Background: The effects of whole grain diet on cardiovascular risks in obese and overweight adults is not well established. Our goal was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of whole grain diet on cardiovascular risks in obese/overweight adults. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane were systematically scanned for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and studies were selected based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the effectiveness of whole grain food consumption in reducing body weight. The secondary outcomes were the effect of whole grain food consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin resistance index, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and waist circumference in obese/overweight adults. Results: Our results showed that whole grain consumption was associated with lower body weight (mean difference (MD) = − 0.5, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [− 0.74, 0.25], I² = 35%, P < 0.0001) and lower CRP (MD = -0.36, 95% CI [− 0.54, − 0.18], I² = 69%, P < 0.0001), compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences in LDL-C (MD = -0.08, 95% CI [− 0.16, 0.00], I² = 27%, P = 0.05), waist circumference (MD = -0.12, 95% CI [− 0.92, 0.68], I² = 44%, P = 0.76), systolic blood pressure (MD = -0.11, 95% CI [− 1.55, 1.33], I² = 3%, P = 0.88), diastolic blood pressure (MD = -0.44, 95% CI [− 1.44, 0.57], I² = 15%, P = 0.39), and fasting glucose (MD = -0.05, 95% CI [− 0.12, 0.01], I² = 31%, P = 0.11) between the two groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that whole grain food consumption can slightly reduce body weight and CRP in obese/overweight population.

Background. The aging population is increasingly susceptible to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Visit-to-visit variability in glucose and lipid levels both contributed to CVD risk independent of their mean values. However, whether variability in the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a risk factor for CVD remains unknown. Research Design and Methods. In this retrospective study of electronic health records, 27,520 participants aged over 60 years were enrolled. The visit-to-visit variability of TyG index was calculated from annual health examination data and defined as average real variability (ARV), standard deviation (SD), or the coefficient of variability (CV). CVD events were identified from the chronic disease registry or follow-up database and included myocardial infarction, angina, coronary, and stroke. Multivariate Cox regression was used to examine the correlation between TyG variability and incident CVD. Results. Over a median follow-up of 6.2 years, there were 2,178 CVD events. When participants were divided into four quartiles according to their TyG variability, after adjusting for established CVD risk factors, subjects in the top quartile had (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.05–1.34, ) significantly higher CVD risk than those in the bottom quartile. The association remained significant in overweight individuals or those without diabetes ( and , respectively). Conclusions. High variability in TyG was significantly associated with elevated CVD risk in the elderly, independent of average TyG and other risk factors. Close monitoring variability in TyG might be informative to identify old individuals at high risk of CVD.