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Dr. Kleoniki Natalia Petrou
Research Support Assistant, Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK

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0 Data Envelopment Analysis
0 Sustainability
0 Waste Management
0 circular economy
0 resources Management

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Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Waste Management
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Nowadays municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a vital part of the economy, both as an output of human activities and as an input in the economy through material or energy recovery. Education has been shown to be closely related to the amount of MSW generated. The present research uses panel data obtained for 25 world counties for the years 1995–2016 and the examined variables include MSW, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and education level. Through econometric methods, the present paper accounts for the presence of cross section dependence and uses appropriate panel unit root tests to discover feasible cointegrated relationships. Also it strongly accounts for the interdependence between MSW, economic growth and education level. Based on these, the validity of the Waste Kuznets Curve (WKC) hypothesis is redefined. Specifically, an inverted U-shape relationship is observed both in the static and dynamic analyses for MSW. The calculated turning points although quite high they are in all cases within the sample. In all specifications the sign of education level is negative as expected. Therefore it is shown that education can act as an effective tool to enhance pro-environmental behaviour leading in turn to lower MSW arisings.

ACS Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. The relationship between MSW and education: WKC evidence from 25 OECD countries. Waste Management 2020, 114, 240 -252.

AMA Style

George Halkos, Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. The relationship between MSW and education: WKC evidence from 25 OECD countries. Waste Management. 2020; 114 ():240-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. 2020. "The relationship between MSW and education: WKC evidence from 25 OECD countries." Waste Management 114, no. : 240-252.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2019 in Energies
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This paper examines energy efficiency across 28 selected European Union (EU) Member States and reviews the potential for energy recovery from waste according to the efficiency scores obtained. The efficiencies are assessed through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the following variables are used, inputs: final energy consumption, labour, capital, population density and outputs: gross domestic product (GDP), nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the years 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. Results show that most countries maintain their efficiency scores with only a few marginally improving theirs and at the same time, it is noticed that most are decreasing after 2012. Based on these efficiency scores, this paper recommends moving towards waste-to-energy with two main objectives, namely sufficient and sustainable energy production and effective treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). This option would enhance the circular economy, whereas prioritization needs to be given to prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling and energy recovery through to disposal. Together with the EU Commission’s competition strategy, these options would ensure reliable energy supplies at rational prices and with the least environmental impacts. Moreover the efficiency scores need to be examined along the financial crisis which has been affecting the EU since 2008, showing a decrease in those efficiency scores after 2012 under a more imminent crisis.

ACS Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Analysing the Energy Efficiency of EU Member States: The Potential of Energy Recovery from Waste in the Circular Economy. Energies 2019, 12, 3718 .

AMA Style

George Halkos, Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Analysing the Energy Efficiency of EU Member States: The Potential of Energy Recovery from Waste in the Circular Economy. Energies. 2019; 12 (19):3718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. 2019. "Analysing the Energy Efficiency of EU Member States: The Potential of Energy Recovery from Waste in the Circular Economy." Energies 12, no. 19: 3718.

Articles
Published: 24 January 2019 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
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The issue of municipal solid waste (MSW) arisings has received great attention recently since it is not only a by-product of economic activity but also serves as an input to the economy through material or energy recovery. The main focus of this study is cultural formation and especially the current picture of waste culture and public perception across European Union (EU) member states. Thus, this study will first evaluate environmental efficiency with data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on five parameters: waste, gross domestic product (GDP), labour, capital, and population density for 22 EU Member States and for the years 2005, 2010 and 2015 in order to evaluate which Member States are more efficient. Then the efficiency results are contrasted to Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions on STATA with the use of regression modelling. Results show that for year 2005 no significant relationship is noticed for both cultural models, whereas for years 2010 and 2015 there appears to be a significant connection. The above-mentioned findings can be associated with the financial crisis that has hit Europe after 2008 making people more sceptical, while EU legislations have laid out some important directives in the field of waste management. Finally, along with the factors above, EU has faced severe environmental challenges due to waste arisings, as well as accidents and injuries for people working in this sector, which in turn have widely modified EU’s waste culture as supported by this study’s results.

ACS Style

G. Halkos; K. N. Petrou. Evaluating 22 EU member states’ ‘waste culture’ using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2019, 26, 313 -328.

AMA Style

G. Halkos, K. N. Petrou. Evaluating 22 EU member states’ ‘waste culture’ using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2019; 26 (4):313-328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Halkos; K. N. Petrou. 2019. "Evaluating 22 EU member states’ ‘waste culture’ using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 26, no. 4: 313-328.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Economic Analysis and Policy
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The treatment of undesirable outputs in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has received great research attention recently. As such and as are presented in this work, there are four possible options to deal with those: 1. ignoring them from the production function, 2. treating them as regular inputs, 3. treating them as normal outputs and 4. performing necessary transformations to take them into account. Also new model propositions for their treatment are being presented. Each method brings with it, benefits and drawbacks which each researcher should take into account at every stage of their research and assesses which method is more appropriate to be used.

ACS Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Treating undesirable outputs in DEA: A critical review. Economic Analysis and Policy 2019, 62, 97 -104.

AMA Style

George Halkos, Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Treating undesirable outputs in DEA: A critical review. Economic Analysis and Policy. 2019; 62 ():97-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. 2019. "Treating undesirable outputs in DEA: A critical review." Economic Analysis and Policy 62, no. : 97-104.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This paper deals with the efficiency of the 28 European Union (EU) Member States for the years 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014 by employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and directional distance function to tackle undesirable outputs. Eight parameters are used, namely municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, employment rate, capital formation, gross domestic product (GDP), population density and for the first time sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from the waste sector for the relevant countries. The innovation of this paper lies in the fact that both new parameters are taken into account and that diverse modelling techniques have been employed in terms of the outputs and inputs used. The empirical results obtained were bias corrected in order to get the correct efficiency scores for each country studied. Overall the most efficient countries were shown to be Germany, Ireland and the UK. These results were then reviewed against the recycling rate of each country for the examined time periods. The recycling rate actually depicts the DEA results, namely more efficient countries seem to have a higher recycling rate too. Moreover the DEA efficiency results were contrasted to the overall treatment options used in the countries under consideration. Overall it is noticed that countries employing all four treatment options with high use of more sustainable ones and decrease in the use of landfill are the ones that also proved to be efficient according to DEA. These results resemble the image of a financial crisis hit Europe which tried to take advantage of the more sustainable treatment options in order to achieve a transition to a circular economy, whereas the value of products, materials and resources needs to be maintained in the economy for as long as possible and the generation of waste minimised. This can be a valuable lesson for policy makers in the design and application of national and EU legislations and directives in order to achieve also the targets towards a circular economy driven Europe.

ACS Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Assessing 28 EU member states' environmental efficiency in national waste generation with DEA. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 208, 509 -521.

AMA Style

George Halkos, Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Assessing 28 EU member states' environmental efficiency in national waste generation with DEA. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 208 ():509-521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. 2018. "Assessing 28 EU member states' environmental efficiency in national waste generation with DEA." Journal of Cleaner Production 208, no. : 509-521.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2017 in Sustainable Development
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ACS Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Assessing Waste Generation Efficiency in EU Regions towards Sustainable Environmental Policies. Sustainable Development 2017, 26, 281 -301.

AMA Style

George Halkos, Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Assessing Waste Generation Efficiency in EU Regions towards Sustainable Environmental Policies. Sustainable Development. 2017; 26 (3):281-301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. 2017. "Assessing Waste Generation Efficiency in EU Regions towards Sustainable Environmental Policies." Sustainable Development 26, no. 3: 281-301.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2017
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This paper employs Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to consider waste generation at a regional level in the European Union (EU). By doing so both good and bad outputs are taken into account and different frameworks are designed. Five parameters (waste generation, employment rate, capital formation, GDP and population density) are used for 172 EU regions and for the years 2009, 2011 and 2013. In doing so four frameworks have been designed with different inputs and outputs each time. The results show the more efficient EU regions according to each framework, but it should be noted that results from different frameworks should not be compared to each other. Overall results suggest that the highest performers are regions in Belgium, Italy, Portugal and the UK. Finally the efficiency results from DEA were reviewed against the treatment options employed in the relevant regions. Our findings show that although a country might be efficient according to DEA and by taking many factors into consideration, it is not necessary that regions within a country use sustainable waste treatment options as it is essential to account for trade and shipment of waste between regions and countries as well.

ACS Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Regional environmental efficiency in waste generation. 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

George Halkos, Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. Regional environmental efficiency in waste generation. . 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Halkos; Kleoniki Natalia Petrou. 2017. "Regional environmental efficiency in waste generation." , no. : 1.