Purpose: This study aims to understand basic elements that form and influence citizen engagement to sustain service delivery of rural water in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: Citizen engagement is elaborated through a sociological perspective of basic elements of social life that consist of structure, culture and process within the realm of a community’s living environment. Sustainability is explored through the life cycle of rural water supply service delivery by means of a strategic plan, financing and budget allocation, construction/expansion, operational and maintenance and support system for sustaining services. A case study was conducted in four Pamsimas villages in two districts with comparable natural environment and water system but with a contrast sustainability performance. Pamsimas is the biggest rural water supply program in Indonesia that was started in 2008 and implemented in 27,000 villages. Findings: Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the study found that appropriate citizen and government engagement since the implementation of the strategic plan throughout the rest of sub-cycles is key to sustainable service delivery. In the four aforementioned villages, sustainability is influenced more by structure elements such as government policy, program governance and source of water than by social and cultural elements. Research limitations/implications: The study was done in four Pamsimas villages located in a mountainous area with a gravitation type of water system. The findings may be different in other locations or settings. Originality/value: Lessons from this study will guide sector stakeholders to better define the engagement of citizens and the government and to create activities that trigger better engagement between citizens and the government, particularly the village government, so that citizens can avail the services.

Hospital wastewater contains heavy metals that threaten environmental and human health through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Each heavy metal contributes a different impact on human health and the environment. Monitoring the heavy metals in wastewater is essential to prevent those severe impacts. However, it is still rare for a study to assess heavy metals obtained from the discharge of hospital wastewater in Indonesia. Therefore, this study investigated 14 parameters of heavy metals in hospital wastewater. We tested wastewater quality from September 2021 to February 2022, with SNI 6989-59-2008 sampling methods with 14 parameters. Results show that over 14 parameters are still below the threshold value and other previous studies. It might be because the biological treatment used in the hospital wastewater treatment plant (HWWTP) reduces these micropollutants efficiently. The fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR) system is an aerobic process with microorganisms attached to the bio-green. This technique is to form suspensions of solid particles in sparse media with gas streams for chemical or physical processes. The sewage discharge reveals the occurrence of heavy metals in hospital wastewater, even though it does not reveal a high concentration due to the effectiveness of the FBBR system in HWWTP.

Background: Indoor air pollution has globally known as the risk factor of acute respiratory infection in young children. The exposure to indoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) at house or school can be a potential risk to children's health. This study aimed to examine the association between indoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ with oxidative stress markers in junior high school students. Design and methods: This study was conducted using a cross sectional study with 75 students collected randomly from four junior high schools in Jakarta. PM_2.5 and NO₂ were measured in classrooms and school yards. The schools were categorized based on the exposure level of PM_2.5 and NO₂ in classrooms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined from the blood sample. All students were interviewed with questionnaires to determine upper respiratory tract infection, smoking family members, mosquito repellent usage, and dietary supplement consumption. Results: Mean concentration of indoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ were 0.125±0.036 mg m⁻³ and 36.37±22.33 μg m⁻³, respectively. The schools which located near to highway showed lower PM_2.5 and higher NO₂ level indicated the emission of traffic activity. Mean activity of SOD was 96.36±50.94 U mL⁻¹ and mean concentration of GSH was of 0.62±0.09 μg mL⁻¹. Most of the students reported upper respiratory tract infection history, smoking family member, use mosquito repellent at home, and do not consume dietary supplement. Conclusions: The level of oxidative stress markers and the exposure categories of classroom PM_2.5 and NO₂ was not significantly different, however there were significant correlation with cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Nevertheless, the exposure of indoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ increased the risk of the exposure to cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Further study on the air pollution at school and home is needed to affirm association towards student's health and to design strategic control efforts.

This research was conducted to analyze the content of Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb in several species of fish taken from three lakes that are close to the disposal of industrial waste in Indonesia. The fish samples were taken from three lakes, namely, Muara Angke, Weda, and Morowali. The samples from Morowali were analyzed in April 2019, those from Weda from November to December 2019, and those from Muara Angke in June 2018. All the samples were then analyzed at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Indonesia, and the Integrated Laboratory of IPB. The main results showed that all types of fish from Morowali and Weda were no longer safe to consume because they contained Fe, Cu, Cd, and Cr exceeding the threshold of metal contamination. Meanwhile, all types of fish from Muara Angke, except for ayam-ayam, are still safe for consumption. The results of this study can be a source of information regarding metal content in fish and fish feed for safe consumption. Given the high consumption rate of fish and the hazards of heavy metals on humans health, such research must be furthered.

Ambient air pollution, especially from fine particles, contributes to human mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, for which high blood pressure (BP) is a major modifiable risk factor. This study aimed to analyze the influence of ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) on the risk of high BP leading to hypertension. This study used a cross-sectional design on 118 adult women living in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Participants were selected from a 1-km radius of the nearest air quality monitoring station with available data PM2.5. Linear regression was analyzed to examine the relationship between PM2.5 and systolic and diastolic BPs adjusted for potential confounders. The annual means of PM2.5 concentration was 36±5.74 μg/m3. The linear regression model showed that PM2.5 exposure was associated with systolic BP after controlling with age and body mass index (r = 0.408; R2 = 0.167). The second model showed that exposure to PM2.5 concentration could explain about 10.9% variation of diastolic BP after controlling with age, length of stay, body mass index, smoking status, and diabetes mellitus record. Ambient air PM2.5 has a risk of BP and hypertension among adult women in Central Jakarta.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between air pollutant exposure,i.e.,Particulate Matter (PM_2,5), and the numbers of airborne bacterial colonies inside the classroom to the respiratory symptoms of three primary school children in West Jakarta.Methods: We did a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design using variables,i.e., age, sex, physical activity, nutritional status, students’ density, ventilation, classroom temperature, and classroom humidity. We used Haz-Dust EPAM 5000 to measure PM_2,5,MAS 100 NT to calculate the total bacterial colony, spirometry to measure the respiratory capacity, and questionnaire to measure other related variables.Results: We found a significant relationship between PM_2,5concentration with respiratory symptoms, however, there was no significant relationship between the total number of airborne bacterial colonies with respiratory symptoms.Conclusion: Based on our results, we conclude that there was a significant relationship between the PM_2,5concentration and obstructive pulmonary symptoms and there was no significant relationship between the numbers of the bacterial colonies with pulmonary symptoms.