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Prof. Frederick Stoddard
University of Helsinki

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0 Drought stress
0 legumes genetics
0 Faba bean
0 grain legumes breeding
0 grain legumes

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Faba bean
grain legumes
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Letter
Published: 05 July 2021 in Nature Plants
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Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a widely adapted and high-yielding legume cultivated for its protein-rich seeds1. However, the seeds accumulate the pyrimidine glucosides vicine and convicine, which can cause haemolytic anaemia (favism) in 400 million genetically predisposed individuals2. Here, we use gene-to-metabolite correlations, gene mapping and genetic complementation to identify VC1 as a key enzyme in vicine and convicine biosynthesis. We demonstrate that VC1 has GTP cyclohydrolase II activity and that the purine GTP is a precursor of both vicine and convicine. Finally, we show that cultivars with low vicine and convicine levels carry an inactivating insertion in the coding sequence of VC1. Our results reveal an unexpected, purine rather than pyrimidine, biosynthetic origin for vicine and convicine and pave the way for the development of faba bean cultivars that are free of these anti-nutrients. Vicine and convicine are the main anti-nutritional factors restricting the consumption of faba bean. Transcript profiling combined with metabolite profiling was applied to identify a key enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vicine and convicine in faba bean.

ACS Style

Emilie Björnsdotter; Marcin Nadzieja; Wei Chang; Leandro Escobar-Herrera; Davide Mancinotti; Deepti Angra; Xinxing Xia; Rebecca Tacke; Hamid Khazaei; Christoph Crocoll; Albert Vandenberg; Wolfgang Link; Frederick L. Stoddard; Donal M. O’Sullivan; Jens Stougaard; Alan H. Schulman; Stig U. Andersen; Fernando Geu-Flores. VC1 catalyses a key step in the biosynthesis of vicine in faba bean. Nature Plants 2021, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Emilie Björnsdotter, Marcin Nadzieja, Wei Chang, Leandro Escobar-Herrera, Davide Mancinotti, Deepti Angra, Xinxing Xia, Rebecca Tacke, Hamid Khazaei, Christoph Crocoll, Albert Vandenberg, Wolfgang Link, Frederick L. Stoddard, Donal M. O’Sullivan, Jens Stougaard, Alan H. Schulman, Stig U. Andersen, Fernando Geu-Flores. VC1 catalyses a key step in the biosynthesis of vicine in faba bean. Nature Plants. 2021; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emilie Björnsdotter; Marcin Nadzieja; Wei Chang; Leandro Escobar-Herrera; Davide Mancinotti; Deepti Angra; Xinxing Xia; Rebecca Tacke; Hamid Khazaei; Christoph Crocoll; Albert Vandenberg; Wolfgang Link; Frederick L. Stoddard; Donal M. O’Sullivan; Jens Stougaard; Alan H. Schulman; Stig U. Andersen; Fernando Geu-Flores. 2021. "VC1 catalyses a key step in the biosynthesis of vicine in faba bean." Nature Plants , no. : 1-9.

Preprint
Published: 15 December 2020
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Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), a member of the Fabaceae family, is one of the important food legumes cultivated in cool temperate regions. It holds great importance for human consumption and livestock feed because of its high protein content, dietary fibre, and nutritional value. Major faba bean breeding challenges include its mixed breeding system, unknown wild progenitor, and genome size of ~13 Gb, which is the largest among diploid field crops. The key breeding objectives in faba bean include improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and enhanced seed quality traits. Major progress on reduction of vicine-convicine and seed coat tannins, the main anti-nutritional factors limiting faba bean seed usage, have been recently achieved through gene discovery. Genomic resources are relatively less advanced compared to other grain legume species, but significant improvements are underway due to a recent significant increase in research activities. A number of bi-parental populations have been constructed and mapped for targeted traits in the last decade. Faba bean now benefits from saturated synteny‐based genetic maps, along with next-generation sequencing and high-throughput genotyping technologies that are paving the way for marker-assisted selection. Developing a reference genome, and ultimately a pan-genome, will provide a foundational resource for molecular breeding. In this review, we cover the recent development and deployment of genomic tools for faba bean breeding.

ACS Style

Hamid Khazaei; Donal O'Sullivan; Frederick Stoddard; Kedar Adhikari; Jeffrey Paull; Alan H Schulman; Stig Andersen; Albert Vandenberg. Recent Advances in Faba Bean Genetic and Genomic Tools for Crop Improvement. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Hamid Khazaei, Donal O'Sullivan, Frederick Stoddard, Kedar Adhikari, Jeffrey Paull, Alan H Schulman, Stig Andersen, Albert Vandenberg. Recent Advances in Faba Bean Genetic and Genomic Tools for Crop Improvement. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Khazaei; Donal O'Sullivan; Frederick Stoddard; Kedar Adhikari; Jeffrey Paull; Alan H Schulman; Stig Andersen; Albert Vandenberg. 2020. "Recent Advances in Faba Bean Genetic and Genomic Tools for Crop Improvement." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 07 September 2020 in Agronomy
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Grain legumes are commonly used for food and feed all over the world and are the main source of protein for over a billion people worldwide, but their production is at risk from climate change. Water deficit and heat stress both significantly reduce the yield of grain legumes, and the faba bean is considered particularly susceptible. The genetic improvement of faba bean for drought adaptation (water deficit tolerance) by conventional methods and molecular breeding is time-consuming and laborious, since it depends mainly on selection and adaptation in multiple sites. The lack of high-throughput screening methodology and low heritability of advantageous traits under environmental stress challenge breeding progress. Alternatively, selection based on secondary characters in a controlled environment followed by field trials is successful in some crops, including faba beans. In general, measured features related to drought adaptation are shoot and root morphology, stomatal characteristics, osmotic adjustment and the efficiency of water use. Here, we focus on the current knowledge of biochemical and physiological markers for legume improvement that can be incorporated into faba bean breeding programs for drought adaptation.

ACS Style

Abdul Muktadir; Kedar Nath Adhikari; Andrew Merchant; Kiflemariam Y. Belachew; Albert Vandenberg; Frederick L. Stoddard; Hamid Khazaei. Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Faba Bean Breeding for Drought Adaptation—A Review. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1345 .

AMA Style

Abdul Muktadir, Kedar Nath Adhikari, Andrew Merchant, Kiflemariam Y. Belachew, Albert Vandenberg, Frederick L. Stoddard, Hamid Khazaei. Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Faba Bean Breeding for Drought Adaptation—A Review. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Muktadir; Kedar Nath Adhikari; Andrew Merchant; Kiflemariam Y. Belachew; Albert Vandenberg; Frederick L. Stoddard; Hamid Khazaei. 2020. "Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Faba Bean Breeding for Drought Adaptation—A Review." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1345.

Original research article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Frontiers in Microbiology
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Pastures are an important part of crop and food systems in cold climates. Understanding how fertilization and plant species affect soil bacterial community diversity and composition is the key for understanding the role of soil bacteria in sustainable agriculture. To study the response of soil bacteria to different fertilization and cropping managements, a 3-year (2013–2015) field study was established. In the split-plot design, fertilizer treatment (unfertilized control, organic fertilizer, and synthetic fertilizer) was the main plot factor, and plant treatment [clear fallow, red clover (Trifolium pratense), timothy (Phleum pratense), and a mixture of red clover and timothy] was the sub-plot factor. Soil bacterial community diversity and composition, soil properties, and crop growth were investigated through two growing seasons in 2014 and 2015, with different nitrogen input levels. The community diversity measures (richness, Shannon diversity, and Shannon evenness) and composition changed over time (P < 0.05) and at different time scales. The community diversity was lower in 2014 than in 2015. The temporal differences were greater than the differences between treatments. The overall correlations of Shannon diversity to soil pH, NO3-, NH4+, and surplus nitrogen were positive and that of bacterial richness to crop dry matter yield was negative (P < 0.05). The major differences in diversity and community composition were found between fallow and planted treatments and between organic and synthetic fertilizer treatments. The differences between the planted plots were restricted to individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Soil moisture, total carbon content, and total nitrogen content correlated consistently with the community composition (P < 0.05). Compared to the unfertilized control, the nitrogen fertilizer loading enhanced the temporal change of community composition in pure timothy and in the mixture more than that in red clover, which further emphasizes the complexity of interactions between fertilization and cropping treatments on soil bacteria.

ACS Style

Honghong Li; Petri Penttinen; Anu Mikkonen; Fred Stoddard; Kristina Lindstrom. Response of Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition to Time, Fertilization, and Plant Species in a Sub-Boreal Climate. Frontiers in Microbiology 2020, 11, 1780 .

AMA Style

Honghong Li, Petri Penttinen, Anu Mikkonen, Fred Stoddard, Kristina Lindstrom. Response of Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition to Time, Fertilization, and Plant Species in a Sub-Boreal Climate. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11 ():1780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Honghong Li; Petri Penttinen; Anu Mikkonen; Fred Stoddard; Kristina Lindstrom. 2020. "Response of Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition to Time, Fertilization, and Plant Species in a Sub-Boreal Climate." Frontiers in Microbiology 11, no. : 1780.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2020 in Foods
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Faba bean protein has good functionalities, but it is little used in the food industry. This study identified a challenge from unfavourable starch gelation when utilizing faba bean for producing protein-based emulsion gel foods, and developed processing methods to overcome that. Two types of protein-based emulsion gel foods, namely yogurt and tofu analogue products, were prepared. The processing methods in this study involved steps of thermal pre-treatment of the beans, dehulling, milling, adding plant oil, homogenization, prevention of starch gelation, and inducing protein gelation. Two methods for preventing starch gelation were studied, namely starch removal and hydrolysis. The gel texture, water-holding capacity, and structural properties of the gel products were evaluated. Both starch-gelation prevention methods produced yogurt and tofu analogue products having typical emulsion gel properties. Hydrolysis of starch was favourable for producing the yogurt analogue, because the hydrolysate compounds improved the gel strength and viscosity. Moreover, it utilized the whole flour, meaning all the nutrients from the cotyledon were used and no side-stream was created. In contrast, starch removal was slightly better than hydrolysis for producing the tofu analogue, because the hydrolysate lowered the gel strength and water-holding capacity of the products. It is both possible and ecologically sustainable to utilize whole faba bean flour for making emulsion gel products.

ACS Style

Zhong-Qing Jiang; Jing Wang; Frederick Stoddard; Hannu Salovaara; Tuula Sontag-Strohm. Preparation and Characterization of Emulsion Gels from Whole Faba Bean Flour. Foods 2020, 9, 755 .

AMA Style

Zhong-Qing Jiang, Jing Wang, Frederick Stoddard, Hannu Salovaara, Tuula Sontag-Strohm. Preparation and Characterization of Emulsion Gels from Whole Faba Bean Flour. Foods. 2020; 9 (6):755.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhong-Qing Jiang; Jing Wang; Frederick Stoddard; Hannu Salovaara; Tuula Sontag-Strohm. 2020. "Preparation and Characterization of Emulsion Gels from Whole Faba Bean Flour." Foods 9, no. 6: 755.

Original research article
Published: 23 April 2020 in Legume Science
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Faba bean is a legume crop with high protein content and considerable potential for wider cultivation in cool climates. However, it has a reputation for having unstable yield with large interannual variability, mostly attributed to yearly variation in rainfall. In this study, 17 commercial cultivars of faba bean were evaluated for seed yield, yield stability and the relationship between seed yield and protein content at four locations in Denmark and Finland during 2016–2018. We found that location and year effects accounted for 89% of the total seed yield variation. Cultivar × environment (GxE) interactions were small (2.4%) and did not cause reranking of cultivars across environments. Yield stability contributed little to the mean yield of the cultivars, as high‐yielding cultivars consistently outperformed the lower yielding genotypes, even under the most adverse conditions. Similarly, GxE effects on protein content were limited, and we found an overall negative correlation of −0.61 between seed yield and protein content for the cultivars and environments studied. These data may be helpful for selecting cultivars for field use or for use in breeding programmes, considering that future faba bean pricing could depend on both protein quantity and concentration.

ACS Style

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg; Jens Nørgaard Knudsen; Winnie Füchtbauer; Jens Stougaard; Frederick L. Stoddard; Luc Janss; Stig Uggerhøj Andersen. Evaluation of yield, yield stability, and yield–protein relationship in 17 commercial faba bean cultivars. Legume Science 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg, Jens Nørgaard Knudsen, Winnie Füchtbauer, Jens Stougaard, Frederick L. Stoddard, Luc Janss, Stig Uggerhøj Andersen. Evaluation of yield, yield stability, and yield–protein relationship in 17 commercial faba bean cultivars. Legume Science. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg; Jens Nørgaard Knudsen; Winnie Füchtbauer; Jens Stougaard; Frederick L. Stoddard; Luc Janss; Stig Uggerhøj Andersen. 2020. "Evaluation of yield, yield stability, and yield–protein relationship in 17 commercial faba bean cultivars." Legume Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2020 in Journal of Plant Physiology
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UVB radiation can rapidly induce gene regulation leading to cumulative changes for plant physiology and morphology. We hypothesized that a transgenerational effect of chronic exposure to solar short UV modulates the offspring’s responses to UVB and blue light, and that the transgenerational effect is genotype dependent. We established a factorial experiment combining two Vicia faba L. accessions, two parental UV treatments (full sunlight and exclusion of short UV, 290−350 nm), and four offspring light treatments from the factorial combination of UVB and blue light. The accessions were Aurora from southern Sweden, and ILB938 from Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador. The transgenerational effect influenced morphological responses to blue light differently in the two accessions. In Aurora, when UVB was absent, blue light increased shoot dry mass only in plants whose parents were protected from short UV. In ILB938, blue light increased leaf area and shoot dry mass more in plants whose parents were exposed to short UV than those that were not. Moreover, when the offspring was exposed to UVB, the transgenerational effect decreased in ILB938 and disappeared in Aurora. For flavonoids, the transgenerational effect was detected only in Aurora: parental exposure to short UV was associated with a greater induction of total quercetin in response to UVB. Transcript abundance was higher in Aurora than in ILB938 for both CHALCONE SYNTHASE (99-fold) and DON-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE 1 (19-fold). The results supported both hypotheses. Solar short UV had transgenerational effects on progeny responses to blue and UVB radiation, and they differed between the accessions. These transgenerational effects could be adaptive by acclimation of slow and cumulative morphological change, and by early build-up of UV protection through flavonoid accumulation on UVB exposure. The differences between the two accessions aligned with their adaptation to contrasting UV environments.

ACS Style

Yan Yan; Fred Stoddard; Susanne Neugart; Michal Oravec; Otmar Urban; Victor O. Sadras; Pedro J. Aphalo. The transgenerational effects of solar short-UV radiation differed in two accessions of Vicia faba L. from contrasting UV environments. Journal of Plant Physiology 2020, 248, 153145 .

AMA Style

Yan Yan, Fred Stoddard, Susanne Neugart, Michal Oravec, Otmar Urban, Victor O. Sadras, Pedro J. Aphalo. The transgenerational effects of solar short-UV radiation differed in two accessions of Vicia faba L. from contrasting UV environments. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2020; 248 ():153145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Yan; Fred Stoddard; Susanne Neugart; Michal Oravec; Otmar Urban; Victor O. Sadras; Pedro J. Aphalo. 2020. "The transgenerational effects of solar short-UV radiation differed in two accessions of Vicia faba L. from contrasting UV environments." Journal of Plant Physiology 248, no. : 153145.

Preprint content
Published: 27 February 2020
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Faba bean is a widely adapted and high-yielding legume cultivated for its protein-rich seeds1. However, the seeds accumulate the anti-nutritional pyrimidine glucosides vicine and convicine, which can cause haemolytic anaemia—favism—in the 400 million individuals genetically predisposed by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase2. Here, we identify the first enzyme associated with vicine and convicine biosynthesis, which we name VC1. We show that VC1 co-locates with the major QTL for vicine and convicine content and that the expression of VC1 correlates highly with vicine content across tissues. We also show that low-vicine varieties express a version of VC1 carrying a small, frame-shift insertion, and that overexpression of wild-type VC1 leads to an increase in vicine levels. VC1 encodes a functional GTP cyclohydrolase II, an enzyme normally involved in riboflavin biosynthesis from the purine GTP. Through feeding studies, we demonstrate that GTP is a precursor of vicine both in faba bean and in the distantly related plant bitter gourd. Our results reveal an unexpected biosynthetic origin for vicine and convicine and pave the way for the development of faba bean cultivars that are free from these anti-nutrients, providing a safe and sustainable source of dietary protein.

ACS Style

Emilie Bjornsdotter; Marcin Nadzieja; Wei Chang; Leandro Escobar-Herrera; Davide Mancinotti; Deepti Angra; Hamid Khazaei; Christoph Crocoll; Albert Vandenberg; Frederick L. Stoddard; Donal Martin O'sullivan; Jens Stougaard; Alan H. Schulman; Stig Uggerhoj Andersen; Fernando Geu-Flores. VC1 catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of vicine from GTP in faba bean. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Emilie Bjornsdotter, Marcin Nadzieja, Wei Chang, Leandro Escobar-Herrera, Davide Mancinotti, Deepti Angra, Hamid Khazaei, Christoph Crocoll, Albert Vandenberg, Frederick L. Stoddard, Donal Martin O'sullivan, Jens Stougaard, Alan H. Schulman, Stig Uggerhoj Andersen, Fernando Geu-Flores. VC1 catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of vicine from GTP in faba bean. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emilie Bjornsdotter; Marcin Nadzieja; Wei Chang; Leandro Escobar-Herrera; Davide Mancinotti; Deepti Angra; Hamid Khazaei; Christoph Crocoll; Albert Vandenberg; Frederick L. Stoddard; Donal Martin O'sullivan; Jens Stougaard; Alan H. Schulman; Stig Uggerhoj Andersen; Fernando Geu-Flores. 2020. "VC1 catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of vicine from GTP in faba bean." , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 05 December 2019 in Plant Science
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Phenotypic plasticity refers to changes expressed by a genotype across different environments and is one of the major means by which plants cope with environmental variability. Multi-fold differences in phenotypic plasticity have been noted across crops, with wild ancestors and landraces being more plastic than crops when under stress. Plasticity in response to abiotic stress adaptation, plant architecture, physio-reproductive and quality traits are multi-genic (QTL). Plasticity QTL (pQTL) were either collocated with main effect QTL and QEI (QTL × environment interaction) or located independently from the main effect QTL. For example, variations in root plasticity have been successfully introgressed to enhance abiotic stress adaptation in rice. The independence of genetic control of a trait and of its plasticity suggests that breeders may select for high or low plasticity in combination with high or low performance of economically important traits. Trait plasticity in stressful environments may be harnessed through breeding stress-tolerant crops. There exists a genetic cost associated with plasticity, so a better understanding of the trade-offs between plasticity and productivity is warranted prior to undertaking breeding for plasticity traits together with productivity in stress environments.

ACS Style

Sangam L. Dwivedi; Fred Stoddard; Rodomiro Ortiz. Genomic-based root plasticity to enhance abiotic stress adaptation and edible yield in grain crops. Plant Science 2019, 295, 110365 .

AMA Style

Sangam L. Dwivedi, Fred Stoddard, Rodomiro Ortiz. Genomic-based root plasticity to enhance abiotic stress adaptation and edible yield in grain crops. Plant Science. 2019; 295 ():110365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sangam L. Dwivedi; Fred Stoddard; Rodomiro Ortiz. 2019. "Genomic-based root plasticity to enhance abiotic stress adaptation and edible yield in grain crops." Plant Science 295, no. : 110365.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2019 in Scientific Reports
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Genome walking (GW) refers to the capture and sequencing of unknown regions in a long DNA molecule that are adjacent to a region with a known sequence. A novel PCR-based method, palindromic sequence-targeted PCR (PST-PCR), was developed. PST-PCR is based on a distinctive design of walking primers and special thermal cycling conditions. The walking primers (PST primers) match palindromic sequences (PST sites) that are randomly distributed in natural DNA. The PST primers have palindromic sequences at their 3′-ends. Upstream of the palindromes there is a degenerate sequence (8–12 nucleotides long); defined adapters are present at the 5′-termini. The thermal cycling profile has a linear amplification phase and an exponential amplification phase differing in annealing temperature. Changing the annealing temperature to switch the amplification phases at a defined cycle controls the balance between sensitivity and specificity. In contrast to traditional genome walking methods, PST-PCR is rapid (two to three hours to produce GW fragments) as it uses only one or two PCR rounds. Using PST-PCR, previously unknown regions (the promoter and intron 1) of theVRN1gene of Timothy-grass (Phleum pratenseL.) were captured for sequencing. In our experience, PST-PCR had higher throughput and greater convenience in comparison to other GW methods.

ACS Style

Ruslan Kalendar; Alexandr V. Shustov; Mervi M. Seppänen; Alan H. Schulman; Frederick L. Stoddard. Palindromic sequence-targeted (PST) PCR: a rapid and efficient method for high-throughput gene characterization and genome walking. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Ruslan Kalendar, Alexandr V. Shustov, Mervi M. Seppänen, Alan H. Schulman, Frederick L. Stoddard. Palindromic sequence-targeted (PST) PCR: a rapid and efficient method for high-throughput gene characterization and genome walking. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruslan Kalendar; Alexandr V. Shustov; Mervi M. Seppänen; Alan H. Schulman; Frederick L. Stoddard. 2019. "Palindromic sequence-targeted (PST) PCR: a rapid and efficient method for high-throughput gene characterization and genome walking." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1.

Preprint
Published: 15 November 2019
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Faba bean is a legume crop with high protein content and large potential for cultivation in the Northern latitudes. However, it has a reputation for being an unstable crop with large inter-annual variability, mostly explained by yearly variation in rainfall. Consequently, the objective is to breed cultivars with high seed yield and high yield stability. In this study, 17 commercial cultivars of faba bean were evaluated for seed yield, yield stability and trade-off between seed yield and protein content in four locations in Denmark and Finland during 2016-2018. We found that location and year effects accounted for 72% of the total seed yield variation. Cultivar by environment interactions (G×E) were found to be small and did not cause re-ranking of cultivars in different environments. Yield stability contributed little to the mean yield of the cultivars because high-yielding cultivars consistently outperformed the lower yielding genotypes, even under the most adverse conditions. The latter was also the case for total protein yield quantified as total yield multiplied by seed protein percentage. Although we found a strong negative correlation of −0.64 between yield and protein content, a few cultivars produced high yields while maintaining a relatively high protein content, suggesting that these traits may to some degree be genetically separable.

ACS Style

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg; Jens Nørgaard Knudsen; Winnie Füchtbauer; Jens Stougaard; Frederick L. Stoddard; Luc Janss; Stig Uggerhøj Andersen. Evaluation of yield, yield stability and yield-protein trade-off in commercial faba bean cultivars. 2019, 843862 .

AMA Style

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg, Jens Nørgaard Knudsen, Winnie Füchtbauer, Jens Stougaard, Frederick L. Stoddard, Luc Janss, Stig Uggerhøj Andersen. Evaluation of yield, yield stability and yield-protein trade-off in commercial faba bean cultivars. . 2019; ():843862.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg; Jens Nørgaard Knudsen; Winnie Füchtbauer; Jens Stougaard; Frederick L. Stoddard; Luc Janss; Stig Uggerhøj Andersen. 2019. "Evaluation of yield, yield stability and yield-protein trade-off in commercial faba bean cultivars." , no. : 843862.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2019 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Crop production in Europe is intensive, highly specialized and responsible for some negative environmental impacts, raising questions about the sustainability of agricultural systems. The (re)integration of grain legumes into European agricultural systems could contribute to the transition to more sustainable food production. While the general benefits from legume cultivation are widely known, there is little evidence on how to re-design specific cropping systems with legumes to make this option more attractive to farmers. The objectives of this study were to describe the constraints and opportunities of grain legume production perceived by farmers, explain the agronomic impacts of current grain legume cropping, explore technical options to improve grain legume agronomy, and to re-design current grain legume cropping systems in a participatory process with farmers. A co-design approach was implemented with farmers, advisors and scientists on 25 farms in northern Germany, that were part of two large demonstration networks of about 170 farms supporting grain legumes across Germany. We used the DEED research cycle (Describe, Explain, Explore and Design) as a conceptual framework combining on-farm research, crop rotation modelling, and on-station experiments. From it, we identified nine agronomic practices that either were novel or confirmed known strategies under new conditions, to re-design grain legume cropping systems at the field and farm level. The practices included (i) inter-row hoeing, (ii) direct seeding into a cover-crop, (iii) species-specific inoculation, (iv) cover crops to reduce leaching, (v) reduced tillage, (vi) soybean for increased gross margins, (vii) cultivars for food and feed use, (viii) flexible irrigation, (ix) grain legumes with cover crop to enhance subsequent crop yields. We also demonstrate how to complement knowledge of farmers’ perceptions (Describe step) and formal knowledge from classical on-station experiments and modelling (Explain step) with on-farm research including the local views of farmers (Explore step) to identify tailored options for specific farm contexts rather than prescriptive solutions (Design step) to intensify legume production. This approach therefore contrasts with traditional methods that are often solely participatory and qualitative or model/experimental-based and quantitative. Hence, our results provide new insights in how to re-design cropping systems using a combination of participatory and quantitative approaches. While participatory approaches are common in developing countries, this study shows their potential in an industrialized context with large-scale farmers in Europe. These novel findings can be used as a starting point for further adaptations of cropping systems and contribute to making grain legume production economically and environmentally more sustainable.

ACS Style

Moritz Reckling; Göran Bergkvist; Christine Watson; Frederick L. Stoddard; Johann Bachinger. Re-designing organic grain legume cropping systems using systems agronomy. European Journal of Agronomy 2019, 112, 125951 .

AMA Style

Moritz Reckling, Göran Bergkvist, Christine Watson, Frederick L. Stoddard, Johann Bachinger. Re-designing organic grain legume cropping systems using systems agronomy. European Journal of Agronomy. 2019; 112 ():125951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moritz Reckling; Göran Bergkvist; Christine Watson; Frederick L. Stoddard; Johann Bachinger. 2019. "Re-designing organic grain legume cropping systems using systems agronomy." European Journal of Agronomy 112, no. : 125951.

Original research article
Published: 04 September 2019 in Frontiers in Plant Science
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Water deficit may occur at any stage of plant growth, with any intensity and duration. Phenotypic acclimation and the mechanism of adaptation vary with the evolutionary background of germplasm accessions and their stage of growth. Faba bean is considered sensitive to various kinds of drought. Hence, we conducted a greenhouse experiment in rhizotrons under contrasting watering regimes to explore shoot and root traits and drought avoidance mechanisms in young faba bean plants. Eight accessions were investigated for shoot and root morphological and physiological responses in two watering conditions with four replications. Pre-germinated seedlings were transplanted into rhizotron boxes filled with either air-dried or moist peat. The water-limited plants received 50-ml water at transplanting and another 50-ml water 4 days later, then no water was given until the end of the experimental period, 24 days after transplanting. The well-watered plants received 100 ml of water every 12 h throughout the experimental period. Root, stem, and leaf dry mass, their mass fractions, their dry matter contents, apparent specific root length and density, stomatal conductance, SPAD value, and Fv/Fm were recorded. Water deficit resulted in 3–4-fold reductions in shoot biomass, root biomass, and stomatal conductance along with 1.2–1.4-fold increases in leaf and stem dry matter content and SPAD values. Total dry mass and apparent root length density showed accession by treatment interactions. Accessions DS70622, DS11320, and ILB938/2 shared relatively high values of total dry mass and low values of stomatal conductance under water deficit but differed in root distribution parameters. In both treatments, DS70622 was characterized by finer roots that were distributed in both depth and width, whereas DS11320 and ILB938/2 produced less densely growing, thicker roots. French accession Mélodie/2 was susceptible to drought in the vegetative phase, in contrast to previous results from the flowering phase, showing the importance of timing of drought stress on the measured response. Syrian accession DS70622 explored the maximum root volume and maintained its dry matter production, with the difference from the other accessions being particularly large in the water-limited treatment, so it is a valuable source of traits for avoiding transient drought.

ACS Style

Kiflemariam Y. Belachew; Kerstin A. Nagel; Hendrik Poorter; Frederick L. Stoddard. Association of Shoot and Root Responses to Water Deficit in Young Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 2019, 10, 1063 .

AMA Style

Kiflemariam Y. Belachew, Kerstin A. Nagel, Hendrik Poorter, Frederick L. Stoddard. Association of Shoot and Root Responses to Water Deficit in Young Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019; 10 ():1063.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kiflemariam Y. Belachew; Kerstin A. Nagel; Hendrik Poorter; Frederick L. Stoddard. 2019. "Association of Shoot and Root Responses to Water Deficit in Young Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants." Frontiers in Plant Science 10, no. : 1063.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Trends in Food Science & Technology
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ACS Style

Hamid Khazaei; Randy W. Purves; Jessa Hughes; Wolfgang Link; Donal M. O'Sullivan; Alan H. Schulman; Emilie Björnsdotter; Fernando Geu-Flores; Marcin Nadzieja; Stig U. Andersen; Jens Stougaard; Albert Vandenberg; Fred Stoddard. Eliminating vicine and convicine, the main anti-nutritional factors restricting faba bean usage. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2019, 91, 549 -556.

AMA Style

Hamid Khazaei, Randy W. Purves, Jessa Hughes, Wolfgang Link, Donal M. O'Sullivan, Alan H. Schulman, Emilie Björnsdotter, Fernando Geu-Flores, Marcin Nadzieja, Stig U. Andersen, Jens Stougaard, Albert Vandenberg, Fred Stoddard. Eliminating vicine and convicine, the main anti-nutritional factors restricting faba bean usage. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2019; 91 ():549-556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Khazaei; Randy W. Purves; Jessa Hughes; Wolfgang Link; Donal M. O'Sullivan; Alan H. Schulman; Emilie Björnsdotter; Fernando Geu-Flores; Marcin Nadzieja; Stig U. Andersen; Jens Stougaard; Albert Vandenberg; Fred Stoddard. 2019. "Eliminating vicine and convicine, the main anti-nutritional factors restricting faba bean usage." Trends in Food Science & Technology 91, no. : 549-556.

Original article
Published: 05 June 2019 in Plant Breeding
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Increasing productivity through improvement of photosynthesis in faba bean breeding programmes requires understanding of the genetic control of photosynthesis‐related traits. Hence, we investigated the gene action of leaf area, gas exchange traits, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and biomass. We chose inbred lines derived from cultivars 'Aurora' (Sweden) and 'Mélodie' (France) along with an Andean accession, ILB 938, crossed them (Aurora/2 × Mélodie/2, ILB 938/2 × Aurora/2 and Mélodie/2 × ILB 938/2), and prepared the six standard generations for quantitative analysis (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1, and B2). Gene action was complex for each trait, involving additive and dominance gene actions and interactions. Additive gene action was important for SPAD, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm. Dominance effect was important for biomass production. It is suggested that breeders selecting for productivity can maximize genetic gain by selecting early generations for canopy temperature, SPAD and Fv/Fm, then later generations for biomass. The information on genetics of various contributing traits of photosynthesis will assist plant breeders in choosing an appropriate breeding strategy for enhancing productivity in faba bean.

ACS Style

Hamid Khazaei; Damian Wach; Alicja Pecio; Albert Vandenberg; Frederick L. Stoddard. Genetic analysis of photosynthesis‐related traits in faba bean ( Vicia faba ) for crop improvement. Plant Breeding 2019, 138, 761 -769.

AMA Style

Hamid Khazaei, Damian Wach, Alicja Pecio, Albert Vandenberg, Frederick L. Stoddard. Genetic analysis of photosynthesis‐related traits in faba bean ( Vicia faba ) for crop improvement. Plant Breeding. 2019; 138 (6):761-769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Khazaei; Damian Wach; Alicja Pecio; Albert Vandenberg; Frederick L. Stoddard. 2019. "Genetic analysis of photosynthesis‐related traits in faba bean ( Vicia faba ) for crop improvement." Plant Breeding 138, no. 6: 761-769.

Original article
Published: 06 April 2019 in Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
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Se deficiency is widespread in agricultural soils; hence, agronomic Se biofortification is an important strategy to overcome its deficiency in humans and animals. In Finland, fertilizers have been amended with inorganic Se for over 20 years to reverse the negative effects of low Se content in feed and food. Plant species, climatic conditions, other nutrients and soil properties affect the efficiency of Se biofortification. The present two years’ study compared the ability of oilseed rape, wheat and forage grasses to uptake fertilizer Se applied as sodium selenate in a sub-boreal environment. The effect of foliar N application on Se uptake was tested in the second year. Se concentration was determined in plant parts and in soil samples taken at the end of growth season in both years as well as from another plot where Se fertilizer had been used for 20 years. Se fertilizer recovery in harvested wheat and oilseed rape was 1–16%, and in forage grasses was 52–64% in the first harvest and 15–19% in the second harvest. Foliar N application improved Se uptake only at the higher Se fertilizer level. The efficiency of biofortification depended on weather conditions, with forage grasses being the most reliable crop. Oilseed rape as a Se semi-accumulator had no advantage in Se biofortification in field conditions due to low translocation to seeds.

ACS Style

Nashmin Ebrahimi; Frederick L. Stoddard; Helinä Hartikainen; Mervi M. Seppänen. Plant species and growing season weather influence the efficiency of selenium biofortification. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2019, 114, 111 -124.

AMA Style

Nashmin Ebrahimi, Frederick L. Stoddard, Helinä Hartikainen, Mervi M. Seppänen. Plant species and growing season weather influence the efficiency of selenium biofortification. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2019; 114 (2):111-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nashmin Ebrahimi; Frederick L. Stoddard; Helinä Hartikainen; Mervi M. Seppänen. 2019. "Plant species and growing season weather influence the efficiency of selenium biofortification." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 114, no. 2: 111-124.

Journals
Published: 04 January 2019 in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
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The responses of growth, physiological traits, flavonoid profiles and gene expressions to solar blue and UV radiation differed in two accessions Aurora and ILB938 of Vicia faba.

ACS Style

Yan Yan; Frederick L. Stoddard; Susanne Neugart; Victor O. Sadras; Anders V. Lindfors; Luis Orlando Morales; Pedro J. Aphalo. Responses of flavonoid profile and associated gene expression to solar blue and UV radiation in two accessions of Vicia faba L. from contrasting UV environments. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2019, 18, 434 -447.

AMA Style

Yan Yan, Frederick L. Stoddard, Susanne Neugart, Victor O. Sadras, Anders V. Lindfors, Luis Orlando Morales, Pedro J. Aphalo. Responses of flavonoid profile and associated gene expression to solar blue and UV radiation in two accessions of Vicia faba L. from contrasting UV environments. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2019; 18 (2):434-447.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Yan; Frederick L. Stoddard; Susanne Neugart; Victor O. Sadras; Anders V. Lindfors; Luis Orlando Morales; Pedro J. Aphalo. 2019. "Responses of flavonoid profile and associated gene expression to solar blue and UV radiation in two accessions of Vicia faba L. from contrasting UV environments." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 18, no. 2: 434-447.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2018 in Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization
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Among grain legumes, faba bean is reputed to be relatively sensitive to drought stress. Epicuticular wax (ECW) quantity is considered as an important drought adaptation strategy in plant species. This study aimed to define variation in leaf ECW concentration as a drought-adaptive trait in 197 faba bean accessions under well-watered conditions. The relationship between ECW and stomatal characteristics was also investigated. Highly significant differences were found in the ECW concentration, which ranged from 0.680 to 2.104 mg/dm2. No relationships were found between ECW and any measure of stomatal morphology and function. This study provides evidence of the wide variation in ECW in faba bean germplasm, which is independent of stomatal characteristics and leaf water content. This variation may allow the genetic improvement of ECW as a drought-adaptive character in faba bean breeding programs aiming at the economical use of water.

ACS Style

Hamid Khazaei; Arja Santanen; Kenneth Street; Frederick L. Stoddard. Genotypic variation in leaf epicuticular wax quantity in a large faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm collection. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 2018, 17, 298 -300.

AMA Style

Hamid Khazaei, Arja Santanen, Kenneth Street, Frederick L. Stoddard. Genotypic variation in leaf epicuticular wax quantity in a large faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm collection. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization. 2018; 17 (3):298-300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Khazaei; Arja Santanen; Kenneth Street; Frederick L. Stoddard. 2018. "Genotypic variation in leaf epicuticular wax quantity in a large faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm collection." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 3: 298-300.

Research article
Published: 02 November 2018 in Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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Grain legumes produce high-quality protein for food and feed, and potentially contribute to sustainable cropping systems, but they are grown on only 1.5% of European arable land. Low temporal yield stability is one of the reasons held responsible for the low proportion of grain legumes, without sufficient quantitative evidence. The objective of this study was to compare the yield stability of grain legumes with other crop species in a northern European context and accounting for the effects of scale in the analysis and the data. To avoid aggregation biases in the yield data, we used data from long-term field experiments. The experiments included grain legumes (lupin, field pea, and faba bean), other broad-leaved crops, spring, and winter cereals. Experiments were conducted in the UK, Sweden, and Germany. To compare yield stability between grain legumes and other crops, we used a scale-adjusted yield stability indicator that accounts for the yield differences between crops following Taylor’s Power Law. Here, we show that temporal yield instability of grain legumes (30%) was higher than that of autumn-sown cereals (19%), but lower than that of other spring-sown broad-leaved crops (35%), and only slightly greater than spring-sown cereals (27%). With the scale-adjusted yield stability indicator, we estimated 21% higher yield stability for grain legumes compared to a standard stability measure. These novel findings demonstrate that grain legume yields are as reliable as those of other spring-sown crops in major production systems of northern Europe, which could influence the current negative perception on grain legume cultivation. Initiatives are still needed to improve the crops agronomy to provide higher and more stable yields in future.

ACS Style

Moritz Reckling; Thomas Döring; Göran Bergkvist; Fred Stoddard; Christine Watson; Sylvia Seddig; Frank-M. Chmielewski; Johann Bachinger. Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2018, 38, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Moritz Reckling, Thomas Döring, Göran Bergkvist, Fred Stoddard, Christine Watson, Sylvia Seddig, Frank-M. Chmielewski, Johann Bachinger. Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2018; 38 (6):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moritz Reckling; Thomas Döring; Göran Bergkvist; Fred Stoddard; Christine Watson; Sylvia Seddig; Frank-M. Chmielewski; Johann Bachinger. 2018. "Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38, no. 6: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2018 in Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization
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Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a valuable grain legume and a staple protein crop in many countries. Its large and complex genome requires novel approaches for its genetic dissection. Here we introduce a multi-parent population developed from four founders (ILB 938/2, Disco/2, IG 114476 and IG 132238). The selection of parental lines was based on geographic (Colombia, France, Bangladesh and China), genetic and phenotypic diversity. The parental lines were inbred and then genotyped using 875 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Based on molecular data, the parents had high homozygosity and high genetic distance among them. The population segregates for several important traits such as seed morphology, seed chemistry, phenology, plant architecture, drought response, yield and its components, and resistance to Botrytis fabae. The population was checked for unbiased segregation in each generation by observing simply inherited Mendelian traits such as stipule spot pigmentation (SSP) and flower colour at different generations. All 1200 four-way cross F1 plants had pigmented flowers and stipule spots. The segregation ratios for white flower colour (single gene, zt2) fit 7:1, 13:3 and 25:7 at F2, F3 and F4 generations, respectively, and the segregation ratio of SSP (two recessive unlinked genes, ssp1 and ssp2) fit 49:15 and 169:87 at the F2 and F3 generations, respectively, demonstrating unbiased generation advance. We will subject the F5 generation of this population to a high-throughput SNP array and make it available for further phenotyping and genotyping.

ACS Style

Hamid Khazaei; Frederick L. Stoddard; Randy W. Purves; Albert Vandenberg. A multi-parent faba bean (Vicia faba L.) population for future genomic studies. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 2018, 16, 419 -423.

AMA Style

Hamid Khazaei, Frederick L. Stoddard, Randy W. Purves, Albert Vandenberg. A multi-parent faba bean (Vicia faba L.) population for future genomic studies. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization. 2018; 16 (5):419-423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Khazaei; Frederick L. Stoddard; Randy W. Purves; Albert Vandenberg. 2018. "A multi-parent faba bean (Vicia faba L.) population for future genomic studies." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 5: 419-423.