As a part of vehicle thermal management, water-cooled intercoolers play an important role in engine efficiency. The incompressible simulation model was usually applied to estimate the performance of water-cooled intercoolers. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) compressible model is taken to analyze more accurate prediction models. The rate of section change, heat exchange, and the surface friction coefficient are used as the comparison basis of the compressible flow model and incompressible model on the pressurized air side of the water-cooled intercooler. By comparing the simulation results of the air side, it was found that the compressible simulation is closer to the experimental value than the incompressible simulation. Compared with the experiment, the compressible model heat transfer maximum value of deviation is 6.5%, and the pressure loss maximum deviation is 7.5%. This provides guidance to optimize the design of heat exchangers, in order to save on costs and shorten development times.

To investigate the damage threshold and mechanism of a mid-infrared HgCdTe focal plane array (FPA) detector, relevant experimental and theoretical studies were conducted. The line damage threshold of a HgCdTe FPA detector may be within the range of 0.59 Jcm⁻² to 0.71 Jcm⁻². The full frame damage threshold of the detector may be in the range of 0.86 Jcm⁻² to 1.17 Jcm⁻². Experimental results showed that when the energy density reaches 1.17 Jcm⁻², the detector exhibits irreversible full frame damage and is completely unable to image. Based on the finite element method, a three-dimensional model of HgCdTe FPAs detector was established to study the heat transfer mechanism, internal stress, and damage sequence. When HgCdTe melts, we think that the detector is damaged. Under these conditions, the theoretical damage threshold calculated using the detector model is 0.55 Jcm⁻². The difference between theoretical and experimental values was analyzed. The relationship between damage threshold and pulse width was also studied. It was found that when the pulse width is less than 1000 ns, the damage threshold characterized by peak power density is inversely proportional to pulse width. This relationship can help us predict the experimental damage threshold of an FPA detector. This model is reasonable and convenient for studying the damage of FPA detectors with a mid-infrared pulse laser. The research content in this article has important reference significance for the damage and protection of HgCdTe FPA detectors.

This paper investigates the heat effects of continuous high-power lasers on steel cylinders. A theoretical model combining the mechanical characteristics and heat transfer of the steel cylinder that irradiated by a high-power laser is established. Simulations in temperature fields predict the varying heat effects on steel cylinders corresponding to different laser power levels, and more importantly, the thresholds of laser penetrations. The predictions are further validated by experimental tests, which use 1.5–2.8 kW laser irradiating on 7–15 mm thick steel cylinders. It has been found that the ablation mechanism of steel cylinder is primarily dependent on either the mass transfer of vaporized ablation or liquefied material under the action of vaporized back pressing. The present 0–300 s temperature field analyses show that steel melts at 1720 K and vaporizing ablation happens at 3250 K. It has also been observed that in the contact region between the laser and steel cylinder, the melting and vaporization accompanied by the interaction of the ablation process are followed by the sharp splash phenomenon.

As the weak link in electro-optical imaging systems, photodetectors have always faced the threat of laser damage. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the damage mechanism of the photodetector induced by the out-of-band laser. The damage thresholds of the mid-infrared pulsed laser for Charge Coupled Device (CCD) and HgCdTe detectors were determined through damage experiments. The analysis of the damage phenomena and data for both CCD and HgCdTe detectors clearly demonstrated that out-of-band mid-infrared pulsed lasers could entirely incapacitate CCD and HgCdTe detectors. Our analysis of the damage process and data revealed that the primary mechanism of damage to CCD and HgCdTe detectors by mid-infrared pulsed lasers was primarily thermal. This study serves as a reference for further research on the mid-infrared pulsed laser damage mechanisms of CCD and HgCdTe detectors, as well as for laser protection and performance optimization in imaging systems.

For the paper, experimental studies were performed on the damage of the Ge- and Si-based flat window by lasers out-of-band. The experimental results showed that lasers out-of-band can cause film damage and substrate damage to Ge and Si windows. The high-energy laser damage window mechanism mainly manifested as thermal effects. The composite laser damage thresholds for the substrate were an Si window of 21.6 J/cm² and a Ge window of 3 J/cm². Compared with continuous laser and long pulse laser experimental results, it was found that the use of long pulse-continuous composite constitution could effectively reduce the damage threshold. Compared to the long-pulse laser, the composite laser could achieve similar damage effects with a smaller energy density.

This article utilizes the Canny edge extraction algorithm based on contour curvature and the cross-correlation template matching algorithm to extensively study the impact of high-repetition-rate CO2 pulsed Laser on the target extraction and tracking performance of the infrared imaging detector. It establishes a quantified dazzling pattern for lasers on infrared imaging systems. By conducting laser dazzling and damage experiments, a detailed analysis of the normalized correlation between target and dazzling images is performed to quantitatively describe laser dazzling effects. Simultaneously, an evaluation system, including target distance and laser power evaluation factors, is established to determine the dazzling level and whether the target is recognizable. The research results reveal that laser power and target position are crucial factors affecting the detection performance of infrared imaging-guided weapon systems under laser dazzling. Different laser powers are required to successfully interfere with the recognition algorithm of infrared imaging-guided weapons at different distances. And laser dazzling will produce a lot of false edge information, which seriously affects the performance of pattern recognition algorithm. In laser damage experiments, the detector experienced functional damage, with a quarter of the image displaying as completely black. The energy density threshold required for functional damage to the detector is approximately 3 J/cm2. The dazzling assessment conclusions also apply to evaluating damage results. Finally, the proposed evaluation formula aligns with experimental results, objectively reflecting the actual impact of laser dazzling on the target extraction and tracking performance of infrared imaging systems. This study provides an in-depth and accurate analysis for understanding the influence of lasers on the performance of infrared imaging-guided weapons.