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Dr. Göran Bergkvist
Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 16, P.O. Box 7043, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden

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0 Weed Control
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Research article
Published: 10 April 2021 in International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
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Legumes form part of an ecological-based solution to intensification in areas with limited access to external inputs. Despite a number of decades of intervention, uptake of legumes has been slow within smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. We explore the drivers behind the adoption of legumes by developing an indicator of household legume cultivation (HLC) from a bespoke survey of small-scale farm households in Kenya and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A beta regression framework identifies the range of intensities across sites and farms, indicating a limited influence of agro-ecological zones and formal institutions on uptake. Age, income and gender have positive but very marginal effects. Intensive legume cultivations were less driven by commercial growth objectives or access to market oppourtunities indicating lack of legume markets to incentivize production. There was little interest in expanding farm area, which reflects the lack of assets available to these farmers and leads to the use of legumes for providing home nutrition, or supporting farm fertility and livestock feed. Further development of this HLC metric would be enabled by consistent data gathering across regions, or at least equally detailed studies of legume uptake.

ACS Style

A. P. Barnes; T. Muoni; I. Öborn; G. Bergkvist; G. Nziguheba; C. A. Watson; B. Vanlauwe; A. J. Duncan. Measuring household legume cultivation intensity in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2021, 19, 319 -334.

AMA Style

A. P. Barnes, T. Muoni, I. Öborn, G. Bergkvist, G. Nziguheba, C. A. Watson, B. Vanlauwe, A. J. Duncan. Measuring household legume cultivation intensity in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2021; 19 (3-4):319-334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. P. Barnes; T. Muoni; I. Öborn; G. Bergkvist; G. Nziguheba; C. A. Watson; B. Vanlauwe; A. J. Duncan. 2021. "Measuring household legume cultivation intensity in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 19, no. 3-4: 319-334.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2021 in Plants
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Phenology algorithms in crop growth models have inevitable systematic errors and uncertainties. In this study, the phenology simulation algorithms in APSIM classical (APSIM 7.9) and APSIM next generation (APSIM-NG) were compared for spring barley models at high latitudes. Phenological data of twelve spring barley varieties were used for the 2014–2018 cropping seasons from northern Sweden and Finland. A factorial-based calibration approach provided within APSIM-NG was performed to calibrate both models. The models have different mechanisms to simulate days to anthesis. The calibration was performed separately for days to anthesis and physiological maturity, and evaluations for the calibrations were done with independent datasets. The calibration performance for both growth stages of APSIM-NG was better compared to APSIM 7.9. However, in the evaluation, APSIM-NG showed an inclination to overestimate days to physiological maturity. The differences between the models are possibly due to slower thermal time accumulation mechanism, with higher cardinal temperatures in APSIM-NG. For a robust phenology prediction at high latitudes with APSIM-NG, more research on the conception of thermal time computation and implementation is suggested.

ACS Style

Uttam Kumar; Julien Morel; Göran Bergkvist; Taru Palosuo; Anne-Maj Gustavsson; Allan Peake; Hamish Brown; Mukhtar Ahmed; David Parsons. Comparative Analysis of Phenology Algorithms of the Spring Barley Model in APSIM 7.9 and APSIM Next Generation: A Case Study for High Latitudes. Plants 2021, 10, 443 .

AMA Style

Uttam Kumar, Julien Morel, Göran Bergkvist, Taru Palosuo, Anne-Maj Gustavsson, Allan Peake, Hamish Brown, Mukhtar Ahmed, David Parsons. Comparative Analysis of Phenology Algorithms of the Spring Barley Model in APSIM 7.9 and APSIM Next Generation: A Case Study for High Latitudes. Plants. 2021; 10 (3):443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Uttam Kumar; Julien Morel; Göran Bergkvist; Taru Palosuo; Anne-Maj Gustavsson; Allan Peake; Hamish Brown; Mukhtar Ahmed; David Parsons. 2021. "Comparative Analysis of Phenology Algorithms of the Spring Barley Model in APSIM 7.9 and APSIM Next Generation: A Case Study for High Latitudes." Plants 10, no. 3: 443.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Land
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Rapid expansion of unsustainable farming practices in upland areas of Southeast Asia threatens food security and the environment. This study assessed alternative agroforestry systems for sustainable land management and livelihood improvement in northwest Vietnam. The performance of fruit tree-based agroforestry was compared with that of sole cropping, and farmers’ perspectives on agroforestry were documented. After seven years, longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)-maize-forage grass and son tra (Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne)-forage grass systems had generated 2.4- and 3.5-fold higher average annual income than sole maize and sole son tra, respectively. Sole longan gave no net profit, due to high investment costs. After some years, competition developed between the crop, grass, and tree components, e.g., for nitrogen, and the farmers interviewed reported a need to adapt management practices to optimise spacing and pruning. They also reported that agroforestry enhanced ecosystem services by controlling surface runoff and erosion, increasing soil fertility and improving resilience to extreme weather. Thus, agroforestry practices with fruit trees can be more profitable than sole-crop cultivation within a few years. Integration of seasonal and fast-growing perennial plants (e.g., grass) is essential to ensure quick returns. Wider adoption needs initial incentives or loans, knowledge exchange, and market links.

ACS Style

Van Hung Do; Nguyen La; Rachmat Mulia; Göran Bergkvist; A. Sigrun Dahlin; Van Thach Nguyen; Huu Thuong Pham; Ingrid Öborn. Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment. Land 2020, 9, 451 .

AMA Style

Van Hung Do, Nguyen La, Rachmat Mulia, Göran Bergkvist, A. Sigrun Dahlin, Van Thach Nguyen, Huu Thuong Pham, Ingrid Öborn. Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment. Land. 2020; 9 (11):451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Van Hung Do; Nguyen La; Rachmat Mulia; Göran Bergkvist; A. Sigrun Dahlin; Van Thach Nguyen; Huu Thuong Pham; Ingrid Öborn. 2020. "Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment." Land 9, no. 11: 451.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2020 in Agronomy
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APSIM Next Generation was used to simulate the phenological development and biomass production of silage maize for high latitudes (i.e., >55°). Weather and soil data were carefully specified, as they are important drivers of the development and growth of the crop. Phenology related parameters were calibrated using a factorial experiment of simulations and the minimization of the root mean square error of observed and predicted phenological scaling. Results showed that the model performed well in simulating the phenology of the maize, but largely underestimated the production of biomass. Several factors could explain the discrepancy between observations and predictions of above-ground dry matter yield, such as the current formalization of APSIM for simulating the amount of radiation absorbed by the crop at high latitudes, as the amount of diffuse light and intercepted light increases with latitude. Another factor that can affect the accuracy of the predicted biomass is the increased duration of the day length observed at high latitudes. Indeed, APSIM does not yet formalize the effects of extreme day length on the balance between photorespiration and photosynthesis on the final balance of biomass production. More field measurements are required to better understand the drivers of the underestimation of biomass production, with a particular focus on the light interception efficiency and the radiation use efficiency.

ACS Style

Julien Morel; David Parsons; Magnus A. Halling; Uttam Kumar; Allan Peake; Göran Bergkvist; Hamish Brown; Mårten Hetta. Challenges for Simulating Growth and Phenology of Silage Maize in a Nordic Climate with APSIM. Agronomy 2020, 10, 645 .

AMA Style

Julien Morel, David Parsons, Magnus A. Halling, Uttam Kumar, Allan Peake, Göran Bergkvist, Hamish Brown, Mårten Hetta. Challenges for Simulating Growth and Phenology of Silage Maize in a Nordic Climate with APSIM. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (5):645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julien Morel; David Parsons; Magnus A. Halling; Uttam Kumar; Allan Peake; Göran Bergkvist; Hamish Brown; Mårten Hetta. 2020. "Challenges for Simulating Growth and Phenology of Silage Maize in a Nordic Climate with APSIM." Agronomy 10, no. 5: 645.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2019 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Crop production in Europe is intensive, highly specialized and responsible for some negative environmental impacts, raising questions about the sustainability of agricultural systems. The (re)integration of grain legumes into European agricultural systems could contribute to the transition to more sustainable food production. While the general benefits from legume cultivation are widely known, there is little evidence on how to re-design specific cropping systems with legumes to make this option more attractive to farmers. The objectives of this study were to describe the constraints and opportunities of grain legume production perceived by farmers, explain the agronomic impacts of current grain legume cropping, explore technical options to improve grain legume agronomy, and to re-design current grain legume cropping systems in a participatory process with farmers. A co-design approach was implemented with farmers, advisors and scientists on 25 farms in northern Germany, that were part of two large demonstration networks of about 170 farms supporting grain legumes across Germany. We used the DEED research cycle (Describe, Explain, Explore and Design) as a conceptual framework combining on-farm research, crop rotation modelling, and on-station experiments. From it, we identified nine agronomic practices that either were novel or confirmed known strategies under new conditions, to re-design grain legume cropping systems at the field and farm level. The practices included (i) inter-row hoeing, (ii) direct seeding into a cover-crop, (iii) species-specific inoculation, (iv) cover crops to reduce leaching, (v) reduced tillage, (vi) soybean for increased gross margins, (vii) cultivars for food and feed use, (viii) flexible irrigation, (ix) grain legumes with cover crop to enhance subsequent crop yields. We also demonstrate how to complement knowledge of farmers’ perceptions (Describe step) and formal knowledge from classical on-station experiments and modelling (Explain step) with on-farm research including the local views of farmers (Explore step) to identify tailored options for specific farm contexts rather than prescriptive solutions (Design step) to intensify legume production. This approach therefore contrasts with traditional methods that are often solely participatory and qualitative or model/experimental-based and quantitative. Hence, our results provide new insights in how to re-design cropping systems using a combination of participatory and quantitative approaches. While participatory approaches are common in developing countries, this study shows their potential in an industrialized context with large-scale farmers in Europe. These novel findings can be used as a starting point for further adaptations of cropping systems and contribute to making grain legume production economically and environmentally more sustainable.

ACS Style

Moritz Reckling; Göran Bergkvist; Christine Watson; Frederick L. Stoddard; Johann Bachinger. Re-designing organic grain legume cropping systems using systems agronomy. European Journal of Agronomy 2019, 112, 125951 .

AMA Style

Moritz Reckling, Göran Bergkvist, Christine Watson, Frederick L. Stoddard, Johann Bachinger. Re-designing organic grain legume cropping systems using systems agronomy. European Journal of Agronomy. 2019; 112 ():125951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moritz Reckling; Göran Bergkvist; Christine Watson; Frederick L. Stoddard; Johann Bachinger. 2019. "Re-designing organic grain legume cropping systems using systems agronomy." European Journal of Agronomy 112, no. : 125951.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2019 in Agronomy
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Reducing soil tillage can lead to many benefits, but this practice often increases weed abundance and thus the need for herbicides, especially during the transition phase from inversion tillage to non-inversion tillage. We evaluated if subsidiary crops (SCs, e.g., cover crops) can mitigate the effects of non-inversion tillage on weed abundance. Two-year experiments studying SC use, tillage intensity, and nitrogen (N) fertilization level were carried out twice at six sites throughout northern and central Europe. SCs significantly reduced weed cover throughout the intercrop period (−55% to −1% depending on site), but only slightly during the main crops. Overall weed abundance and weed biomass were higher when using non-inversion tillage with SCs compared to inversion tillage without SCs. The effects differed due to site-specific weed pressure and management. With increasing weed pressure, the effect of SCs decreased, and the advantage of inversion over non-inversion tillage increased. N fertilization level did not affect weed abundance. The results suggest that SCs can contribute by controlling weeds but cannot fully compensate for reduced weed control of non-inversion tillage in the transition phase. Using non-inversion tillage together with SCs is primarily recommended in low weed pressure environments.

ACS Style

Marie Reimer; Björn Ringselle; Göran Bergkvist; Sally Westaway; Raphaël Wittwer; Jörg Peter Baresel; Marcel G. A. Van Der Heijden; Kjell Mangerud; Maria R. Finckh; Lars Olav Brandsæter. Interactive Effects of Subsidiary Crops and Weed Pressure in the Transition Period to Non-Inversion Tillage, A Case Study of Six Sites Across Northern and Central Europe. Agronomy 2019, 9, 495 .

AMA Style

Marie Reimer, Björn Ringselle, Göran Bergkvist, Sally Westaway, Raphaël Wittwer, Jörg Peter Baresel, Marcel G. A. Van Der Heijden, Kjell Mangerud, Maria R. Finckh, Lars Olav Brandsæter. Interactive Effects of Subsidiary Crops and Weed Pressure in the Transition Period to Non-Inversion Tillage, A Case Study of Six Sites Across Northern and Central Europe. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (9):495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marie Reimer; Björn Ringselle; Göran Bergkvist; Sally Westaway; Raphaël Wittwer; Jörg Peter Baresel; Marcel G. A. Van Der Heijden; Kjell Mangerud; Maria R. Finckh; Lars Olav Brandsæter. 2019. "Interactive Effects of Subsidiary Crops and Weed Pressure in the Transition Period to Non-Inversion Tillage, A Case Study of Six Sites Across Northern and Central Europe." Agronomy 9, no. 9: 495.

Articles
Published: 27 April 2019 in International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
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Legumes play an important role in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) farming systems through the provision of food, feed, fuel, income and a range of biophysical benefits, such as soil fertility enhancement and erosion control. However, their full potential is not being realized. The purpose of this study was to assess farmers’ perceptions and knowledge towards legumes and the rationale of farmers for current legume production practices using a survey of 268 farmers in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Kenya. Most of the farmers had some knowledge of legumes and their characteristics. However, they had little knowledge of some key functions, including soil erosion control and soil fertility improvement. Most farmers relied on radio and other farmers for legume-related information. Farmers with relatively large livestock holdings ranked provision of livestock feed as an important legume function. We conclude that farmers put more value on short-term benefits of legumes including food and income than long-term benefits such as natural resource management and thus grain legumes are more readily identified by farmers than forage species. Also, we conclude that farmers require more than just information about legumes to increase uptake, they also require improved market access to procure inputs and sell products to realize other benefits that are associated with growing legumes.

ACS Style

Tarirai Muoni; Andrew P Barnes; Ingrid Öborn; Christine A Watson; Göran Bergkvist; Maurice Shiluli; Alan J Duncan. Farmer perceptions of legumes and their functions in smallholder farming systems in east Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2019, 17, 205 -218.

AMA Style

Tarirai Muoni, Andrew P Barnes, Ingrid Öborn, Christine A Watson, Göran Bergkvist, Maurice Shiluli, Alan J Duncan. Farmer perceptions of legumes and their functions in smallholder farming systems in east Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2019; 17 (3):205-218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tarirai Muoni; Andrew P Barnes; Ingrid Öborn; Christine A Watson; Göran Bergkvist; Maurice Shiluli; Alan J Duncan. 2019. "Farmer perceptions of legumes and their functions in smallholder farming systems in east Africa." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 17, no. 3: 205-218.

Review
Published: 06 April 2019 in Biological Conservation
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Increased intensity of agriculture and landscape homogenization are threatening biodiversity in landscapes. We reviewed 67 case studies addressing the impact of agriculture on biodiversity in model based scenario approaches and compared the information they provide on biodiversity, spatial characteristics, scenarios, and landscapes. We found an overall large diversity of approaches that we summarized statistically into six groups. “Biodiversity based agent based models”, “Expert based exploration of land use change with GIS” and “Land use approaches of biodiversity with spatially explicit statistical model” are specialized biodiversity studies with high complexity in terms of biodiversity modelling with agent-based models or mechanistic models. On the other hand, “Bioeconomic modelling of policy impacts in favor of restoration of beneficial habitats”, “Participatory simulation studies of landscape futures” and “Large scale multi criteria studies of innovative scenarios with optimization” do not consider species' behavior or landscape configuration, but do address a large range of socioeconomic and environmental issues. As a contribution to developing quantitative and policy-relevant biodiversity conservation studies in landscape, we present the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. We then suggest combining different approaches, particularly with the use of agent-based models and mechanistic models, integrating spatially explicit drivers of biodiversity change and the socio-economic context of farming in a participatory manner. We give recommendations on the inclusion of more taxa in future studies and collaboration between scientists from different disciplines to develop innovative solutions that can halt the biodiversity decline in agricultural landscapes.

ACS Style

Pierre Chopin; Göran Bergkvist; Laure Hossard. Modelling biodiversity change in agricultural landscape scenarios - A review and prospects for future research. Biological Conservation 2019, 235, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Pierre Chopin, Göran Bergkvist, Laure Hossard. Modelling biodiversity change in agricultural landscape scenarios - A review and prospects for future research. Biological Conservation. 2019; 235 ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pierre Chopin; Göran Bergkvist; Laure Hossard. 2019. "Modelling biodiversity change in agricultural landscape scenarios - A review and prospects for future research." Biological Conservation 235, no. : 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Renewable Energy
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ACS Style

Pierre Chopin; Loïc Guindé; François Causeret; Göran Bergkvist; Jean-Marc Blazy. Integrating stakeholder preferences into assessment of scenarios for electricity production from locally produced biomass on a small island. Renewable Energy 2019, 131, 128 -136.

AMA Style

Pierre Chopin, Loïc Guindé, François Causeret, Göran Bergkvist, Jean-Marc Blazy. Integrating stakeholder preferences into assessment of scenarios for electricity production from locally produced biomass on a small island. Renewable Energy. 2019; 131 ():128-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pierre Chopin; Loïc Guindé; François Causeret; Göran Bergkvist; Jean-Marc Blazy. 2019. "Integrating stakeholder preferences into assessment of scenarios for electricity production from locally produced biomass on a small island." Renewable Energy 131, no. : 128-136.

Research article
Published: 02 November 2018 in Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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Grain legumes produce high-quality protein for food and feed, and potentially contribute to sustainable cropping systems, but they are grown on only 1.5% of European arable land. Low temporal yield stability is one of the reasons held responsible for the low proportion of grain legumes, without sufficient quantitative evidence. The objective of this study was to compare the yield stability of grain legumes with other crop species in a northern European context and accounting for the effects of scale in the analysis and the data. To avoid aggregation biases in the yield data, we used data from long-term field experiments. The experiments included grain legumes (lupin, field pea, and faba bean), other broad-leaved crops, spring, and winter cereals. Experiments were conducted in the UK, Sweden, and Germany. To compare yield stability between grain legumes and other crops, we used a scale-adjusted yield stability indicator that accounts for the yield differences between crops following Taylor’s Power Law. Here, we show that temporal yield instability of grain legumes (30%) was higher than that of autumn-sown cereals (19%), but lower than that of other spring-sown broad-leaved crops (35%), and only slightly greater than spring-sown cereals (27%). With the scale-adjusted yield stability indicator, we estimated 21% higher yield stability for grain legumes compared to a standard stability measure. These novel findings demonstrate that grain legume yields are as reliable as those of other spring-sown crops in major production systems of northern Europe, which could influence the current negative perception on grain legume cultivation. Initiatives are still needed to improve the crops agronomy to provide higher and more stable yields in future.

ACS Style

Moritz Reckling; Thomas Döring; Göran Bergkvist; Fred Stoddard; Christine Watson; Sylvia Seddig; Frank-M. Chmielewski; Johann Bachinger. Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2018, 38, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Moritz Reckling, Thomas Döring, Göran Bergkvist, Fred Stoddard, Christine Watson, Sylvia Seddig, Frank-M. Chmielewski, Johann Bachinger. Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2018; 38 (6):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moritz Reckling; Thomas Döring; Göran Bergkvist; Fred Stoddard; Christine Watson; Sylvia Seddig; Frank-M. Chmielewski; Johann Bachinger. 2018. "Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38, no. 6: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Soil and Tillage Research
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The goals of conservation agriculture are to preserve and enhance the soil resource base and the environment. Subsidiary crops (SCs), such as Trifolium, Medicago, Vicia, Brassica, Raphanus spp., are important components of conservation agriculture since they maintain the soil resource. However, the importance of SC species and environment on soil microbial communities are not well known. The overall objective of this study was to assess the effect of various subsidiary crops cultivation on soil microbial biomass and activity at four sites across Europe. The experiments were conducted during 2014 and 2015 at sites in the Nemoral (Sweden SLU), Oceanic (United Kingdom ORC), Continental (Switzerland AGS) and Mediterranean north (Italy UNI) pedo-climatic zones. The specific objectives were to determine: (i) the effect of SC growth on soil microbial biomass and activity, (ii) the site-specific effect of SC growth on soil biochemical properties. The SCs consisted of leguminous or brassicaceous species sown after wheat harvest, or clover species under-sown in wheat. At 0–30 cm depth, microbial carbon and nitrogen increased under SCs at most sites indicating that SCs cultivation may favor soil biological fertility. Effects of SCs were similar in the pedo-climatic zones where air temperatures are never below 0 °C (ORC and UNI). Arylsulphatase was the most sensitive enzyme to legumes in the Mediterranean north (UNI). Chitinase activity was enhanced by SCs in the Oceanic and Nemoral pedo-climatic zones. High precipitation and the low average temperature, typical of Continental and Nemoral zones, may represent limiting factors for soil enzyme activity under all selected SCs. Among the four pedo-climatic zones, the Mediterranean north represented the most suitable environment to promote SC growth and soil coverage. This study showed that SC cultivation affects soil quality enhancing biochemical activity; however the SCs effect were influenced by the different pedo-climatic conditions.

ACS Style

R. Papp; S. Marinari; M.C. Moscatelli; M.G.A. van der Heijden; R. Wittwer; E. Campiglia; E. Radicetti; R. Mancinelli; N. Fradgley; B. Pearce; G. Bergkvist; M.R. Finckh. Short-term changes in soil biochemical properties as affected by subsidiary crop cultivation in four European pedo-climatic zones. Soil and Tillage Research 2018, 180, 126 -136.

AMA Style

R. Papp, S. Marinari, M.C. Moscatelli, M.G.A. van der Heijden, R. Wittwer, E. Campiglia, E. Radicetti, R. Mancinelli, N. Fradgley, B. Pearce, G. Bergkvist, M.R. Finckh. Short-term changes in soil biochemical properties as affected by subsidiary crop cultivation in four European pedo-climatic zones. Soil and Tillage Research. 2018; 180 ():126-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Papp; S. Marinari; M.C. Moscatelli; M.G.A. van der Heijden; R. Wittwer; E. Campiglia; E. Radicetti; R. Mancinelli; N. Fradgley; B. Pearce; G. Bergkvist; M.R. Finckh. 2018. "Short-term changes in soil biochemical properties as affected by subsidiary crop cultivation in four European pedo-climatic zones." Soil and Tillage Research 180, no. : 126-136.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2018 in Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science
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ACS Style

Zhenjiang Zhou; Cecilia Palmborg; Lars Ericson; Kent Dryler; Kim Lindgren; Göran Bergkvist; David Parsons. A 60-years old field experiment demonstrates the benefit of leys in the crop rotation. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 2018, 69, 36 -42.

AMA Style

Zhenjiang Zhou, Cecilia Palmborg, Lars Ericson, Kent Dryler, Kim Lindgren, Göran Bergkvist, David Parsons. A 60-years old field experiment demonstrates the benefit of leys in the crop rotation. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. 2018; 69 (1):36-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenjiang Zhou; Cecilia Palmborg; Lars Ericson; Kent Dryler; Kim Lindgren; Göran Bergkvist; David Parsons. 2018. "A 60-years old field experiment demonstrates the benefit of leys in the crop rotation." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 69, no. 1: 36-42.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2018 in Frontiers in Plant Science
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Tillage controls perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, partly because it fragments their underground storage organs. However, tillage is difficult to combine with a growing crop, which limits its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate how soil vertical cutting with minimum soil disturbance and mowing affect the growth and competitive ability of E. repens in a grass–clover crop. A tractor-drawn prototype with vertical disks was used to fragment E. repens rhizomes with minimal soil and crop disturbance. In experiments performed in 2014 and 2015 at a field site close to Uppsala, Sweden, the rhizomes were fragmented before crop sowing (ERF), during crop growth (LRF), or both (ERF+LRF). Fragmentation was combined with repeated mowing (yes/no) and four companion crop treatments (none, Italian ryegrass, white clover, and grass/clover mixture). The results showed that in the grass–clover crop, rhizome fragmentation reduced E. repens rhizome biomass production and increased Italian ryegrass shoot biomass. ERF and LRF both reduced E. repens rhizome biomass by about 38% compared with the control, while ERF+LRF reduced it by 63%. Italian ryegrass shoot biomass was increased by 78% by ERF, 170% by LRF and 200% by ERF+LRF. Repeated mowing throughout the experiment reduced E. repens rhizome biomass by about 75%. Combining repeated mowing with rhizome fragmentation did not significantly increase the control effect compared to mowing alone. We concluded that rhizome fragmentation using vertical disks can be used both before sowing and during crop growth to enhance the controlling effect of grass–clover crops on E. repens.

ACS Style

Björn Ringselle; Erik Bertholtz; Ewa Magnuski; Lars Olav Brandsæter; Kjell Mangerud; Göran Bergkvist. Rhizome Fragmentation by Vertical Disks Reduces Elymus repens Growth and Benefits Italian Ryegrass-White Clover Crops. Frontiers in Plant Science 2018, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Björn Ringselle, Erik Bertholtz, Ewa Magnuski, Lars Olav Brandsæter, Kjell Mangerud, Göran Bergkvist. Rhizome Fragmentation by Vertical Disks Reduces Elymus repens Growth and Benefits Italian Ryegrass-White Clover Crops. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Björn Ringselle; Erik Bertholtz; Ewa Magnuski; Lars Olav Brandsæter; Kjell Mangerud; Göran Bergkvist. 2018. "Rhizome Fragmentation by Vertical Disks Reduces Elymus repens Growth and Benefits Italian Ryegrass-White Clover Crops." Frontiers in Plant Science 8, no. : 1.

Weed biology and ecology
Published: 17 October 2017 in Weed Science
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Quackgrass is a problematic agricultural weed in the temperate zones of the world and is difficult to control without herbicides or intensive tillage. However, it may be possible to control quackgrass with less environmental impact by combining multiple low-intensity control methods. A pot experiment was conducted in July to October 2012 and repeated in June to September 2013 to investigate the effect of rhizome fragmentation, competition from white clover, shoot-cutting frequency, and cutting height on quackgrass. Rhizome fragmentation was expected to result in more, but weaker, quackgrass shoots that would be more vulnerable to shoot cutting and competition. However, by 20 d past planting, rhizome fragmentation did not change the total number of quackgrass shoots per pot, because an increase in main shoots was offset by a decrease in tiller numbers. Rhizome fragmentation did not reduce quackgrass biomass acquisition during the experimental period. Although rhizome fragmentation did reduce total fructan content, it did not enhance the effect of clover competition, shoot-cutting frequency, or shoot-cutting height. Clover competition by itself reduced quackgrass shoot numbers by 72%, rhizome biomass by 81%, and belowground fructan concentration by 10 percentage points, compared with no competition. The more frequently quackgrass shoots were cut, the less biomass quackgrass acquired, and a high shoot-cutting frequency (each time quackgrass reached 2 leaves) resulted in a lower belowground fructan concentration than a low shoot-cutting frequency (at 8 leaves). However, in pots without competition, a higher shoot-cutting frequency resulted in more quackgrass shoots. A lower shoot-cutting height (25 mm) had more impact when shoot cutting was more frequent. In conclusion, rhizome fragmentation did not reduce the number of quackgrass shoots or rhizome biomass, but competition from white clover, a high shoot-cutting frequency, and a low shoot-cutting height strongly suppressed quackgrass biomass and fructan acquisition.

ACS Style

Dorothee Kolberg; Lars Olav Brandsæter; Göran Bergkvist; Knut Asbjørn Solhaug; Bo Melander; Björn Ringselle. Effect of Rhizome Fragmentation, Clover Competition, Shoot-Cutting Frequency, and Cutting Height on Quackgrass (Elymus repens). Weed Science 2017, 66, 215 -225.

AMA Style

Dorothee Kolberg, Lars Olav Brandsæter, Göran Bergkvist, Knut Asbjørn Solhaug, Bo Melander, Björn Ringselle. Effect of Rhizome Fragmentation, Clover Competition, Shoot-Cutting Frequency, and Cutting Height on Quackgrass (Elymus repens). Weed Science. 2017; 66 (2):215-225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorothee Kolberg; Lars Olav Brandsæter; Göran Bergkvist; Knut Asbjørn Solhaug; Bo Melander; Björn Ringselle. 2017. "Effect of Rhizome Fragmentation, Clover Competition, Shoot-Cutting Frequency, and Cutting Height on Quackgrass (Elymus repens)." Weed Science 66, no. 2: 215-225.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2017 in Annals of Applied Biology
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The overall goal in nematode management is to develop sustainable systems where nematode populations are kept under the economic damage threshold. Conservation tillage and subsidiary crops, applied as cover crops and living mulches, generally improve soil health by increasing soil organic matter content and stimulating soil microbial activity. However, more permanent crop and weed cover associated with subsidiary crops and noninversion tillage, respectively, may benefit plant-parasitic nematodes with broad host spectra such as Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus. These genera are major constraints to many field crops throughout Europe and there is a need to identify effective and reliable management options that can be applied to avoid excessive infestations. The dynamics of the indigenous fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes were studied in eight coordinated multi-environment field experiments (MEEs) under four agro-environmental conditions in Europe (Continental, Nemoral, Atlantic North and Mediterranean North). The MEEs consisted of a 2-year sequence of wheat combined with a living mulch or subsequent cover crops and second main crops maize, potatoes or tomatoes depending on site. Additionally, the effects of inversion tillage using the plough were compared with various forms of conservation tillage (no-tillage, shallow and deep noninversion tillage). Overall, Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were the most frequent genera across sites while Meloidogyne occurred only in Germany at very low densities. During the wheat–maize sequences in Switzerland, the populations of Pratylenchus increased from 63 to 146 nematodes per 100 mL soil and Helicotylenchus from 233 to 632 nematodes per 100 mL soil. The effects of tillage on plant-parasitic nematodes were generally minor, although no tillage in Italy supported higher densities of Pratylenchus (184 nematodes per 100 mL soil) than inversion tillage (59 nematodes per 100 mL soil). Furthermore, Pratylenchus densities were 160 nematodes per 100 mL soil when leguminous subsidiary crops were grown, 122 nematodes per 100 mL soil in the green fallow and 84 nematodes per 100 mL soil after growing black oat (Avena strigosa) or oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus). The differences were greatest in Italy, in a sandy soil with low organic matter. Application of compost or nitrogen fertiliser had no consistent effects on plant-parasitic nematodes. We conclude that crop rotations including specific subsidiary crops are prominent factors affecting the indigenous nematode community, while tillage and fertiliser are of lower importance.

ACS Style

J.H. Schmidt; G. Bergkvist; E. Campiglia; E. Radicetti; R.A. Wittwer; M.R. Finckh; J. Hallmann. Effect of tillage, subsidiary crops and fertilisation on plant-parasitic nematodes in a range of agro-environmental conditions within Europe. Annals of Applied Biology 2017, 171, 477 -489.

AMA Style

J.H. Schmidt, G. Bergkvist, E. Campiglia, E. Radicetti, R.A. Wittwer, M.R. Finckh, J. Hallmann. Effect of tillage, subsidiary crops and fertilisation on plant-parasitic nematodes in a range of agro-environmental conditions within Europe. Annals of Applied Biology. 2017; 171 (3):477-489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.H. Schmidt; G. Bergkvist; E. Campiglia; E. Radicetti; R.A. Wittwer; M.R. Finckh; J. Hallmann. 2017. "Effect of tillage, subsidiary crops and fertilisation on plant-parasitic nematodes in a range of agro-environmental conditions within Europe." Annals of Applied Biology 171, no. 3: 477-489.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Libère Nkurunziza; Iman Raj Chongtham; Christine A. Watson; Håkan Marstorp; Ingrid Öborn; Göran Bergkvist; Jan Bengtsson. Understanding effects of multiple farm management practices on barley performance. European Journal of Agronomy 2017, 90, 43 -52.

AMA Style

Libère Nkurunziza, Iman Raj Chongtham, Christine A. Watson, Håkan Marstorp, Ingrid Öborn, Göran Bergkvist, Jan Bengtsson. Understanding effects of multiple farm management practices on barley performance. European Journal of Agronomy. 2017; 90 ():43-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Libère Nkurunziza; Iman Raj Chongtham; Christine A. Watson; Håkan Marstorp; Ingrid Öborn; Göran Bergkvist; Jan Bengtsson. 2017. "Understanding effects of multiple farm management practices on barley performance." European Journal of Agronomy 90, no. : 43-52.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Audrey St-Martin; Giulia Vico; Göran Bergkvist; Riccardo Bommarco. Diverse cropping systems enhanced yield but did not improve yield stability in a 52-year long experiment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2017, 247, 337 -342.

AMA Style

Audrey St-Martin, Giulia Vico, Göran Bergkvist, Riccardo Bommarco. Diverse cropping systems enhanced yield but did not improve yield stability in a 52-year long experiment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2017; 247 ():337-342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Audrey St-Martin; Giulia Vico; Göran Bergkvist; Riccardo Bommarco. 2017. "Diverse cropping systems enhanced yield but did not improve yield stability in a 52-year long experiment." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 247, no. : 337-342.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2017 in Weed Research
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Control of perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, generally requires herbicides or intensive tillage. Alternative methods, such as mowing and competition from subsidiary crops, provide less efficient control. Fragmenting the rhizomes, with minimal soil disturbance and damage to the main crop, could potentially increase the efficacy and consistency of such control methods. This study's aim was to investigate whether fragmenting the rhizomes and mowing enhance the control of E. repens in a white clover sward. Six field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Uppsala, Sweden, and Ås, Norway. The effect of cutting slits in the soil using a flat spade in a 10 × 10 cm or 20 × 20 cm grid and the effect of repeated mowing were investigated. Treatments were performed either during summer in a spring-sown white clover sward (three experiments) or during autumn, post-cereal harvest, in an under-sown white clover sward (three experiments). When performed in autumn, rhizome fragmentation and mowing reduced E. repens shoot biomass, but not rhizome biomass or shoot number. In contrast, when performed in early summer, rhizome fragmentation also reduced the E. repens rhizome biomass by up to 60%, and repeated mowing reduced it by up to 95%. The combination of the two factors appeared to be additive. Seasonal differences in treatment effects may be due to rhizomes having fewer stored resources in spring than in early autumn. We conclude that rhizome fragmentation in a growing white clover sward could reduce the amount of E. repens rhizomes and that repeated mowing is an effective control method, but that great seasonal variation exists.

ACS Style

G Bergkvist; Björn Ringselle; E Magnuski; K Mangerud; L O Brandsæter. Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward. Weed Research 2017, 34, 458 -181.

AMA Style

G Bergkvist, Björn Ringselle, E Magnuski, K Mangerud, L O Brandsæter. Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward. Weed Research. 2017; 34 (3):458-181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G Bergkvist; Björn Ringselle; E Magnuski; K Mangerud; L O Brandsæter. 2017. "Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward." Weed Research 34, no. 3: 458-181.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Legumes in cropping systems
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Legume-based green manures (LGMs) are crops that are grown with the specific purpose of improving soil quality and consequently the long-term...

ACS Style

J. A. Baddeley; V. A. Pappa; A. Pristeri; Göran Bergkvist; M. Monti; Moritz Reckling; N. Schläfke; Christine Watson. Legume-based green manure crops. Legumes in cropping systems 2017, 125 -138.

AMA Style

J. A. Baddeley, V. A. Pappa, A. Pristeri, Göran Bergkvist, M. Monti, Moritz Reckling, N. Schläfke, Christine Watson. Legume-based green manure crops. Legumes in cropping systems. 2017; ():125-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. A. Baddeley; V. A. Pappa; A. Pristeri; Göran Bergkvist; M. Monti; Moritz Reckling; N. Schläfke; Christine Watson. 2017. "Legume-based green manure crops." Legumes in cropping systems , no. : 125-138.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Advances in Agronomy
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Christine A. Watson; Moritz Reckling; Sara Preissel; Johann Bachinger; Göran Bergkvist; Tom Kuhlman; Kristina Lindström; Thomas Nemecek; Cairistiona F.E. Topp; Aila Vanhatalo; Peter Zander; Donal Murphy-Bokern; Fred L. Stoddard. Grain Legume Production and Use in European Agricultural Systems. Advances in Agronomy 2017, 235 -303.

AMA Style

Christine A. Watson, Moritz Reckling, Sara Preissel, Johann Bachinger, Göran Bergkvist, Tom Kuhlman, Kristina Lindström, Thomas Nemecek, Cairistiona F.E. Topp, Aila Vanhatalo, Peter Zander, Donal Murphy-Bokern, Fred L. Stoddard. Grain Legume Production and Use in European Agricultural Systems. Advances in Agronomy. 2017; ():235-303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine A. Watson; Moritz Reckling; Sara Preissel; Johann Bachinger; Göran Bergkvist; Tom Kuhlman; Kristina Lindström; Thomas Nemecek; Cairistiona F.E. Topp; Aila Vanhatalo; Peter Zander; Donal Murphy-Bokern; Fred L. Stoddard. 2017. "Grain Legume Production and Use in European Agricultural Systems." Advances in Agronomy , no. : 235-303.