appear to have exacerbated PSU and depression among children. However, PWS was reduced during this period. Children should use smartphones and social media safely and cautiously, and be aware of the potential exposure to weight stigmatization.

ACS Style

Xavier C. C. Fung; Andrew M. H. Siu; Marc N. Potenza; Kerry S. O'Brien; Janet D. Latner; Chao-Ying Chen; I-Hua Chen; Chung-Ying Lin. Problematic Use of Internet-Related Activities and Perceived Weight Stigma in Schoolchildren: A Longitudinal Study Across Different Epidemic Periods of COVID-19 in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021, 12, 675839 .

AMA Style

Xavier C. C. Fung, Andrew M. H. Siu, Marc N. Potenza, Kerry S. O'Brien, Janet D. Latner, Chao-Ying Chen, I-Hua Chen, Chung-Ying Lin. Problematic Use of Internet-Related Activities and Perceived Weight Stigma in Schoolchildren: A Longitudinal Study Across Different Epidemic Periods of COVID-19 in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021; 12 ():675839.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xavier C. C. Fung; Andrew M. H. Siu; Marc N. Potenza; Kerry S. O'Brien; Janet D. Latner; Chao-Ying Chen; I-Hua Chen; Chung-Ying Lin. 2021. "Problematic Use of Internet-Related Activities and Perceived Weight Stigma in Schoolchildren: A Longitudinal Study Across Different Epidemic Periods of COVID-19 in China." Frontiers in Psychiatry 12, no. : 675839.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Nutrients
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Background: Adolescence is a critical transition period in the course of human development. Although food insecurity (FI) has been shown to be associated with adverse mental health and sleep outcomes in US adolescents, there is a paucity of research examining the relationships between FI, mental health, and sleep outcomes in Taiwanese adolescents. Furthermore, it is unknown how the change of FI over time (i.e., the trajectory of FI) is related to health outcomes. Methods: The data come from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty, which is a national longitudinal project measuring FI in five survey waves (2009–2017). We employed group-based trajectory modeling to classify various FI trends over the five waves using STATA. Furthermore, a generalized estimating equation analysis was conducted with FI trajectories as the independent variable to see how FI trajectory is related to mental health and sleep outcomes. Results: In total, 1921 participants aged 12–18 years in the first wave were deemed valid for the analysis. We classified the participants into four FI trajectory groups: persistently low FI (24.8%), persistently moderate FI (64.7%), declining from high to low FI (4.1%), and food-secure groups (6.4%). As compared to food-secure adolescents, the persistently moderate FI group was more likely to have mental problems (β = 0.30, [95% confidence interval 0.21–0.38]), while the other FI groups were only marginally associated with mental health problems. Moreover, adolescents in the persistently low FI group (β = 0.13, [0.02–0.23]) and persistently moderate FI group (β = 0.39, [0.29–0.48]) were found to have more sleep problems than those in the food-secure group. Conclusions: Our study describes the FI profile of adolescents from economically disadvantaged families and the difficulties they might encounter. With this information, healthcare providers can aid adolescents in the early stages of mental health problems and provide guidance when appropriate.

ACS Style

Ting-Hsuan Lee; Jen-Hao Kuo; Chia-Yi Liu; Yi-Fang Yu; Carol Strong; Chung-Ying Lin; Chih-Ting Lee; Meng-Che Tsai. Trajectory of Food Insecurity and Its Association with Longitudinal Mental Health and Sleep Outcomes in Adolescents from Economically Disadvantaged Families. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1696 .

AMA Style

Ting-Hsuan Lee, Jen-Hao Kuo, Chia-Yi Liu, Yi-Fang Yu, Carol Strong, Chung-Ying Lin, Chih-Ting Lee, Meng-Che Tsai. Trajectory of Food Insecurity and Its Association with Longitudinal Mental Health and Sleep Outcomes in Adolescents from Economically Disadvantaged Families. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (5):1696.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ting-Hsuan Lee; Jen-Hao Kuo; Chia-Yi Liu; Yi-Fang Yu; Carol Strong; Chung-Ying Lin; Chih-Ting Lee; Meng-Che Tsai. 2021. "Trajectory of Food Insecurity and Its Association with Longitudinal Mental Health and Sleep Outcomes in Adolescents from Economically Disadvantaged Families." Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1696.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2021 in BMC Public Health
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Background The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected the lives of millions of people across the world. It has also heavily burdened healthcare professionals and the virus poses serious risks for their personal and professional lives. Therefore, the present study examined the associations between fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among doctors in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An online survey was conducted among 421 doctors in Pakistan between April 10 and May 25, 2020. The Workplace Phobia Scale (WPS) and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) were the main psychometric instruments used in this study. Results There was a significant positive relationship between fear of COVID-19 and workplace panic anxiety and workplace avoidance behavior. Significantly higher fear of COVID-19 was found among (i) females compared to males, (ii) doctors with 5 years or less of work experience compared to those with more than 5 years, and (iii) postgraduate trainees compared with other ranks. Two groups (doctors who were above 30 years old and postgraduate trainees) were found to have higher levels of workplace phobia compared to their counterparts. Doctors with severe levels of fear of COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of workplace panic anxiety and workplace avoidance behavior. Conclusions Fear of COVID-19 was significantly associated with workplace phobia which may negatively affect doctors’ performance. Therefore, important steps are needed to protect doctors’ health by providing sufficient resources to allay their fears and anxieties which consequently help them in carrying out their frontline duties in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

ACS Style

Sadia Malik; Irfan Ullah; Muhammad Irfan; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths; Ibad Ur Rehman; Rafia Minhas. Fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among Pakistani doctors: A survey study. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Sadia Malik, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Irfan, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour, Mark D. Griffiths, Ibad Ur Rehman, Rafia Minhas. Fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among Pakistani doctors: A survey study. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sadia Malik; Irfan Ullah; Muhammad Irfan; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths; Ibad Ur Rehman; Rafia Minhas. 2021. "Fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among Pakistani doctors: A survey study." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1: 1-9.

Original research article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Frontiers in Psychology
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We proposed a model to examine the relationship among different types of weight-related stigmas and their relationship to quality of life (QoL). We recruited 430 dyads of elementary school children [mean age = 10.07 years; nboy = 241 (56.0%); noverweight = 138 (32.1%)] and their parents. Parents completed QoL instruments about their children assessing generic QoL and weight-related QoL. Children completed QoL instruments assessing generic QoL and weight-related QoL and stigma scales assessing experienced weight stigma, weight-related self-stigma, and perceived weight stigma. Experienced weight stigma was significantly associated with perceived weight stigma, and in turn, perceived weight stigma was significantly associated with weight-related self-stigma. However, experienced weight stigma was not directly associated with weight-related self-stigma. In addition, experienced stigma was negatively associated with both child-rated and parent-rated QoL. Perceived weight stigma was associated only with parent-rated weight-related QoL but not child-rated QoL. Self-stigma was associated with child-rated QoL but not parent-rated QoL. Moreover, perceived weight stigma and weight-related self-stigma were significant mediators in the association between body weight and children's QoL; experienced weight stigma was not a significant mediator. The study findings can be used to inform healthcare providers about the relationship among different types of stigmas and their influence on child-rated and parent-rated QoL and help them develop interventions to address the global trend of overweight/obesity in youth and pediatric populations.

ACS Style

Chia-Wei Fan; Chieh-Hsiu Liu; Hsin-Hsiung Huang; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour. Weight Stigma Model on Quality of Life Among Children in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Modeling Study. Frontiers in Psychology 2021, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Chia-Wei Fan, Chieh-Hsiu Liu, Hsin-Hsiung Huang, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour. Weight Stigma Model on Quality of Life Among Children in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Modeling Study. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 12 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chia-Wei Fan; Chieh-Hsiu Liu; Hsin-Hsiung Huang; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Weight Stigma Model on Quality of Life Among Children in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Modeling Study." Frontiers in Psychology 12, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
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This study assessed the mediating roles of problematic gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic smartphone use in the associations between psychological distress and screen time use among primary school children during the school hiatus due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Students (n = 2,026; mean [standard deviation] age = 10.71 years [1.07]; 1,011 [49.9 percent] girls) in Sichuan, China completed a cross-sectional online survey, and this study was approved by the ethics committee of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (IRB ref: HSEARS20190718001). The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale were used to assess problematic gaming, social media use, and smartphone use. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 was used to assess distress, and an item rated on a 0–10 scale was included to assess fear of being infected by COVID-19. Fear of being infected by COVID-19 was assessed because this could be a confounding variable in the association between psychological distress and screen time use. Increased time spent on gaming, social media, and smartphones was associated with greater problematic gaming, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, and psychological distress, but was not associated with fear of COVID-19 infection. Mediation analyses showed that problematic gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic smartphone use were significant mediators in the association between psychological distress and increased time spent on Internet-related activities during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Children who had psychological distress during COVID-19 outbreak might have spent longer time on Internet-related activities due to the school hiatus and problematic use of Internet-related activities. Parents/caregivers are recommended to monitor their children's use of Internet while encouraging children to engage in positive activities to ease the concern of negative psychological responses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ACS Style

Chao-Ying Chen; I-Hua Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths. Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During the COVID-19 School Hiatus. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Chao-Ying Chen, I-Hua Chen, Amir H. Pakpour, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths. Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During the COVID-19 School Hiatus. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao-Ying Chen; I-Hua Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths. 2021. "Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During the COVID-19 School Hiatus." Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Journal of Behavioral Addictions
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Background and aims Due to the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), policies based on the nature of “spatial distancing” have been implemented and have resulted in school suspensions and online learning among schoolchildren. In order to examine the impact of such policies on schoolchildren, the aims of the present study were to (i) assess changes in the level of engagement in three internet-related activities (smartphone use, social media use, and gaming) before and during the COVID-19 outbreak, including prolonged and problematic engagement in these activities; (ii) investigate the differences of psychological distress before and after COVID-19 outbreak; and (iii) to use structural equation modeling to investigate the mediating roles of problematic internet-related behaviors in the causal relationships of psychological distress and time spent on internet-related activities. Methods Self-report measures were used to assess internet-related activities and psychological distress. Time spent on internet-related activities, problematic use of internet-related activities, and psychological distress were collected from primary school students (N = 535; 265 boys; M age = 10.32 years [SD = 0.84]). The data were first collected before the COVID-19 outbreak (i.e., early November 2019) and then collected again during the school suspension due to COVID-19 outbreak (i.e., end of March 2020) for comparisons of changes. Results Schoolchildren spent significantly more time on the smartphone (increased 1.02 h daily; P < 0.001) and social media (increased 0.73 h daily; P < 0.001) but not gaming (increased 0.14 h daily; P = 0.07) during the school suspension compared to the baseline. Schoolchildren who increased by 15 or 30 min daily on internet-related activities showed an increased level of psychological distress. The association between problematic use of social media and psychological distress was stronger during the school suspension (β = 0.584) than at the baseline (β = 0.451; P < 0.001). Conclusion Increased problematic use of internet-related activities among schoolchildren was associated with greater psychological distress. Parents should therefore monitor internet-related activities and psychological distress of their children to support their mental health.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Chao-Ying Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin; Xu-Dong Li; Hector W. H. Tsang. Problematic internet-related behaviors mediate the associations between levels of internet engagement and distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 lockdown: A longitudinal structural equation modeling study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2021, 10, 135 -148.

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Chao-Ying Chen, Amir H. Pakpour, Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Xu-Dong Li, Hector W. H. Tsang. Problematic internet-related behaviors mediate the associations between levels of internet engagement and distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 lockdown: A longitudinal structural equation modeling study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2021; 10 (1):135-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Chao-Ying Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin; Xu-Dong Li; Hector W. H. Tsang. 2021. "Problematic internet-related behaviors mediate the associations between levels of internet engagement and distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 lockdown: A longitudinal structural equation modeling study." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 1: 135-148.

Preprint content
Published: 14 April 2021
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The causal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress remain controversial. The present study investigated the reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use (PIU, i.e., problematic social media use [PSMU], problematic gaming [PG]) and psychological distress (i.e., anxiety, depression). Hong Kong and Taiwan university students (N=645; nmale=266; mean=20.95 years [SD=5.63]) were recruited for a survey study, with follow-ups at three, six, and nine months after baseline assessment. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to assess studied variables. Cross-lagged models were constructed to understand the reciprocal relationships between PIU and psychological distress. The level of anxiety significantly impacted the level of PSMU but not in the opposite direction. The level of PSMU significantly impacted the level of depression but not in the opposite direction. In addition, levels of PG and both types of psychological distress had reciprocal impacts on each another. Because PIU can lead to psychological distress, prevention programs on digital health are needed. Moreover, because there is a reciprocity between PG and psychological distress, psychological interventions to break the reciprocal relationship for those with serious PG and psychological distress are warranted.

ACS Style

Ching-Wen Chang; I Hua Chen; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark Griffiths. Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ching-Wen Chang, I Hua Chen, Carol Strong, Yi-Ching Lin, Meng-Che Tsai, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour, Mark Griffiths. Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ching-Wen Chang; I Hua Chen; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark Griffiths. 2021. "Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in Vaccines
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Background: The aims of the present study were to examine the prediction of the threat and coping appraisal utilizing an extended protection motivation theory (PMT) for the motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination and the influence of various information sources on coping appraisal among university students in China. Methods: The sample comprised 3145 students from 43 universities in China who completed an online survey including PMT constructs as well as constructs added to PMT. The PMT constructs comprised motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination, threat appraisal, and coping appraisal. The extended PMT constructs comprised knowledge about mechanisms and information sources of COVID-19 vaccination. Results: Perceived severity of COVID-19 was positively associated with motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination. Receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from medical personnel was associated with greater self-efficacy, response efficacy, and knowledge, whereas receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from coworkers/colleagues was associated with less response efficacy and knowledge. Receiving online information concerning COVID-19 vaccination was associated with greater response cost of vaccination efficacy and less knowledge. Conclusions: This study supported the prediction of perceived severity in the PMT for motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination among university students in China. Vaccination information sources have different effects on students’ coping appraisal of COVID-19 vaccination.

ACS Style

Peng-Wei Wang; Daniel Ahorsu; Chung-Ying Lin; I-Hua Chen; Cheng-Fang Yen; Yi-Jie Kuo; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources. Vaccines 2021, 9, 380 .

AMA Style

Peng-Wei Wang, Daniel Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, I-Hua Chen, Cheng-Fang Yen, Yi-Jie Kuo, Mark Griffiths, Amir Pakpour. Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (4):380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng-Wei Wang; Daniel Ahorsu; Chung-Ying Lin; I-Hua Chen; Cheng-Fang Yen; Yi-Jie Kuo; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. 2021. "Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources." Vaccines 9, no. 4: 380.

Original research
Published: 03 April 2021 in Brain and Behavior
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Introduction Patients with COVID‐19 often suffer from psychological problems such as post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self‐stigmatization that may negatively impact their quality of life and sleep. This study examined mental health as a potential mediating factor linking self‐stigmatization and PTSD to quality of life and sleep. Methods Using a cross‐sectional design, 844 people who had recovered from COVID‐19 were called and interviewed. Data were collected using structured scales. Structural equation modeling was applied to assess fitness of a mediation model including self‐stigma and PTSD as independent factors and quality of life and insomnia as dependent variables. Results Mental health, COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma, and mental quality of life were associated. Insomnia, PTSD, and COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma displayed significant direct associations (r = .334 to 0.454; p < .01). A mediation model indicated satisfactory goodness of fit (CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.950, SRMR = 0.071, RMSEA = 0.068). Mental health as a mediator had negative relationships with COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma, PTSD, and insomnia and positive associations with quality of life. Conclusion Mental health may mediate effects of COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma and PTSD on quality of life and insomnia. Designing programs to improve mental health among patients with COVID‐19 may include efforts to reduce negative effects of PTSD and COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma on quality of life and insomnia.

ACS Style

Hosein Mahmoudi; Mohsen Saffari; Mahmoud Movahedi; Hormoz Sanaeinasab; Hojat Rashidi‐Jahan; Morteza Pourgholami; Ali Poorebrahim; Jalal Barshan; Milad Ghiami; Saman Khoshmanesh; Marc N. Potenza; Chung‐Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour. A mediating role for mental health in associations between COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma, PTSD, quality of life, and insomnia among patients recovered from COVID‐19. Brain and Behavior 2021, 11, e02138 .

AMA Style

Hosein Mahmoudi, Mohsen Saffari, Mahmoud Movahedi, Hormoz Sanaeinasab, Hojat Rashidi‐Jahan, Morteza Pourgholami, Ali Poorebrahim, Jalal Barshan, Milad Ghiami, Saman Khoshmanesh, Marc N. Potenza, Chung‐Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour. A mediating role for mental health in associations between COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma, PTSD, quality of life, and insomnia among patients recovered from COVID‐19. Brain and Behavior. 2021; 11 (5):e02138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hosein Mahmoudi; Mohsen Saffari; Mahmoud Movahedi; Hormoz Sanaeinasab; Hojat Rashidi‐Jahan; Morteza Pourgholami; Ali Poorebrahim; Jalal Barshan; Milad Ghiami; Saman Khoshmanesh; Marc N. Potenza; Chung‐Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "A mediating role for mental health in associations between COVID‐19‐related self‐stigma, PTSD, quality of life, and insomnia among patients recovered from COVID‐19." Brain and Behavior 11, no. 5: e02138.