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Prof. Dr. Manuel J. Rodriguez
Chairholder, NSERC Research in surveillance and management of drinking water, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada

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0 Source Water Protection
0 Water Quality
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Drinking Water
disinfection by-products
Water Quality
Monitoring
Distribution Systems
Source Water Protection
Residual disinfectant

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Review
Published: 12 August 2021 in Sustainability
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COVID-19 is a terrible virus that has impacted human health and the economy on a global scale. The detection and control of the pandemic have become necessities that require appropriate monitoring strategies. One of these strategies involves measuring and quantifying the virus in water at different stages of the Urban Water Cycle (UWC). This article presents a comprehensive literature review of the analyses and quantifications of SARS-CoV-2 in multiple UWC components from 2020 to June 2021. More than 140 studies worldwide with a focus on industrialized nations were identified, mainly in the USA, Australia, and Asia and the European Union. Wastewater treatment plants were the focus of most of these studies, followed by city sewerage systems and hospital effluents. The fewest studies examined the presence of this virus in bodies of water. Most of the studies were conducted for epidemiological purposes. However, a few focused on viral load and its removal using various treatment strategies or modelling and developing strategies to control the disease. Others compared methodologies for determining if SARS-CoV-2 was present or included risk assessments. This is the first study to emphasize the importance of the various individual components of the UWC and their potential impacts on viral transmission from the source to the public.

ACS Style

Carlos Peña-Guzmán; María Andrea Domínguez-Sánchez; Manuel Rodríguez; Rama Pulicharla; Karen Mora-Cabrera. The Urban Water Cycle as a Planning Tool to Monitor SARS-CoV-2: A Review of the Literature. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9010 .

AMA Style

Carlos Peña-Guzmán, María Andrea Domínguez-Sánchez, Manuel Rodríguez, Rama Pulicharla, Karen Mora-Cabrera. The Urban Water Cycle as a Planning Tool to Monitor SARS-CoV-2: A Review of the Literature. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9010.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Peña-Guzmán; María Andrea Domínguez-Sánchez; Manuel Rodríguez; Rama Pulicharla; Karen Mora-Cabrera. 2021. "The Urban Water Cycle as a Planning Tool to Monitor SARS-CoV-2: A Review of the Literature." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9010.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2021 in Water Research
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Developing strategies to identify the origins of contaminants in watersheds is crucial for source water protection. The use of multiple tracers improves the ability to identify contamination events originating from various land use activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of acesulfame and chloride as co-tracers to represent the impact of pollution originating from wastewater and road de-icing on water quality in a municipal drinking water source. The study included a two-year sampling and water quality analysis program in numerous locations within a drinking water reservoir comprising a lake (upstream) and a river (downstream) which supply raw water to a municipal water treatment plant. Results showed that the spatial variability of acesulfame and chloride within the watershed of the lake-river systems depends on the location of contaminant sources, mainly municipal wastewater and septic tank discharges (for acesulfame) and the presence of small tributaries of the lake and river (for chloride). Temporal variability of the tracers under study differed according to the sampling location and was mainly affected by seasonal conditions. Correlation analyses between the two tracers in lake and river waters (in terms of concentrations and loads) made it possible to pinpoint the probable origins of contamination. The assessment of the spatio-temporal variability of these co-tracers within the lake-river watersheds allowed for the delineation of priority intervention zones as a decision-making tool for municipal authorities in improving drinking water source protection.

ACS Style

Jean-B. Sérodes; Sonja Behmel; Sabrina Simard; Olivier Laflamme; Antoine Grondin; Christine Beaulieu; François Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Tracking domestic wastewater and road de-icing salt in a municipal drinking water reservoir: Acesulfame and chloride as co-tracers. Water Research 2021, 203, 117493 .

AMA Style

Jean-B. Sérodes, Sonja Behmel, Sabrina Simard, Olivier Laflamme, Antoine Grondin, Christine Beaulieu, François Proulx, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Tracking domestic wastewater and road de-icing salt in a municipal drinking water reservoir: Acesulfame and chloride as co-tracers. Water Research. 2021; 203 ():117493.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jean-B. Sérodes; Sonja Behmel; Sabrina Simard; Olivier Laflamme; Antoine Grondin; Christine Beaulieu; François Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2021. "Tracking domestic wastewater and road de-icing salt in a municipal drinking water reservoir: Acesulfame and chloride as co-tracers." Water Research 203, no. : 117493.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Microorganisms
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Streams and rivers convey freshwater from lands to the oceans, transporting various organic particles, minerals, and living organisms. Microbial communities are key components of freshwater food webs and take up, utilize, and transform this material. However, there are still important gaps in our understanding of the dynamic of these organisms along the river channels. Using high-throughput 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR on a 11-km long transect of the Saint-Charles River (Quebec, CA), starting from its main source, the Saint-Charles Lake, we show that bacterial and protist community structures in the river drifted quickly but progressively downstream of its source. The dominant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) of the lake, notably related to Cyanobacteria, decreased in proportions, whereas relative proportions of other OTUs, such as a Pseudarcicella OTU, increased along the river course, becoming quickly predominant in the river system. Both prokaryotic and protist communities changed along the river transect, suggesting a strong impact of the shift from a stratified lake ecosystem to a continuously mixed river environment. This might reflect the cumulative effects of the increasing water turbulence, fluctuations of physicochemical conditions, differential predation pressure in the river, especially in the lake outlet by benthic filter feeders, or the relocation of microorganisms, through flocculation, sedimentation, resuspension, or inoculation from the watershed. Our study reveals that the transit of water in a river system can greatly impact both bacterial and micro-eukaryotic community composition, even over a short distance, and, potentially, the transformation of materials in the water column.

ACS Style

Perrine Cruaud; Adrien Vigneron; Caetano C. Dorea; Manuel J. Rodriguez; Steve J. Charette. Rapid Changes in Microbial Community Structures along a Meandering River. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1631 .

AMA Style

Perrine Cruaud, Adrien Vigneron, Caetano C. Dorea, Manuel J. Rodriguez, Steve J. Charette. Rapid Changes in Microbial Community Structures along a Meandering River. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (11):1631.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Perrine Cruaud; Adrien Vigneron; Caetano C. Dorea; Manuel J. Rodriguez; Steve J. Charette. 2020. "Rapid Changes in Microbial Community Structures along a Meandering River." Microorganisms 8, no. 11: 1631.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The goal of this work was to investigate the occurrence of contaminants of emerging interest (CEI) in source surface water (SW; river water) and drinking water (DW; tap water) from five drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the Province of Québec, Canada. A total of 28 sampling campaigns were conducted to collect SW and DW samples from each DWTP from June 2016 to July 2017. The seven targeted CEI, including acetaminophen, salicylic acid, caffeine, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole and drospirenone, were analyzed using solid-phase extraction-ultra pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) for all collected water samples. The selected CEI were detected in all SW and DW samples, with the exception of drospirenone, which occurred in amounts that were below the limit of detection in one DWTP in June and July 2016. In all the SW samples, caffeine was detected and had the highest median concentration range (12.3–91.0 ng/L), followed by acetaminophen (7.9–85.0 ng/L) and salicylic acid (21.6–39.0 ng/L). In the DW samples, salicylic acid was detected and had the highest median concentration range (20.5–50 ng/L), followed by caffeine (5.2–21.8 ng/L), and acetaminophen (5.0–7.7 ng/L). Carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole primarily occurred in amounts between the limit of detection and limit of quantification in SW and occurred below the limit of detection in DW. All the DWTPs exhibited a similar trend in the removal of CEI, which include acetaminophen (≤97.6%), followed by caffeine (71.0–86.5%) and salicylic acid (<50.0%). Varying levels of efficiencies were observed among the removal strategies for CEI under study, which were mainly associated with the contaminant concentration in SW in the case of acetaminophen, and with the treatment processes in the case of caffeine and salicylic acid.

ACS Style

Rama Pulicharla; François Proulx; Sonja Behmel; Jean-B. Sérodes; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Occurrence and seasonality of raw and drinking water contaminants of emerging interest in five water facilities. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 751, 141748 .

AMA Style

Rama Pulicharla, François Proulx, Sonja Behmel, Jean-B. Sérodes, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Occurrence and seasonality of raw and drinking water contaminants of emerging interest in five water facilities. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 751 ():141748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rama Pulicharla; François Proulx; Sonja Behmel; Jean-B. Sérodes; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2020. "Occurrence and seasonality of raw and drinking water contaminants of emerging interest in five water facilities." Science of The Total Environment 751, no. : 141748.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in Chemosphere
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The occurrence and the fate of 18 ozonation by-products (OBPs) (17 different aldehydes and bromate) were studied over one year in two Canadian drinking water systems. This is the first and only study reporting the occurrence of all these non-halogenated aldehydes (NON-HALs) and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) simultaneously, based on the multi-point monitoring of water in full-scale conditions from source to distribution network. In general, the application of both post-ozonation and liquid chlorine contributed to the formation of OBPs (aldehydes and bromate). NON-HALs were present in higher concentrations than HALs. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal and methylglyoxal were the most common forms of NON-HALs in the two water systems that were studied. Chloral hydrate (CH), the hydrated form of trichloroacetaldehyde, was the most dominant HAL observed. The nature of the organic matter, and the water temperature proved to be important parameters for explaining the variability of aldehydes. Summer and autumn (warm seasons) were more favorable for the formation of chloral hydrate and bromate. The highest concentrations of NON-HALs were observed in spring.

ACS Style

Olivier Laflamme; Jean-B. Sérodes; Sabrina Simard; Christelle Legay; Caetano Dorea; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Occurrence and fate of ozonation disinfection by-products in two Canadian drinking water systems. Chemosphere 2020, 260, 127660 .

AMA Style

Olivier Laflamme, Jean-B. Sérodes, Sabrina Simard, Christelle Legay, Caetano Dorea, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Occurrence and fate of ozonation disinfection by-products in two Canadian drinking water systems. Chemosphere. 2020; 260 ():127660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivier Laflamme; Jean-B. Sérodes; Sabrina Simard; Christelle Legay; Caetano Dorea; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2020. "Occurrence and fate of ozonation disinfection by-products in two Canadian drinking water systems." Chemosphere 260, no. : 127660.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Journal of Water Process Engineering
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Natural organic matter (NOM) may be more effectively removed by using a tetra-valent zirconium coagulant rather than using trivalent aluminium and iron. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of employing zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2) for reducing NOM from natural water before chlorination in order to reduce unregulated disinfection byproducts (U-DBPs) and compare its effectiveness with alum and ferric sulphate. For the experiments, natural raw waters were collected from four sources with varied levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and one type of synthetic water was prepared using river NOM extract. These five raw waters were then studied using bench-scale coagulation-flocculation experiments in a jar-test apparatus with varying doses of coagulant and different levels of pH. The coagulated-flocculated waters were filtered, chlorinated, and then generated U-DBPs: haloacetonitriles, haloketones, and chloropicrin and also regulated DBPs: trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were measured. The dose-pH domains for high levels of NOM removal were developed for low, medium, and high Specific UV Absorbance (SUVA) raw water, using ZrOCl2. ZrOCl2 outperformed alum and ferric sulphate based on the reduction efficiencies of DBPs, NOM, and turbidity. ZrOCl2 performance was especially high in low SUVA and low DOC water and medium SUVA and medium DOC river water. Compared to alum and ferric sulphate, ZrOCl2 notably improved the reduction efficiencies of unregulated DBPs more than regulated DBPs. The dose-pH domains developed in our study can be used by utilities to identify the optimal dose and pH for coagulation.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Nicolas Beauchamp; Rehan Sadiq; Manuel Rodriguez. Investigating unregulated disinfection byproduct reduction efficiencies in drinking waters using zirconium oxychloride, a novel coagulant. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2020, 37, 101496 .

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Nicolas Beauchamp, Rehan Sadiq, Manuel Rodriguez. Investigating unregulated disinfection byproduct reduction efficiencies in drinking waters using zirconium oxychloride, a novel coagulant. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2020; 37 ():101496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Nicolas Beauchamp; Rehan Sadiq; Manuel Rodriguez. 2020. "Investigating unregulated disinfection byproduct reduction efficiencies in drinking waters using zirconium oxychloride, a novel coagulant." Journal of Water Process Engineering 37, no. : 101496.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2020 in Chemosphere
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Halogenated acetaldehydes (HALs) are widely considered to be the third largest group of identified disinfection by-products (DBPs) by weight in drinking water. In this study, we evaluated various scenarios for the domestic handling of drinking water and their effects on HALs. Two drinking water systems (DS1 and DS2) were selected for this case study. First, tap water samples that were collected in DS1 at different time and from different locations were subjected to three domestic handling scenarios: boiling, domestic filtration using a point-of-use device with a new filter followed by refrigeration, and refrigeration in a covered glass pitcher. In the last two scenarios, the maximum storage (refrigeration) time was 24 h. Second, two water samples each from DS1 and DS2 were collected to investigate the effects that heating water to different temperatures has on HALs. According to the results, boiling the water effectively removed most HALs except dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL), which increased. In contrast to the variable behaviors of HALs after boiling, all HALs were consistently and significantly reduced by domestic filtration. However, the overall removal efficiency of HALs from filtration (65%) was considerably lower than that from boiling (85%). Finally, refrigeration had no significant impact on the overall concentration of total HALs. However, chloral hydrate levels increased in unfiltered water after refrigeration, likely due to the reaction of chlorine residuals and precursors present in water. Therefore, boiling and domestic filtering of tap water may be recommended for the removal of HALs prior to consuming tap water.

ACS Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Effects of domestic handling of drinking water on halogenated acetaldehydes. Chemosphere 2020, 261, 127531 .

AMA Style

Jianan Gao, Francois Proulx, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Effects of domestic handling of drinking water on halogenated acetaldehydes. Chemosphere. 2020; 261 ():127531.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2020. "Effects of domestic handling of drinking water on halogenated acetaldehydes." Chemosphere 261, no. : 127531.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in public indoor swimming pools (ISP) are a major human health risk concern. Various DBPs control strategies have been developed as an integral part of ISP management; however, these strategies are associated with different energy and resource consumption and environmental impacts. In this study, a process-based life cycle assessment (P-LCA) framework is developed for determining the environmental impacts of DBPs control strategies in ISP management. The developed framework requires ISP operation information such as energy, water, and chemical use, and concentration data under each DBPs control strategy as inputs. The ReCipe2016 midpoint method is used to process the inputs and quantify the lifecycle impacts in terms of three categories: energy, water and chemicals. Based on the outputs, the best strategy is selected using the TOPSIS method. The developed framework is applied to an ISP located in Vancouver (Canada) to evaluate seven DBPs control strategies associated with various air circulation rates. The DBPs concentration data were sourced from a previous sampling campaign. The results show that energy use is the main contributor (87–94%) to the total environmental impacts as compared to chemical and water use (6–13%). Among the tested strategies, reduction of fan speed can yield maximum environmental benefits without compromising the DBPs control performance. On the other hand, supply of 100% fresh air at normal fan speeds results in higher environmental impacts compared to a baseline case despite the lower DBPs releases. The proposed P-LCA framework can facilitate pool operators in selecting low impact DBPs control strategies for sustainable ISP management.

ACS Style

Anber Rana; Roberta Dyck; Guangji Hu; Kasun Hewage; Manuel J. Rodriguez; M. Shahria Alam; Rehan Sadiq. A process-based LCA for selection of low-impact DBPs control strategy for indoor swimming pool operation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 270, 122372 .

AMA Style

Anber Rana, Roberta Dyck, Guangji Hu, Kasun Hewage, Manuel J. Rodriguez, M. Shahria Alam, Rehan Sadiq. A process-based LCA for selection of low-impact DBPs control strategy for indoor swimming pool operation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 270 ():122372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anber Rana; Roberta Dyck; Guangji Hu; Kasun Hewage; Manuel J. Rodriguez; M. Shahria Alam; Rehan Sadiq. 2020. "A process-based LCA for selection of low-impact DBPs control strategy for indoor swimming pool operation." Journal of Cleaner Production 270, no. : 122372.

Review
Published: 09 March 2020 in Water
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Ozonation is becoming a common disinfection method for drinking water treatment. This has prompted the investigation of ozonation disinfection by-products (ODBPs) in drinking water. Ozonation generates a diverse range of carbonyl disinfection by-products, including carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and aldo-ketoacids. Among these ODBPs, carboxylic acid by-products (CABPs) are observed in higher concentrations compared to other carbonyl by-products. However, relatively little research has been conducted on CABPs, including their precursors, formation and occurrence, methods of detection and toxicity. This review outlines the occurrence and variability of CABPs in a number of water sources treated and disinfected with ozonation. It considers the effect of ozonation parameters, including ozone dose, temperature and time of ozonation on the formation of CABPs. The review also discusses the various analytical approaches for CABP quantification, as well as their possible toxicity in drinking water.

ACS Style

Rama Pulicharla; François Proulx; Sonja Behmel; Jean-B. Sérodes; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Trends in Ozonation Disinfection By-Products—Occurrence, Analysis and Toxicity of Carboxylic Acids. Water 2020, 12, 756 .

AMA Style

Rama Pulicharla, François Proulx, Sonja Behmel, Jean-B. Sérodes, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Trends in Ozonation Disinfection By-Products—Occurrence, Analysis and Toxicity of Carboxylic Acids. Water. 2020; 12 (3):756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rama Pulicharla; François Proulx; Sonja Behmel; Jean-B. Sérodes; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2020. "Trends in Ozonation Disinfection By-Products—Occurrence, Analysis and Toxicity of Carboxylic Acids." Water 12, no. 3: 756.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2020 in Journal of Water Process Engineering
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Ozonation provides several advantages during the drinking water treatment process, including controlling the formation of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). However, ozonation can lead to the formation of bromate and unregulated halogenated acetaldehydes (HALs). In order to better understand the effects of ozonation on the formation and speciation of different DBPs and on the quality of drinking water, high-frequency water quality monitoring was conducted in a Canadian full-scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). We collected samples during a period when the DWTP underwent changes to their ozonation strategies: applying only post-ozonation (Post-O3) and only pre-ozonation (Pre-O3), and a transition period comprising two-stage (pre- and post-) ozonation and no-ozonation. In this case study, four different phases of disinfection were examined chronologically: Phase 1 (P1), Post-O3 with Post-Cl2; Phase 2 (P2), Pre-O3 and Post-O3 with Post-Cl2; Phase 3 (P3), Post-Cl2 only; Phase 4 (P4), Pre-O3 with Post-Cl2. In finished water, we observed that ozonation significantly effected the removal of total nitrogen (TN) and aromatic content (UV-254, SUVA) only, but not the removal of TOC. Total ozone dosage (Pre-O3 + Post-O3) appeared to be a contributing factor for HAL formation. Compared to non-ozonated water (chlorination only), concentrations of chloral hydrate (CH, the most prevalent HAL) were double in ozonated water. Dibromoacetaldehyde (DBAL) formed only in the presence of pre-ozonation. Ozonation effectively reduced the formation of total THMs, whereas more brominated THMs were formed with higher ozone dosages.

ACS Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Effects of ozonation on halogenated acetaldehydes and trihalomethanes formation: Strategy of process control for a full-scale plant. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2020, 35, 101205 .

AMA Style

Jianan Gao, Francois Proulx, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Effects of ozonation on halogenated acetaldehydes and trihalomethanes formation: Strategy of process control for a full-scale plant. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2020; 35 ():101205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2020. "Effects of ozonation on halogenated acetaldehydes and trihalomethanes formation: Strategy of process control for a full-scale plant." Journal of Water Process Engineering 35, no. : 101205.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Enhanced coagulation can be an effective way to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor concentrations. Where turbidity is not extremely high, the natural organic matter concentration evaluated by total or dissolved organic carbon concentration or UV absorbance is known to be the most important factor for determining the adequate coagulant dose. Yet, treatment plant operators are often faced with difficult decisions when it comes to coagulant dosages: Should coagulation efforts and coagulant doses be consistent year-round when water quality changes seasonally? Should the coagulant dose be increased when DBP standards are not met, or has the maximum removal of DBP precursors been reached? The objective and novelty of this study is to revisit the concept of enhanced coagulation and to determine optimal coagulation guidelines based not just on the removal of common indicators such as DOC but on the removal of actual DBP precursors. Jar-tests (for DBP precursor removal evaluation) using alum were conducted under a range of conditions on 8 different natural/synthetic waters with varying physicochemical characteristics for subsequent chlorination over 48 h (for DBP formation potential). A coagulant-dose adjustment strategy based on UV254 monitoring was also implemented at a full-scale facility. Results show that, for the wide range of waters tested, an alum/UV254 stoichiometric dose of 180 ± 25 mg alum cm/L represents a point of diminishing return (i.e. it maximises DBP precursor removal). Another original result of this work is that this dose is applicable and equally efficient in all seasons, despite changes in water quality. For utilities with similar raw waters, this means that coagulation efforts should be proportional to the UV254 of the raw water, regardless of the season.

ACS Style

Nicolas Beauchamp; Christian Bouchard; Caetano Dorea; Manuel Rodriguez. Ultraviolet absorbance monitoring for removal of DBP-precursor in waters with variable quality: Enhanced coagulation revisited. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 717, 137225 .

AMA Style

Nicolas Beauchamp, Christian Bouchard, Caetano Dorea, Manuel Rodriguez. Ultraviolet absorbance monitoring for removal of DBP-precursor in waters with variable quality: Enhanced coagulation revisited. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 717 ():137225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Beauchamp; Christian Bouchard; Caetano Dorea; Manuel Rodriguez. 2020. "Ultraviolet absorbance monitoring for removal of DBP-precursor in waters with variable quality: Enhanced coagulation revisited." Science of The Total Environment 717, no. : 137225.

Article
Published: 27 January 2020 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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Quenching agents (QAs) are widely used in order to prevent the additional formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the sample holding time. In addition, DBP levels are usually stabilized by adjusting the pH of water samples. Previous studies have mostly focused on the individual effects of QAs or of pH on the stability of DBPs in water samples. Considering that disinfectant quenching and pH adjustments are applied simultaneously during routine analyses, it is more appropriate to evaluate the stability of DBPs with all the chemicals (e.g., disinfectants, QAs, buffers) present in the water. This study investigated the synergistic effects of different QAs (ascorbic acid, ammonium chloride, or no quenching) and pH adjustment (3-9) strategies on the stability of different classes of DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes (THMs), halogenated acetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs), and halonitromethane (HNM)). Sample preservation conditions that did not include a QA were shown to be inadequate for GC-ECD analysis, due to interference problems. Ammonium chloride was found to be effective for most DBPs. However, some HALs continued to form in the presence of chloramine, which is a by-product of dechlorination using ammonium chloride. Conversely, using ascorbic acid efficiently inactivated residual chlorine, providing a clean chromatographic baseline. Based on the results of this study, we recommend the use of ascorbic acid for quenching and sulfuric acid for acidifying (pH 3.5) samples. Considering the instability of some DBPs in water matrices over long periods (i.e., 14 days), samples should be processed as soon as possible after collection.

ACS Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Synergistic effects of quenching agents and pH on the stability of regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products for drinking water quality monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2020, 192, 143 -14.

AMA Style

Jianan Gao, Francois Proulx, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Synergistic effects of quenching agents and pH on the stability of regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products for drinking water quality monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2020; 192 (2):143-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2020. "Synergistic effects of quenching agents and pH on the stability of regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products for drinking water quality monitoring." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 2: 143-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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As the third largest group of identified disinfection by-products (DBPs) by weight, halogenated acetaldehydes (HALs), were monitored for one year at numerous locations in two full-scale drinking water systems applying an ozone-chlorine sequential disinfection strategy. The HALs that were targeted included four trihalogenated acetaldehydes (THALs): chloral hydrate (CH), bromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL), dibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) and tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL). Three dihalogenated acetaldehydes (DHALs) were also included: dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL), bromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) and dibromoacetaldehyde(DBAL). In addition to various sampling points in two distribution networks, this study also investigated the formation of HALs during water treatment and for the first time, reports the formation of DBAL before chlorine is applied. Low bromide levels in source waters from both systems resulted in the rare detection of DBAL and TBAL. CH accounted for >50% of total HALs (HAL7) with DHALs accounting for as little as 10% of HAL7, presumably due to the use of ozone-chlorine instead of ozone-chloramine. In the presence of chlorine residuals and with increasing water residence times, most HALs continued to form, more readily in warm water than in cold water. However, the spatial and temporal patterns for each HAL differed depending on speciation (THAL vs. DHAL) and water temperature. Compared to the relatively stable bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of THMs in the distribution systems, the decreasing BIFs of HALs according to water residence time increases suggested that bromine-containing THMs are more stable than their corresponding HALs. Re-chlorination at the extremities of the distribution networks demonstrated a significant impact on the occurrence and speciation of DBPs. In both full-scale systems, water temperature was shown to be the biggest contributing factor to HAL formation. The strong correlations between THM levels and THAL levels make it possible to predict the occurrence of THALs based on THMs.

ACS Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Occurrence and spatio-temporal variability of halogenated acetaldehydes in full-scale drinking water systems. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 693, 133517 .

AMA Style

Jianan Gao, Francois Proulx, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Occurrence and spatio-temporal variability of halogenated acetaldehydes in full-scale drinking water systems. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 693 ():133517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2019. "Occurrence and spatio-temporal variability of halogenated acetaldehydes in full-scale drinking water systems." Science of The Total Environment 693, no. : 133517.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2019 in Applied Sciences
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We developed a holistic intelligent decision-support system (IDSS) to provide decision-support for all steps in planning, managing and optimizing water quality monitoring programs (WQMPs). The IDSS is connected to a previously developed database, EnkiTM. The IDSS integrates tacit and explicit knowledge on WQMPs to standardize decision making and to make decisions transparent and transferable. The optimization features of the IDSS were tested on a lake and a river WQMP from two case studies in Canada. We illustrate how the IDSS provides decision support to understanding the underlying rationale of the existing WQMPs, validating and storing data, selecting optimization procedures proposed in the literature, applying the optimization procedures and finalizing the optimization procedure. We demonstrated that the IDSS/EnkiTM is necessary to take and document decisions during all phases of a WQMP to obtain a clear idea of when and why changes are made and determine actionable tasks in the optimization process.

ACS Style

Sonja Behmel; Mathieu Damour; Ralf Ludwig; Manuel Rodriguez. Optimization of River and Lake Monitoring Programs Using a Participative Approach and an Intelligent Decision-Support System. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 4157 .

AMA Style

Sonja Behmel, Mathieu Damour, Ralf Ludwig, Manuel Rodriguez. Optimization of River and Lake Monitoring Programs Using a Participative Approach and an Intelligent Decision-Support System. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (19):4157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonja Behmel; Mathieu Damour; Ralf Ludwig; Manuel Rodriguez. 2019. "Optimization of River and Lake Monitoring Programs Using a Participative Approach and an Intelligent Decision-Support System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19: 4157.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2019 in Water Research
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Differential UV absorbance (ΔA) is an important indicator that could allow operators and utility managers to routinely monitor disinfection by-product (DBP) concentrations, even in real-time applications, without the limitations of regulatory sampling and analyses. While determination coefficients between differential UV absorbance at a single wavelength (often 272 nm) and chlorination DBP concentrations are usually very high (R2 > 0,90), the fitting parameters of these relationships vary from one water source to another, or vary within the same water source depending on the time of year. The objectives of this study are to apply multiple regression models to a rich database of ΔA and DBPs (trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) that was generated from lab experiments using multiple waters with low bromide concentrations, in order to identify wavelengths that improve the applicability of DBP-ΔA relationships, as well as develop a widely applicable multi-wavelength DBP-ΔA relationship. The results show that using ΔA at two wavelengths, in addition to initial absorbance (A) at one wavelength, greatly improves the determination coefficients of the relationships, when compared with the best possible single-wavelength relationships. The significant predictors identified are A270, ΔA270 and ΔA425 for THMs; A255, ΔA255 and ΔA425 for DCAA; A250, ΔA250 and ΔA425 for TCAA; and A250, ΔA250 and ΔA425 for HAA6. This paper also discusses the applicability of the models developed for predicting DBPs in treatment plants and drinking water, as well as their limitations and the required future research to improve their performance.

ACS Style

Nicolas Beauchamp; Caetano Dorea; Christian Bouchard; Manuel Rodriguez. Multi-wavelength models expand the validity of DBP-differential absorbance relationships in drinking water. Water Research 2019, 158, 61 -71.

AMA Style

Nicolas Beauchamp, Caetano Dorea, Christian Bouchard, Manuel Rodriguez. Multi-wavelength models expand the validity of DBP-differential absorbance relationships in drinking water. Water Research. 2019; 158 ():61-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Beauchamp; Caetano Dorea; Christian Bouchard; Manuel Rodriguez. 2019. "Multi-wavelength models expand the validity of DBP-differential absorbance relationships in drinking water." Water Research 158, no. : 61-71.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2019 in Water Practice and Technology
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Hypochlorite solutions (HSs), also called liquid chlorine, are widely used as disinfectants during drinking water treatment and distribution. However, the decomposition of the hypochlorite ion results in the formation of undesirable inorganic contaminants such as chlorite, chlorate, bromate and perchlorate. While HS decomposition cannot be completely avoided, it can be minimized through applying adequate practices during the purchasing, handling and storage of such solutions. This article presents the results of an investigation of the management of HS in water treatment plants (WTPs) in small municipalities. The data concerning HS management were acquired through field visits and semi-structured interviews with operators and managers of the small WTPs. The information gathered about HS management practices was compared to best management practice guidelines. Results show that practices involving HS differ between WTPs and that there are important gaps in the application of the existing HS management guidelines. The research revealed that the implementation of specific guidelines for the purchasing, handling and storage of HS is difficult for small WTPs due to the lack of human resources, expertise, and education, as well as a lack of infrastructure capacity.

ACS Style

Louis Coulombe; Christelle Legay; Jean Sérodes; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Management of hypochlorite solutions used for water treatment in small drinking water systems. Water Practice and Technology 2019, 14, 380 -390.

AMA Style

Louis Coulombe, Christelle Legay, Jean Sérodes, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Management of hypochlorite solutions used for water treatment in small drinking water systems. Water Practice and Technology. 2019; 14 (2):380-390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louis Coulombe; Christelle Legay; Jean Sérodes; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2019. "Management of hypochlorite solutions used for water treatment in small drinking water systems." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 2: 380-390.

Review
Published: 31 January 2019 in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
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Haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are considered the third largest group of identified disinfection by-products (DBPs) by weight in drinking water. Toxicological studies demonstrated that HALs are highly cytotoxic compared to other DBPs. This paper reviews and updates the current information on the analysis, occurrence, formation and control of HALs in source water, drinking water, and recreational waters based upon the last 20 years of peer-reviewed research. An update of the analysis of HALs and a comprehensive overview of HAL occurrence in various water types are followed by a series of discussions on its formation and precursors, as well as the control and removal of HALs in water. The manuscript concludes by identifying research needs that should be addressed in future research.

ACS Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Halogenated acetaldehydes in water: A review of their occurrence, formation, precursors and control strategies. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2019, 49, 1331 -1385.

AMA Style

Jianan Gao, Francois Proulx, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Halogenated acetaldehydes in water: A review of their occurrence, formation, precursors and control strategies. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2019; 49 (15):1331-1385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianan Gao; Francois Proulx; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2019. "Halogenated acetaldehydes in water: A review of their occurrence, formation, precursors and control strategies." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 49, no. 15: 1331-1385.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2019 in Land Use Policy
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Municipalities face considerable challenges implementing source water protection strategies, a key component of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). In Quebec (Canada), these challenges have further increased with the implementation of a new regulation concerning water withdrawals and protection that requires mandatory watershed-scale management. The integration of spatially-referenced land use data with source-to-tap water quality data is a crucial step for source water protection (SWP). This information is provided by several stakeholders who use different data sources and data structures that are not always compatible. The main objective of this article was to test and improve a water quality data management system to integrate reliable data required to estimate source water vulnerability. The system offers a flexible data collection and sharing software platform enhanced by the implementation of international metadata requirement-based standards. We applied the software to the first steps of the regulatory requirement for source water protection (SWP) in the Province of Quebec, Canada, based on a case study of a municipality supplied by a surface water source. The main focus of this study was to test the software on the first three steps of source water protection: (1) Description municipality water intake; (2) Delimitation – Source Protection Area; (3) Characterization – Source water vulnerability. We experimented these steps with the two main challenges faced by water managers responsible for applying source water protection: (i) data management; and (ii) data validation.

ACS Style

Julia Cyr-Gagnon; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Optimizing data management for municipal source water protection. Land Use Policy 2019, 100, 103788 .

AMA Style

Julia Cyr-Gagnon, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Optimizing data management for municipal source water protection. Land Use Policy. 2019; 100 ():103788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Cyr-Gagnon; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2019. "Optimizing data management for municipal source water protection." Land Use Policy 100, no. : 103788.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2019 in Encyclopedia of Environmental Health
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Rehan Sadiq; Manuel J. Rodriguez; Haroon R. Mian. Empirical Models to Predict Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water: An Updated Review. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health 2019, 324 -338.

AMA Style

Rehan Sadiq, Manuel J. Rodriguez, Haroon R. Mian. Empirical Models to Predict Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water: An Updated Review. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. 2019; ():324-338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rehan Sadiq; Manuel J. Rodriguez; Haroon R. Mian. 2019. "Empirical Models to Predict Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water: An Updated Review." Encyclopedia of Environmental Health , no. : 324-338.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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People are exposed to chlorinated by-products (CBPs) through the consumption of cold tap water (CTW) (ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact) but also through the use of hot tap water (HTW) in such activities as showering and bathing (inhalation, dermal contact). This study focuses on the impact of residential water heating on CBP levels in tap water. Trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) levels were measured in the CTW and HTW of 50 residences located in two distribution systems supplied by chlorinated surface water during summer and winter. Results show important differences between CBP levels measured in cold and hot tap water. However, the magnitude of changes differs according to the specific species of THMs and HAAs, the season, the distribution system and the location within the same distribution system. Residential water heating led to an increase in average THM levels for the two distribution systems studied, which tended to be greater in winter. Residential water heating affected the two main HAA species found in the area studied (dichloroacetic (DCAA) and trichloroacetic (TCAA) acids) differently. In fact, the average DCAA levels increased due to water residential heating while a small change in average levels was observed for TCAA. However, the water heating impact on HAAs (in terms of importance and sometimes of tendency (increase vs. decrease)) may also differed between residences. The influence of seasons on the change in the average DCAA and TCAA levels (in μg/L) from residential water heating was not statistically significant except for TCAA levels in one distribution system. Results show the importance of considering site-specific characteristics of CTW (CBP level, temperature, residual chlorine, etc.) to estimate the levels of CBPs in HTW in CBP exposure assessment studies (and not to generalize for an entire population). The reported data can thus be useful in assessing for exposure to DBPs in epidemiological studies.

ACS Style

Christelle Legay; Sylvie LeDuc; Jean Dubé; Patrick Levallois; Manuel J. Rodriguez. Chlorination by-product levels in hot tap water: Significance and variability. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 651, 1735 -1741.

AMA Style

Christelle Legay, Sylvie LeDuc, Jean Dubé, Patrick Levallois, Manuel J. Rodriguez. Chlorination by-product levels in hot tap water: Significance and variability. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 651 ():1735-1741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christelle Legay; Sylvie LeDuc; Jean Dubé; Patrick Levallois; Manuel J. Rodriguez. 2018. "Chlorination by-product levels in hot tap water: Significance and variability." Science of The Total Environment 651, no. : 1735-1741.