Emerging evidence suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) may exert positive effects in patients with depression. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the antidepressant effects of GLP-1RAs. Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies investigating the effects of GLP-1RAs versus placebo or other antidiabetic therapies on depressive symptoms were searched for using multiple electronic sources (CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biomedical Database, Wan Fang data, and Chinese Scientific Journals Database) from inception to February 16, 2023. We utilized a random effects model to analyze standardized mean differences for the change in depression rating scales comparing GLP-1RA treated groups with control treated groups. The meta-analysis comprising 2,071 participants included 5 randomized controlled trials and 1 prospective cohort study. The meta-analysis indicated that the change from baseline in depression rating scale scores decreased significantly when patients received treatment with GLP-1RAs compared to control treatments (SMD = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.03], p_SMD <0.01, I² = 0%, p_Q = 0.52). The subgroup analysis showed that the effects of GLP-1RAs on depressive symptoms were consistent in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (SMD = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.03], p_SMD <0.01, I² = 2%, p_Q = 0.40). Adults treated with GLP-1RAs showed significant reductions in the depression rating scale scores compared to those treated with control substances. Our findings suggest that GLP-1RAs may be a potential treatment for alleviating depressive symptoms in humans.

Background: The effects of whole grain diet on cardiovascular risks in obese and overweight adults is not well established. Our goal was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of whole grain diet on cardiovascular risks in obese/overweight adults. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane were systematically scanned for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and studies were selected based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the effectiveness of whole grain food consumption in reducing body weight. The secondary outcomes were the effect of whole grain food consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin resistance index, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and waist circumference in obese/overweight adults. Results: Our results showed that whole grain consumption was associated with lower body weight (mean difference (MD) = − 0.5, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [− 0.74, 0.25], I² = 35%, P < 0.0001) and lower CRP (MD = -0.36, 95% CI [− 0.54, − 0.18], I² = 69%, P < 0.0001), compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences in LDL-C (MD = -0.08, 95% CI [− 0.16, 0.00], I² = 27%, P = 0.05), waist circumference (MD = -0.12, 95% CI [− 0.92, 0.68], I² = 44%, P = 0.76), systolic blood pressure (MD = -0.11, 95% CI [− 1.55, 1.33], I² = 3%, P = 0.88), diastolic blood pressure (MD = -0.44, 95% CI [− 1.44, 0.57], I² = 15%, P = 0.39), and fasting glucose (MD = -0.05, 95% CI [− 0.12, 0.01], I² = 31%, P = 0.11) between the two groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that whole grain food consumption can slightly reduce body weight and CRP in obese/overweight population.

Background: As a cardiometabolic disease, hypertension has shown an obvious upward trend, becoming a global epidemic chronic disease. Lifestyle intervention is a fundamental method for lowering blood pressure. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on blood pressure.Methods: Studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to evaluate the effects of TRE on blood pressure. The time frame of search was from the start of database construction until July 14, 2022.There were no language restrictions. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed using Stata version 16. The weighted mean difference with 95% CI was used to assess the effect of TRE on blood pressure, heart rate, weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides. The main ending of this article were blood pressure and heart rate, while the secondary ending were weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides.Results: Ten randomized controlled trials involving 694 patients were identified. TRE significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference = −4.15; 95% CI: −6.73, −2.30;P< 0.0001), but had no significant effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mean difference = −2.06; 95% CI: −4.16, 0.02;P= 0.053) and no beneficial effect on heart rate (mean difference = 0.36; 95% CI: −2.83, 3.54;P= 0.0825). TRE promoted weight loss (mean difference = −1.63; 95% CI: −2.61, −0.64;P= 0.001) and decreased blood glucose levels (mean difference = −2.80; 95% CI: −4.64, −0.96;P= 0.003), but had no significant effect on total cholesterol (mean difference = 0.03, 95% CI: −10.01, 10.08;P= 0.995), HDL-C (mean difference = 0.85, 95% CI: −1.80, 3.49;P= 0.531), LDL-C (mean difference = −0.86, 95% CI: −6.47, 4.76;P= 0.764), or triglycerides (mean difference = −3.524, 95% CI: −9.49, 2.45;P= 0.248). In a separate meta-regression analysis, the degree of SBP change was related to weight loss (P= 0.044) but not to glucose improvement (P= 0.867).Conclusions: The present meta-analysis suggests that TRE significantly reduced SBP, while no effect of reducing DBP was seen. The observed lower blood pressure may be attributed to significant weight loss. The effects of TRE on heart rate and blood lipid levels were not apparent.

Background: Exenatide, a glucagon like peptide 1 analog, has been suggested to reduce the cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as body weight, blood pressure and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This was the first randomized, open-label, controlled trial to compare the effects of exenatide versus insulin on subclinical atherosclerosis, as assessed by carotid-intima media thickness (CIMT), in patients with T2DM. Methods: A total of 66 patients with T2DM admitted from March 10, 2015 to June 20, 2017 in the Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital were randomized to receive twice-daily exenatide or aspartate 70/30 insulin for 52 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in CIMT, and secondary endpoints included changes at week 52 from baseline in body weight, glycemic markers, lipid metabolism markers, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, irisin, and brain natriuretic peptide. Results: Exenatide more significantly reduced the CIMT from baseline compared with insulin after 52 weeks, with a mean difference of − 0.14 mm (95% interval confidence: − 0.25, − 0.02; P = 0.016). Weight and body mass index were both significantly reduced in the exenatide group over 52 weeks. Exenatide reduced total lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels more significantly than insulin at weeks 16 and 40. Correlation analyses showed that CIMT was positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions: Twice-daily exenatide could prevent atherosclerosis progression in patients with T2DM over a 52-week treatment period compared with insulin therapy. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-1800015658