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Dr. Gyan Chhipi Shrestha
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada, Kelowna, V1V 1V7 BC, Canada

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0 Stormwater Management
0 Water Reuse
0 life cycle analysis
0 Climate change and resilience
0 Sustainable water supply

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Water Reuse
Climate change and resilience
life cycle analysis
Environmental and human health risk analysis

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Journal article
Published: 12 August 2021 in Energies
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Rapid population growth has led to significant demand for residential buildings around the world. Consequently, there is a growing energy demand associated with increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The residential building energy demand in arid countries such as Saudi Arabia is supplied with fossil fuel. The existing consumption pattern of fossil fuels in Saudi Arabia is less sustainable due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources and resulting environmental impacts. Buildings built in hot and arid climatic conditions demand high energy for creating habitable indoor environments. Enormous energy is required to maintain a cool temperature in hot regions. Moreover, climate change may have different impacts on hot climatic regions and affect building energy use differently. This means that different building interventions may be required to improve the performance of building energy performance in these geographical regions, thereby reducing the emissions of GHGs. In this study, this framework has been applied to Saudi Arabia, a hot and arid country. This research proposes a community–government partnership framework for developing low-carbon energy in residential buildings. This study focuses on both the operational energy demand and a cost-benefit analysis of energy use in the selected geographical regions for the next 30 years (i.e., 2050). The proposed framework primarily consists of four stages: (1) data collection on energy use (2020 to 2050); (2) setting a GHG emissions reduction target; (3) a building intervention approach by the community by considering cost, energy, and GHG emissions using the Technique for Order of Performance by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to select the best combinations in each geographical region conducting 180 simulations; and (4) a clean energy approach by the government using grey relational analysis (GRA) to select the best clean energy system on the grid. The clean energy approach selected six different renewable power generation systems (i.e., PV array, wind turbine, hybrid system) with two storage systems (i.e., battery bank and a combination of electrolyte, fuel cell, and hydrogen tank storage). This approach is designed to identify the best clean energy systems in five geographical regions with thirty scenario analyses to define renewable energy-economy benefits. This framework informs through many engineering tools such as residential building energy analysis, renewable energy analysis, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques, and cost-benefit analysis. Integration between these engineering tools with the set of energy policies and public initiatives is designed to achieve further directives in the effort to reach greater efficiency while downsizing residential energy demands. The results of this paper propose that a certain level of cooperation is required between the community and the government in terms of financial investments and the best combinations of retrofits and clean energy measures. Thus, retrofits and clean energy measures can help save carbon emissions (enhancing the energy performance of buildings) and decrease associated GHG emissions, which can help policy makers to achieve low-carbon emission communities.

ACS Style

Mohammad AlHashmi; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kh Md. Nahiduzzaman; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Framework for Developing a Low-Carbon Energy Demand in Residential Buildings Using Community-Government Partnership: An Application in Saudi Arabia. Energies 2021, 14, 4954 .

AMA Style

Mohammad AlHashmi, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kh Md. Nahiduzzaman, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Framework for Developing a Low-Carbon Energy Demand in Residential Buildings Using Community-Government Partnership: An Application in Saudi Arabia. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad AlHashmi; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kh Md. Nahiduzzaman; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2021. "Framework for Developing a Low-Carbon Energy Demand in Residential Buildings Using Community-Government Partnership: An Application in Saudi Arabia." Energies 14, no. 16: 4954.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2021 in Environments
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Higher education institutions (HEIs) consume significant energy and water and contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. HEIs are under pressure internally and externally to improve their overall performance on reducing GHG emissions within their boundaries. It is necessary to identify critical areas of high GHG emissions within a campus to help find solutions to improve the overall sustainability performance of the campus. An integrated probabilistic-fuzzy framework is developed to help universities address the uncertainty associated with the reporting of water, energy, and carbon (WEC) flows within a campus. The probabilistic assessment using Monte Carlo Simulations effectively addressed the aleatory uncertainties, due to the randomness in the variations of the recorded WEC usages, while the fuzzy synthetic evaluation addressed the epistemic uncertainties, due to vagueness in the linguistic variables associated with WEC benchmarks. The developed framework is applied to operational, academic, and residential buildings at the University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus). Three scenarios are analyzed, allocating the partial preference to water, or energy, or carbon. Furthermore, nine temporal seasons are generated to assess the variability, due to occupancy and climate changes. Finally, the aggregation is completed for the assessed buildings. The study reveals that climatic and type of buildings significantly affect the overall performance of a university. This study will help the sustainability centers and divisions in HEIs assess the spatiotemporal variability of WEC flows and effectively address the uncertainties to cover a wide range of human judgment.

ACS Style

Abdulaziz Alghamdi; Guangji Hu; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Husnain Haider; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Investigating Spatiotemporal Variability of Water, Energy, and Carbon Flows: A Probabilistic Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Framework for Higher Education Institutions. Environments 2021, 8, 72 .

AMA Style

Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Guangji Hu, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Husnain Haider, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Investigating Spatiotemporal Variability of Water, Energy, and Carbon Flows: A Probabilistic Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Framework for Higher Education Institutions. Environments. 2021; 8 (8):72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdulaziz Alghamdi; Guangji Hu; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Husnain Haider; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2021. "Investigating Spatiotemporal Variability of Water, Energy, and Carbon Flows: A Probabilistic Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Framework for Higher Education Institutions." Environments 8, no. 8: 72.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2021 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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Rapid urbanization and climate change have increased the risk of urban flooding, causing massive infrastructure and human losses. The concept of resilience proposes new solutions to manage flood disaster. An urban flood resilience evaluation framework considering the flood disaster cycle of actual historic flood event and objective physical-socio-economic status is necessary for future flood mitigation. This paper proposes a holistic evaluation framework for evaluating urban flood resilience with VIKOR and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method. The proposed framework consists of indicators of resistance, coping, recovery and adaptation capacity of resilience for three stages of the flood disaster cycle, namely pre, during and post-flood. The framework has been applied to Yangtze River Delta (YRD) consisting 27 cities in China. Following a rigorous analysis, the cities are ranked and mapped, among which Nanjing stands out to be the first, whereas the entire region presents a moderate level of urban flood resilience varying from city to city. The detailed comparison with sensitivity analysis of resilience at regional, provincial and city level suggests a better resilience in pre-flood stage than post-flood stage. Finally, practical recommendations to regional and local level are provided for further flood mitigation and resilience improvement. The proposed framework is generalizable and useful to develop flood related standards, establish benchmarks, perform evaluation at regional, provincial and city levels across China and other parts of the world.

ACS Style

Shiyao Zhu; Dezhi Li; Guanying Huang; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kh Md Nahiduzzaman; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Enhancing urban flood resilience: A holistic framework incorporating historic worst flood to Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2021, 61, 102355 .

AMA Style

Shiyao Zhu, Dezhi Li, Guanying Huang, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kh Md Nahiduzzaman, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Enhancing urban flood resilience: A holistic framework incorporating historic worst flood to Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021; 61 ():102355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shiyao Zhu; Dezhi Li; Guanying Huang; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kh Md Nahiduzzaman; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2021. "Enhancing urban flood resilience: A holistic framework incorporating historic worst flood to Yangtze River Delta, China." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 61, no. : 102355.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2021 in Research in Transportation Economics
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Transport infrastructure investments constitute 31% of the world's capital investments. However, there is a significant gap between the demand for large-scale transport infrastructure and investments in such infrastructure. An investigation into the causes of the above gap brings to light the inefficiencies of the current capital deployment practices throughout the project life cycle that result in additional expenditure over the optimal investments. This paper aims to review the existing body of knowledge on capital deployment efficiencies of large-scale transport infrastructure investments. The review looks into the causes of inefficiencies and practices applied for efficiency enhancement. Pareto analysis is used to prioritise the causes, and a cause and effect diagram is drawn to identify the root causes for inefficiencies. Finally, practices applied in different stages of the project life cycle are discussed. Based on these findings, a decision support outline is suggested to enhance the efficiency of each identified cause. The findings of this study provide an important foundation to set up a strategic approach to improve capital deployment efficiency of large-scale transport infrastructure investments. Accordingly, a strategic approach is proposed in policy, organisation, and project level activities to improve the capital deployment efficiency of large-scale transportation infrastructure investments in developing countries. Existing studies primarily focus on the technological advancements, without focusing on healthier governance practices. Therefore, it is essential to address the technical advancement and better governance practices to get the best value for investments. Further research is suggested on the application of a strategic approach in different types of projects.

ACS Style

Baudhi Abeysekara; Piyaruwan Perera; Gyan Kumar Chhipi Shrestha; Lalithasiri Gunaruwan; Amal Kumarage; Rehan Sadiq; Kasun Hewage. Improving the capital deployment efficiency: An infrastructure investment planning process in transportation project. Research in Transportation Economics 2021, 101048 .

AMA Style

Baudhi Abeysekara, Piyaruwan Perera, Gyan Kumar Chhipi Shrestha, Lalithasiri Gunaruwan, Amal Kumarage, Rehan Sadiq, Kasun Hewage. Improving the capital deployment efficiency: An infrastructure investment planning process in transportation project. Research in Transportation Economics. 2021; ():101048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baudhi Abeysekara; Piyaruwan Perera; Gyan Kumar Chhipi Shrestha; Lalithasiri Gunaruwan; Amal Kumarage; Rehan Sadiq; Kasun Hewage. 2021. "Improving the capital deployment efficiency: An infrastructure investment planning process in transportation project." Research in Transportation Economics , no. : 101048.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The residential sector consumes about 50% of the electricity produced from fossil fuels in Saudi Arabia. The residential energy demand is increasing. Moreover, a simple building energy performance assessment framework is not available for hot arid developing countries. This research proposes an energy performance assessment framework for residential buildings in hot and arid regions, which focuses on three performance criteria: operational energy, GHG emissions, and cost. The proposed framework has been applied to three types of residential buildings, i.e., detached, attached, and low-rise apartments, in five geographical regions of Saudi Arabia. Design Builder® was used to simulate the energy demand in buildings over a whole year. Four types of efficiency improvement interventions, including double-glazed windowpanes, triple-glazed windowpanes, LED lighting, and split air conditioners, were introduced in 12 combinations. Overall, 180 simulations were performed which are based on 12 intervention combinations, three building types, and five regions. Three performance criteria were evaluated for each simulation and then aggregated using a multi-criteria decision analysis method to identify the best intervention strategy for a given building type and a geographical region in Saudi Arabia. Each building type with interventions consumes higher energy in the western, central, and eastern regions and consumes a lesser amount of energy in the southern and northern regions. The proposed framework is helpful for long-term planning of the residential sector.

ACS Style

Mohammad AlHashmi; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Rajeev Ruparathna; Kh Nahiduzzaman; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Energy Performance Assessment Framework for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2232 .

AMA Style

Mohammad AlHashmi, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Rajeev Ruparathna, Kh Nahiduzzaman, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Energy Performance Assessment Framework for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad AlHashmi; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Rajeev Ruparathna; Kh Nahiduzzaman; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2021. "Energy Performance Assessment Framework for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2232.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Global climate change is a key concern in today’s world, especially with the growth of population and industrial activities. One of the biggest sources of climate change is anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In Canada, buildings are the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, contributing to 12% of the country’s equivalent Carbon dioxide emissions. These emissions have various negative impacts on the planet, which impede the transition towards a cleaner environment and more sustainable communities. Attention has now shifted towards Carbon dioxide reduction in addition to the currently practiced energy efficiency improvements and source switching, which is also important in achieving Canada’s 2030 climate action goals. The current study attempts to address the above gap by investigating the feasibility of installing carbon capturing unit at building level, based on the perceptions of building managers in both multi-unit residential buildings and non-residential buildings. A Modified Digital Logic approach was used to identify the key factors that determine the acceptability of the unit, based on experts’ input. Six primary criteria were identified to design a questionnaire and structured interviews to evaluate the acceptability of building level carbon capturing unit to stakeholders. The findings indicated that around 50% of non-residential building managers were interested in installing the carbon capturing unit, whereas none of the multi-unit building managers were in favor of the unit installation. The lack of interest is attributed to different factors such as unit scalability, inability to accurately estimate the short and long-term economic benefits, and other alternate plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, when establishing relationship between cost and unit scalability, 82% of residential unit managers and 50% of non-residential managers opined that the unit should be capable of being upgraded to accommodate a larger area and capture more emissions in order to justify the proposed cost of the unit. The findings provide important insights for policy makers in understanding the acceptability of carbon capturing unit at building level and to further develop and promote this emerging technology in the market.

ACS Style

Sarin Raj Pokhrel; Kasun Hewage; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Hirushie Karunathilake; Eric Li; Rehan Sadiq. Carbon capturing for emissions reduction at building level: A market assessment from a building management perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 294, 126323 .

AMA Style

Sarin Raj Pokhrel, Kasun Hewage, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Hirushie Karunathilake, Eric Li, Rehan Sadiq. Carbon capturing for emissions reduction at building level: A market assessment from a building management perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 294 ():126323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarin Raj Pokhrel; Kasun Hewage; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Hirushie Karunathilake; Eric Li; Rehan Sadiq. 2021. "Carbon capturing for emissions reduction at building level: A market assessment from a building management perspective." Journal of Cleaner Production 294, no. : 126323.

Review article
Published: 26 August 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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Carbon-dioxide (CO2) is a critical heat trapping greenhouse gas (GHG) that results in global warming. Thus, many countries across the world including Canada have agreed for national level emission reduction targets. A significant fraction of the anthropogenic CO2 is emitted from fossil fuel-based energy generation. Carbon-dioxide capture, storage, and utilization (CCSU) technologies are currently the sole means of capturing CO2 emissions generated by such energy systems. However, only a limited amount of research has been done on CCSU integration in community energy systems. This review aims at exploring the prospects of CCSU integration in community energy systems to achieve zero-emission communities. A systematic literature review was conducted to critically analyze the feasibility of community level carbon capturing. A particular focus was given to the techno-economic aspects of carbon capture integration in community energy systems. The drivers and barriers to CCSU implementation in Canadian communities were discussed under techno-economic, socio-political, legal, and environmental themes in the form of a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. Recommendations for overcoming the above barriers were provided from the findings of the review. Finally, a road map aimed towards assessing the suitability of CCSU integration in Canadian communities was defined. The knowledge compiled through this study will aid investors and decision-makers to make informed decisions when planning zero-emission communities.

ACS Style

Ravihari Kotagoda Hetti; Hirushie Karunathilake; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Rehan Sadiq; Kasun Hewage. Prospects of integrating carbon capturing into community scale energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 133, 110193 .

AMA Style

Ravihari Kotagoda Hetti, Hirushie Karunathilake, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Rehan Sadiq, Kasun Hewage. Prospects of integrating carbon capturing into community scale energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 133 ():110193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravihari Kotagoda Hetti; Hirushie Karunathilake; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Rehan Sadiq; Kasun Hewage. 2020. "Prospects of integrating carbon capturing into community scale energy systems." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 133, no. : 110193.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Low Impact Developments (LIDs) employ a series of vegetative techniques to retain rainfall close to the site of origin. Although LIDs offer sustainable runoff management, these infrastructures can be considered a risk to public health due to the presence of pathogens in the runoff and human exposure to contaminated water held in and transported by LIDs. The objective of this study is to examine the disease burden of Gastrointestinal illness (GI) from exposure to LIDs at the residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of literature on three water features: (1) harvested rainwater obtained from LIDs, (2) surface water, and (3) floodwater. A set of 32 studies were systematically selected to collect values of risks of infection and expressed as the disease burden, i.e. disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The results showed that the percentage of GI illness exceeding the health guidelines were high for harvested rainwater, i.e. 22% of annual disease burden exceeded the WHO guidelines (0.001 DALYs/1000 persons), and 2% exceeded the US EPA guidelines (5.75 DALYs/1000 bathers). Among the six exposures for harvested rainwater, exposure to spray irrigation, exceeded US EPA guidelines whereas; five exposures, i.e. flushing, hosing, daily shower, spray irrigation, and children playing, surpassed the WHO guidelines. Considering LID treatment, the values of annual disease burden from all the selected barriers were below US EPA guidelines however, these values exceeded the WHO guidelines for three barriers i.e. water plaza, grass swale, and open storage ponds. These findings provide a broader perspective of the disease burden associated with LIDs and emphasise to consider the type of exposures and required treatment barriers for developing LID infrastructures in urban areas.

ACS Style

Sadia Ishaq; Rehan Sadiq; Shaukat Farooq; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage. Investigating the public health risks of low impact developments at residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 744, 140778 -140778.

AMA Style

Sadia Ishaq, Rehan Sadiq, Shaukat Farooq, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage. Investigating the public health risks of low impact developments at residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 744 ():140778-140778.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sadia Ishaq; Rehan Sadiq; Shaukat Farooq; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage. 2020. "Investigating the public health risks of low impact developments at residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels." Science of The Total Environment 744, no. : 140778-140778.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2019 in Sensors
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Identification of drought is essential for many environmental and agricultural applications. To further understand drought, this study presented spatial and temporal variations of drought based on satellite derived Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) on annual (Jan–Dec), seasonal monsoon (Jun–Nov) and pre-monsoon (Mar–May) scales from 1982–2015 in Nepal. The Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) obtained from NOAA, AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) and climate data from meteorological stations were used. VCI was used to grade the drought, and the Mann–Kendall test and linear trend analysis were conducted to examine drought trends and the Pearson correlation between VCI and climatic factors (i.e., temperature and precipitation) was also acquired. The results identified that severe drought was identified in 1982, 1984, 1985 and 2000 on all time scales. However, VCI has increased at the rate of 1.14 yr−1 (p = 0.04), 1.31 yr−1 (p = 0.03) and 0.77 yr−1 (p = 0.77) on the annual, seasonal monsoon and pre-monsoon scales, respectively. These increased VCIs indicated decreases in drought. However, spatially, increased trends of drought were also found in some regions in Nepal. For instance, northern areas mainly in the Trans-Himalayan regions identified severe drought. The foothills and the lowlands of Terai (southern Nepal) experienced normal VCI, i.e., no drought. Similarly, the Anomaly Vegetation Condition Index (AVCI) was mostly negative before 2000 which indicated deficient soil moisture. The exceedance probability analysis results on the annual time scale showed that there was a 20% chance of occurring severe drought (VCI ≤ 35%) and a 35% chance of occurring normal drought (35% ≤ VCI ≤ 50%) in Nepal. Drought was also linked with climates in which temperature on the annual and seasonal monsoon scales was significant and positively correlated with VCI. Drought occurrence and trends in Nepal need to be further studied for comprehensive information and understanding.

ACS Style

Binod Baniya; Qiuhong Tang; Ximeng Xu; Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Drought Based on Satellite Derived Vegetation Condition Index in Nepal from 1982–2015. Sensors 2019, 19, 430 .

AMA Style

Binod Baniya, Qiuhong Tang, Ximeng Xu, Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Drought Based on Satellite Derived Vegetation Condition Index in Nepal from 1982–2015. Sensors. 2019; 19 (2):430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Binod Baniya; Qiuhong Tang; Ximeng Xu; Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha. 2019. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of Drought Based on Satellite Derived Vegetation Condition Index in Nepal from 1982–2015." Sensors 19, no. 2: 430.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Journal of Architectural Engineering
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The building industry has a high energy consumption, which results in natural resource depletion, land use, ecosystem degradation, atmospheric pollution, and many other environmental impacts. Therefore, in modern construction, while maintaining a satisfactory and comfortable interior environment, less energy consumption and resource use is a major objective of building design. This research explored life cycle energy (LCE), life cycle assessment (LCA), and life cycle costing (LCC) to evaluate the sustainability performance of building facades for their selection. A research framework was proposed considering environmental, social, and economic impacts (triple bottom line approach). The proposed framework was applied to a medium-rise commercial building in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Four building facades (brick, granite, aluminum, and glass facades) were selected and compared by their life cycle impacts (i.e., impacts in the preuse, use, and postuse phases). An energy model was developed in DesignBuilder 4.2 to estimate the impact of the energy demand of each facade during the operational phase. LCA of each facade was performed using SimaPro 8 software. Later, selected facades were compared using multicriteria decision analysis for three proposed scenarios: proenvironment, neutral, and proeconomic. Based on the analysis, brick facade was identified as the most sustainable facade in the neutral and proeconomic scenario, whereas a granite facade was the most sustainable alternative in the proenvironment scenario. Life cycle emergy analysis was conducted to validate the proenvironment scenario results. This study provides decision support to architects and engineers for the selection of sustainable building facades based on the triple bottom line of sustainability.

ACS Style

Muhammad Saleem; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Marco Túlio Barbosa Andrade; Roberta Dyck; Rajeev Ruparathna; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Life Cycle Thinking–Based Selection of Building Facades. Journal of Architectural Engineering 2018, 24, 04018029 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Saleem, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Marco Túlio Barbosa Andrade, Roberta Dyck, Rajeev Ruparathna, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Life Cycle Thinking–Based Selection of Building Facades. Journal of Architectural Engineering. 2018; 24 (4):04018029.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Saleem; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Marco Túlio Barbosa Andrade; Roberta Dyck; Rajeev Ruparathna; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2018. "Life Cycle Thinking–Based Selection of Building Facades." Journal of Architectural Engineering 24, no. 4: 04018029.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
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A framework for estimating the concentration of unregulated disinfection by-products in water distribution using ΔCl2 and other basic water quality parameters.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi Shrestha; Manuel J. Rodriguez; Rehan Sadiq. Framework for cost-effective prediction of unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution using differential free chlorine. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2018, 4, 1564 -1576.

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi Shrestha, Manuel J. Rodriguez, Rehan Sadiq. Framework for cost-effective prediction of unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution using differential free chlorine. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2018; 4 (10):1564-1576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi Shrestha; Manuel J. Rodriguez; Rehan Sadiq. 2018. "Framework for cost-effective prediction of unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution using differential free chlorine." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 10: 1564-1576.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
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A net-zero water (NZW) community can be developed by combining various water supply sources, conservation measures, and water reuse approaches over time. A decision support system is required to assess the site-specific economic and environmental potential of NZW development. This paper develops a cost module and size-dependent energy submodule in the existing water-energy-carbon (WEC) nexus model. The model has been used to analyze the economics of the WEC nexus to achieve NZW in the City of Penticton (British Columbia, Canada) between 2016 and 2025. The uncertainty of the results was approximated using Monte Carlo simulations. Results show Penticton can achieve net-zero to net-plus water, but it would be highly energy intensive and costly. A detailed analysis shows that rainwater harvesting and wastewater reuse could be energy efficient and cost effective given certain annual precipitation and freshwater conveyance distances, respectively. The energy efficiency and cost effectiveness of NZW would increase with an increased pressure on water sources because of population growth, decreasing freshwater availability associated with climate change, and so on.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Economic and Energy Efficiency of Net-Zero Water Communities: System Dynamics Analysis. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 2018, 4, 04018006 .

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Economic and Energy Efficiency of Net-Zero Water Communities: System Dynamics Analysis. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment. 2018; 4 (3):04018006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2018. "Economic and Energy Efficiency of Net-Zero Water Communities: System Dynamics Analysis." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 4, no. 3: 04018006.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Applied Mathematics and Computation
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Evolutionary games with the fuzzy set are attracting growing interest. While among previous studies, the role of the reliability of knowledge in such an infrastructure is still virgin and may become a fascinating issue. Z-number is combined with “restriction” and “reliability”, which is an efficient framework to simulate the thinking of human. In this paper, the stable strategies analysis based on the utility of Z-number in the evolutionary games is proposed, which can simulate the procedure of human’s competition and cooperation more authentically and more flexibly. Some numerical examples and an application are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Results show that total utility of Z-number can be used as an index to extend the classical evolutionary games into ones linguistic-based, which is applicable in the real applications since the payoff matrix is always determined by the knowledge of human using uncertain information, e.g., (outcome of the next year, about fifty thousand dollars, likely).

ACS Style

Bingyi Kang; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Yong Deng; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Stable strategies analysis based on the utility of Z-number in the evolutionary games. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2018, 324, 202 -217.

AMA Style

Bingyi Kang, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Yong Deng, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Stable strategies analysis based on the utility of Z-number in the evolutionary games. Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2018; 324 ():202-217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bingyi Kang; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Yong Deng; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2018. "Stable strategies analysis based on the utility of Z-number in the evolutionary games." Applied Mathematics and Computation 324, no. : 202-217.

Original paper
Published: 19 February 2018 in Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
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High-density housing is primarily constructed to decrease per capita civil infrastructure and land resource. Multi-family residences are preferred to single-family residences for neighbourhood densification changing per capita landscaping, affecting residential water and energy demand. These alterations also affect energy-associated carbon emissions and landscaping-associated carbon sequestration, revealing the existence of the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus. This study has developed a holistic framework for optimal residential density based on WEC nexus. The conflicting criteria water footprint, energy use, net carbon emissions, life cycle cost, aesthetic value, and government priority, associated with the WEC nexus in various densities, were evaluated using the UTilités Additives method. The developed framework was applied to a planned neighbourhood in the Okanagan Valley (British Columbia, Canada) by preparing 11 alternative designs with different residential densities. Neighbourhood scenarios with different criteria weights were studied. Results show that per capita water footprint, energy use, net carbon emissions, and life cycle cost have a power relationship with net residential density despite a linear relationship between population and net residential density. The estimated optimal net residential density is approximately 260 persons/ha for most of the scenarios. The findings present the benefits of building medium- to high-density housing to achieve an optimal WEC nexus.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Manjot Kaur; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Optimizing residential density based on water–energy–carbon nexus using UTilités Additives (UTA) method. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2018, 20, 855 -870.

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Manjot Kaur, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Optimizing residential density based on water–energy–carbon nexus using UTilités Additives (UTA) method. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2018; 20 (4):855-870.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Manjot Kaur; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2018. "Optimizing residential density based on water–energy–carbon nexus using UTilités Additives (UTA) method." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 20, no. 4: 855-870.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Husnain Haider; Kasun Hewage; Adil Umer; Rajeev Ruparathna; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Keith Culver; Mark Holland; James Kay; Rehan Sadiq. Sustainability assessment framework for small-sized urban neighbourhoods: An application of fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society 2018, 36, 21 -32.

AMA Style

Husnain Haider, Kasun Hewage, Adil Umer, Rajeev Ruparathna, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Keith Culver, Mark Holland, James Kay, Rehan Sadiq. Sustainability assessment framework for small-sized urban neighbourhoods: An application of fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2018; 36 ():21-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Husnain Haider; Kasun Hewage; Adil Umer; Rajeev Ruparathna; Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Keith Culver; Mark Holland; James Kay; Rehan Sadiq. 2018. "Sustainability assessment framework for small-sized urban neighbourhoods: An application of fuzzy synthetic evaluation." Sustainable Cities and Society 36, no. : 21-32.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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This paper is the second in a series of two papers. In Paper I, a decision support tool (DST), FitWater, was developed for evaluating the potential of wastewater treatment (WWT) trains for various water reuse applications. In the present paper, the proposed DST has been tested and implemented. FitWater has been tested with several existing WWT plants in Canada and the USA, demonstrating FitWater's effectiveness in estimating life cycle cost (LCC), health risk, and energy use. FitWater has also been implemented in a newly planned neighbourhood in the Okanagan Valley (BC, Canada) by developing 12 alternative WWT trains for water reuse in lawn and public parks irrigation. The results show that FitWater can effectively rank WWT train alternatives based on LCC, health risk, amount of reclaimed water, energy use, and carbon emissions. Moreover, functions have been developed for the variation of unit annualized LCC and energy intensity per unit log removal of microorganisms in different treatment technologies with varying plant capacities. The functions have power relations, showing the economies of scale. FitWater can be applied to identify a cost-effective, risk-acceptable, and energy efficient wastewater treatment train with a plant capacity of 500m/day or more. Furthermore, FitWater can be used to assess potential economic impacts of developing microbiologically stringent effluent standards. The capability of FitWater can be enhanced by including physio-chemical quality of wastewater, additional treatment technologies, and carbon emissions from wastewater decomposition processes.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: Testing to implementation of decision support tool (II). Science of The Total Environment 2017, 607-608, 403 -412.

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: Testing to implementation of decision support tool (II). Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 607-608 ():403-412.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2017. "Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: Testing to implementation of decision support tool (II)." Science of The Total Environment 607-608, no. : 403-412.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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This article is the first in a series of two papers. Paper I focuses on model conceptualization and development, and Paper II in the series focuses on model validation and implementation. The amount of water reuse has been increasing across the globe. Wastewater can be treated based on the intended end use of reclaimed water. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment (WWT) simultaneously considers intended end use, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. WWT technologies differ mainly in terms of treatment efficiency, cost, energy use, and associated carbon emissions. The planning and evaluation of water reuse projects requires a decision support tool (DST) to evaluate alternative WWT trains and water reuse applications. However, such a DST is not available in the publically accessible literature. A DST, FitWater, has been developed for the evaluation of WWT for various urban reuses. The evaluation is based on the following criteria: amount of reclaimed water production, health risk of water reuse, cost, energy use, and carbon emissions. The cost is estimated as annualized life cycle cost and health risk is estimated using quantitative microbial risk assessment. The uncertainty analysis has been performed using probabilistic and fuzzy-based methods. A multi-criteria decision analysis, using fuzzy weighted average, is employed to aggregate different criteria and generate a final score. FitWater ranks alternative WWT trains based on the resulting final score. The proposed FitWater DST is user-friendly, and its application is demonstrated using an example. The DST can be enhanced to include additional treatment technologies and carbon emissions of different treatment processes.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: Conceptualization to development of decision support tool (I). Science of The Total Environment 2017, 607-608, 600 -612.

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: Conceptualization to development of decision support tool (I). Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 607-608 ():600-612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2017. "Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: Conceptualization to development of decision support tool (I)." Science of The Total Environment 607-608, no. : 600-612.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
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A comprehensive water-energy-carbon (WEC) nexus model for an urban water system (UWS) using system dynamics is proposed to assist municipalities, urban developers, and policy makers for neighborhood water planning and management. The proposed model and decision support tool was developed for the operational phase of UWSs. The model was validated using historical water and energy consumption data (2005–2014) of Penticton (British Columbia, Canada). Spearman’s correlation coefficients between water and energy, water and carbon, and energy and carbon were 0.94, 0.89, and 0.83, respectively, revealing highly significant interconnections. The energy for water was 11.1 MWh/ML, water for energy was 6,512 L/MWh, and carbon emissions were 124.4 kg CO2e/MWh from energy use and 120.8 kg CO2e/ML from wastewater processes. A Monte Carlo–based sensitivity analysis showed residential outdoor irrigation and water heating energy for showers and dishwashers have higher contribution to model variability. The intervention analysis reveals significant differences in savings in water, energy, and carbon for various water and energy-based interventions in UWSs and the developed tool is well capable for analyzing these dynamic savings.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus Modeling for Urban Water Systems: System Dynamics Approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2017, 143, 04017016 .

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus Modeling for Urban Water Systems: System Dynamics Approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 2017; 143 (6):04017016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2017. "Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus Modeling for Urban Water Systems: System Dynamics Approach." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 143, no. 6: 04017016.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Water Environment Research
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Urban water systems (UWSs) are challenged by the sustainability perspective. Certain limitations of the sustainability of centralized UWSs and decentralized household level wastewater treatments can be overcome by managing UWSs at an intermediate scale, referred to as small to medium sized UWSs (SMUWSs). SMUWSs are different from large UWSs, mainly in terms of smaller infrastructure, data limitation, smaller service area, and institutional limitations. Moreover, sustainability assessment systems to evaluate the sustainability of an entire UWS are very limited and confined only to large UWSs. This research addressed the gap and has developed a set of 38 applied sustainability performance indicators (SPIs) by using fuzzy-Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) I outranking method to assess the sustainability of SMUWSs. The developed set of SPIs can be applied to existing and new SMUWSs and also provides a flexibility to include additional SPIs in the future based on the same selection criteria.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi‐Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Selecting Sustainability Indicators for Small to Medium Sized Urban Water Systems Using Fuzzy‐ELECTRE. Water Environment Research 2017, 89, 238 -249.

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi‐Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Selecting Sustainability Indicators for Small to Medium Sized Urban Water Systems Using Fuzzy‐ELECTRE. Water Environment Research. 2017; 89 (3):238-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi‐Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2017. "Selecting Sustainability Indicators for Small to Medium Sized Urban Water Systems Using Fuzzy‐ELECTRE." Water Environment Research 89, no. 3: 238-249.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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Although Canada has abundant freshwater resources, many cities still experience seasonal water shortage. Supply-side and demand-side management is a core strategy to address this water shortage. Under this strategy, reclaimed water, which the Canadian public is willing to use for non-potable purposes, is an option. However, no universal guidelines exist for reclaimed water use. Despite the federal government's long-term goal to develop guidelines for many water reuse applications, guidelines have only been prescribed for reclaimed water use in toilet and urinal flushing in Canada. At the provincial level, British Columbia (BC) has promulgated guidelines for wide applications of reclaimed water but only at broad class levels. This research has investigated and proposed probabilistic risk-based recommended values for microbial quality of reclaimed water in various non-potable urban reuses. The health risk was estimated by using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations were used in the analysis to include variability and uncertainty in input data. The proposed recommended values are based on the indicator organism E. coli. The required treatment levels for reuse were also estimated. In addition, the recommended values were successfully applied to three wastewater treatment effluents in the Okanagan Valley, BC, Canada. The health risks associated with other bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp.), virus (adenovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus), and protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia spp.), were also estimated. The estimated risks indicate the effectiveness of the E. coli-based water quality recommended values. Sensitivity analysis shows the pathogenic E. coli ratio and morbidity are the most sensitive input parameters for all water reuses. The proposed recommended values could be further improved by using national or regional data on water exposures, disease burden per case, and the susceptibility fraction of population.

ACS Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. Microbial quality of reclaimed water for urban reuses: Probabilistic risk-based investigation and recommendations. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 576, 738 -751.

AMA Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq. Microbial quality of reclaimed water for urban reuses: Probabilistic risk-based investigation and recommendations. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 576 ():738-751.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha; Kasun Hewage; Rehan Sadiq. 2017. "Microbial quality of reclaimed water for urban reuses: Probabilistic risk-based investigation and recommendations." Science of The Total Environment 576, no. : 738-751.