The aim of this study was to determine the favorable constant temperature range for Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) development as well as to generate geographic distribution maps of this insect pest for future climate scenarios. M. spectabilis eggs were reared on two host plants (Brachiaria ruziziensis (Germain and Edvard) and Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach)), with individual plants kept at temperatures of 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32°C. Nymphal stage duration, nymphal survival, adult longevity, and egg production were recorded for each temperature*host plant combination. Using the favorable temperature ranges for M. spectabilis development, it was possible to generate geographic distribution. Nymphal survival was highest at 24.4°C, with estimates of 44 and 8% on Pennisetum and Brachiaria, respectively. Nymphal stage duration was greater on Brachiaria than on Pennisetum at 20 and 24°C but equal at 28°C. Egg production was higher on Pennisetum at 24 and 28°C than at 20°C, and adult longevity on Pennisetum was higher at 28°C than at 20°C, whereas adult longevity at 24°C did not differ from that at 20 and 28°C. With these results, it was possible to predict a reduction in M. spectabilis densities in most regions of Brazil in future climate scenarios.

There is currently a lot of interest in determining the state of Brazilian grasslands. Governmental actions and programs have recently been implemented for grassland recovery in Brazilian states, with the aim of improving production systems and socioeconomic indicators. The aim of this study is to evaluate the vegetative growth, temporal vigor, and long-term scenarios for the grasslands in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by integrating phenological metrics. We used metrics derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, which were analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS), using multicriteria analysis, the analytical hierarchy process, and a simplified expert system (ES_S). These temporal metrics, i.e., the growth index (GI) for 16-day periods during the growing season; the slope; and the maximum, minimum, and mean for the time series, were integrated to investigate the grassland vegetation conditions and degradation level. The temporal vegetative vigor was successfully described using the rescaled range (R/S statistic) and the Hurst exponent, which, together with the metrics estimated for the full time series, imagery, and field observations, indicated areas undergoing degradation or areas that were inadequately managed (approximately 61.5%). Time series analysis revealed that most grasslands showed low or moderate vegetative vigor over time with long-term persistence due to farming practices associated with burning and overgrazing. A small part of the grasslands showed high and sustainable plant densities (approximately 8.5%). A map legend for grassland management guidelines was developed using the proposed method with remote sensing data, which were applied using GIS software and a field campaign.

O Brasil está entre os maiores produtores de leite de vaca do mundo. A cadeia produtiva do leite se distribui, praticamente, por todo o território nacional. Apesar de, historicamente, a produção se mostrar dispersa e heterogênea no País, torna-se fundamental verificar indicadores de concentração da atividade de forma ampla, em escala espaço-temporal, a qual pode refletir uma dinâmica na cadeia leiteira do País e transformações em curso. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a evolução da produção e da produtividade leiteira no território nacional entre os anos de 2011 e 2021. Para o período analisado, a produção leiteira apresentou crescimento de apenas 10%. Porém, ressalta-se que houve redução no número de vacas ordenhadas e um acréscimo de 60% na produtividade, indicando o momento de impulso tecnológico que a pecuária de leite vivencia. Por outro lado, em termos espaciais, observou-se que a distribuição espacial da produção leiteira se modificou nos últimos dez anos. O Sul continua na vanguarda da inovação tecnológica da pecuária leiteira, mas agora é seguido de perto por outras importantes macrobacias, como Minas Gerais e Nordeste Oriental. Portanto, há indicativos de concentração tecnificada da produção leiteira em regiões do território nacional, ou seja, pode estar surgindo uma perspectiva de competitividade territorial, com formação de mão de obra, assistência técnica e todos os serviços necessários para o desenvolvimento da produção leiteira.

The objective of this work was to analyze the development of grasslands in Zona da Mata, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2000 and 2013, using a parameter based on the growth index of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (Modis) data series. Based on temporal NDVI profiles, which were used as indicators of edaphoclimatic conditions, the growth index (GI) was estimated for 16-day periods throughout the spring season of 2012 to early 2013, being compared with the average GI from 2000 to 2011, used as the reference period. Currently, the grassland areas in Zona da Mata occupy approximately 1.2 million hectares. According to the used methods, 177,322 ha (14.61%) of these grassland areas have very low vegetative growth; 577,698 ha (45.96%) have low growth; 433,475 ha (35.72%) have balanced growth; 39,980 ha (3.29%) have high growth; and 5,032 ha (0.41%) have very high vegetative growth. The grasslands had predominantly low vegetative growth during the studied period, and the NDVI/Modis series is a useful source of data for regional assessments. Index terms: growth index; pastures; remote sensing; time series; Zona da Mata.

The distribution of the virus in Brazil varies substantially among the states and regions. Some regions have low levels of infection, such as Rio Grande do Sul, but others have higher levels, such as the west-central and northern regions (^{REBELATTO et al., 1992}; ^{ALMEIDA et al., 2006}). The prevalence of EIA does not only vary depending on the region or state but also varies according to the animal’s main activity and the occurrence of illegal transport (^{ALMEIDA et al., 2017}; ^{MORAESs et al., 2017}; ^{BARZONI et al., 2018}). Due to this fact, there is a wide variation in the prevalence of EIA in Brazil according to the populations studied, with variations ranging from 0.43% to 46.26% (^{FREITAS et al., 2015}; ^{BAPTISTA et al., 2016}).