Background: Indoor air pollution has globally known as the risk factor of acute respiratory infection in young children. The exposure to indoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) at house or school can be a potential risk to children's health. This study aimed to examine the association between indoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ with oxidative stress markers in junior high school students. Design and methods: This study was conducted using a cross sectional study with 75 students collected randomly from four junior high schools in Jakarta. PM_2.5 and NO₂ were measured in classrooms and school yards. The schools were categorized based on the exposure level of PM_2.5 and NO₂ in classrooms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined from the blood sample. All students were interviewed with questionnaires to determine upper respiratory tract infection, smoking family members, mosquito repellent usage, and dietary supplement consumption. Results: Mean concentration of indoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ were 0.125±0.036 mg m⁻³ and 36.37±22.33 μg m⁻³, respectively. The schools which located near to highway showed lower PM_2.5 and higher NO₂ level indicated the emission of traffic activity. Mean activity of SOD was 96.36±50.94 U mL⁻¹ and mean concentration of GSH was of 0.62±0.09 μg mL⁻¹. Most of the students reported upper respiratory tract infection history, smoking family member, use mosquito repellent at home, and do not consume dietary supplement. Conclusions: The level of oxidative stress markers and the exposure categories of classroom PM_2.5 and NO₂ was not significantly different, however there were significant correlation with cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Nevertheless, the exposure of indoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ increased the risk of the exposure to cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Further study on the air pollution at school and home is needed to affirm association towards student's health and to design strategic control efforts.

BACKGROUND: Drinking water is a vital aspect in human life. The quality of drinking water should be monitored to ensure public from any health effects caused by contaminated water. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the indicators of fecal contamination should not be present in drinking water (0 cfu/100 ml). However, poor hygiene and sanitation contributes to E. coli contamination in drinking water, particularly in developing countries. AIM: We investigated the household hygiene and sanitation factors and the relationship with E. coli detection in the household drinking water. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted to collect the data from three districts in the Depok city, that is, Sawangan, Bojongsari, and Cipayung. A total of 300 houses and the corresponding drinking water samples were collected during August–September 2019. E. coli was determined as microbiological indicator using total plate count method. RESULTS: The results showed that E. coli was detected in 174 (58%) of household water samples. The water container condition (OR = 2,60; CI 95%: 1.18–5.71) and the hand washing practice with soap (OR = 1,65; CI 95%: 1.04–2.62) were significantly correlated with the presence of E. coli in the water samples. CONCLUSIONS: The condition of the water container was the most dominant factors which contributed to E. coli content in the household drinking water.

Good indoor air quality in the school environment is crucial for health and productivity of the students. Indoor air pollution needs to be taken into consideration, given that one can spend 90% of their time indoor. CO2 and Total VOC is an indoor pollutant that causes pulmonary disorder. This research is to investigate the relationship between exposure of CO2, concentration, total VOC and pulmonary disorder in Junior High School students. This research used cross-sectional design conducted on March - May 2018. The samples were 139 students taken by using simple random sampling. CO2 value was measured by Q-trak, Total VOC was measured by ppbRAE and the lung function value was spirometry. Indoor CO2 concentration in Junior High School of Depok is 478.70 ppm, the average total concentration VOC is 6.4 x 10-3 ppm, % KVP = 72.66, % VEP1 = 74.52 and % VEP1/KVP = 93.97 in average, and the proportion of students with pulmonary disorder is 3.6%. There is no relationship found between exposure of indoor CO2 concentration and total VOC with lung disorder VEP1/KVP (CO2, p = 1.000 and total VOC p = 0.374) since the number of students with lung disorder is low in number while CO2 concentration and the total VOC level is below the listed threshold. This study found no evidence that exposure was related to pulmonary disorder. A healthy and clean living behavior in school environment needs to be improved and further research on other indoor air pollutant parameters and respiratory disorders or degenerative disease should be conducted with different methods.

Karbamat merupakan salah satu jenis pestisida yang banyak digunakan untuk membasmi hama buah dan sayur. Untuk menentukan bahwa residu karbamat dalam sayuran masih aman dikonsumsi manusia, telah dilakukan analisis beberapa residu karbamat seperti metomil, karbaril, karbofuran, dan propoksur. Sampel-sampel tomat, apel, selada air, kubis, dan sawi hijau dikumpulkan dari tiga supermarket dan satu pasar tradisional di Depok, Jawa Barat. Analisis dilakukan serempak untuk ke empat residu karbamat menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi denganpereaksi o-ftalaldehida dan 2-merkaptoetanol dalam reaktor pascakolom dengan detektor fluoresensi. Dari sampel-sampel buah dan sayur yang dianalisis, hanya sawi hijau asal pasar tradisional yang positif mengandung propoksur dengan kadar 1,2 mg/25 gram berat basah (0,048 mg/g berat basah). Dengan Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI) propoksur 0,005 mg/kg berat badan/hari, konsumsi sawi hijau harian seberat 20 g/hari masih cukup aman dari gangguan kesehatan akibat pajanan kronik propoksur dengan margin of safety 298,7 (> 100 sebagai batas aman).Carbamat is a group of pesticides which is commonly used to control fruits and vegetables pests. To determine that carbamat residues in fruits and vegetables are safe for human consumption, carbamate residues such as methomyl, carbaryl, carbofuran, and propoxur in vegetables and fruits have been analyzed. Samples of tomato, apple, water lettuces, cabbage, and mustard greens were collected from three supermarkets and one traditional market in Depok, West Java. The analysis was carried out simultaneously for all four carbamate residues by high performance liquid chromatography using o-phtaladehyde and 2 mercaptoethanol reagents in post-column reactor with a fluorescence detector. Of fruits and vegetable samples analyzed, only mustard greens from traditional market positively containe propoxur at 1.2 mg/ 25 gram wet weight (0,048 mg/gram wet weight). With Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.005 mg/kg body weight/day, mustard greens consumption of 20 g/day is safe from adverse health effect from chronic exposure to propoxur with Margin of Safety of 298.7 (> 100 as safe limit).

Abstrak Kemudahan mengakses air bersih yang cukup, merupakan aspek penunjang kesehatan masyarakat yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus. Makalah ini merupakan laporan berbasis kasus yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan langkah-langkah penyediaan air minum masyarakat dalam bentuk Stasiun Pengisian Air Minum Umum atau Depot Air Minum Pedesaan (DAMIUP) di Banjar Dauh Peken, Bali. Pemberian DAMIUP merupakan langkah nyata untuk mengembangkan akses air minum dan pengelolaan sumber dayanya di Dauh Peken Banjar, Desa Penarungan, Kecamatan Mengwi, Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Dalam seminggu, pompa DAMIUP dinyalakan 3–4 kali dengan perkiraan masyarakat telah menggunakan 6000–7500 liter air DAMIUP, atau setara dengan 300–350 botol galon. DAMIUP dapat secara signifikan mengurangi risiko kontaminasi dan pengangkutan air dengan mengurangi waktu pengangkutan air dan penggunaan sistem perpipaan. Keterlibatan masyarakat sangat penting dalam mempertahankan sistem. Kedepannya, masyarakat dapat meminta bantuan kepada dinas kesehatan setempat untuk melakukan pemantauan secara berkala guna menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas air. Abstract  The ease of accessing sufficient, clean water is an aspect of supporting public health that requires special attention. This paper is a case-based report aiming to depict the steps on community water provision in the form of Public Water Refilling Station or called Depot Air Minum Pedesaan (DAMIUP) in Banjar Dauh Peken, Bali. The provision of DAMIUP is a concrete step to develop access to drinking water and its resources management in Dauh Peken Banjar, Penarungan Village, Mengwi District, Badung Regency, Bali. In a week, the DAMIUP pump is turned on 3 – 4 times with an estimate that the community has used 6000–7500 liters of DAMIUP water, or the equivalent of 300 – 350 gallon bottles. DAMIUP can significantly reduce the risk of contamination and water transportation by reducing the time to transport water and the usage of piping systems. Community involvement is highly crucial in sustaining the system. In the future, the community can seek assistance from local health authorities to carry out regular monitoring to maintain and improve water quality.