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On the current environment, companies face risks and threats to the systems they need to operate often known as cyber threats. Most of these companies are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and they are exposed to these cyber threats. To mitigate the risks and be able to thrive with as little disruption as possible, SMEs require cyber resilience capabilities. However, due to their limited resources, SMEs usually have no dedicated personnel for cyber resilience operationalization and thus lack the experience this discipline requires to implement. To aid SMEs in their cyber resilience operationalization, the current literature offers several kinds of solutions, but these solutions are usually targeted for companies with more resources than SMEs and do not aid in the complete process of assessing their current cyber resilience, deciding actions to improve it and prioritizing these actions. To aid companies in this systematic process to operationalize or implement cyber resilience, this article develops and tests an operational web-based tool in which companies can follow the complete process described before. To achieve this, a cyber resilience framework with the essential policies for SMEs, descriptions of their natural progressions in a progression model and a prioritization of these policies have been developed. In this article, this framework, progression model and prioritization are later transformed into one cyber resilience self-assessment tool (CR-SAT) and are tested in three case studies to qualitatively evaluate the tool by trying to ascertain its usefulness and completeness as well as improving it with the feedback from the end-users.
Juan Francisco Carias; Saioa Arrizabalaga; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. Cyber Resilience Self-Assessment Tool (CR-SAT) for SMEs. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 80741 -80762.
AMA StyleJuan Francisco Carias, Saioa Arrizabalaga, Leire Labaka, Josune Hernantes. Cyber Resilience Self-Assessment Tool (CR-SAT) for SMEs. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 (99):80741-80762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Francisco Carias; Saioa Arrizabalaga; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. 2021. "Cyber Resilience Self-Assessment Tool (CR-SAT) for SMEs." IEEE Access 9, no. 99: 80741-80762.
Cities are dealing with the challenge of climate change (CC). However, due to a lack of awareness on the part of certain city stakeholders, cities’ plans, strategies and studies dealing with CC have been hampered. Studies have demonstrated that city stakeholders become engaged and act collaboratively when they become aware of CC, yet the studies that highlight the need to become aware do not address how this awareness might be developed. This paper presents a framework to develop climate awareness in city stakeholders through a co-creation process that uses different research methods and 67 expert participation of different nationalities and backgrounds. The framework, under the name Climate Awareness Development framework, defines the city stakeholder climate awareness-development process through four attributes that are activated by four mechanisms during a four-step gradual process that leads to higher awareness levels. The steps are complemented by a set of nine policies that boost progression along the four-step process. The contribution of our research is highlighted through the comparison of two case studies in the city of Kristiansand (Norway) and Donostia (Spain).
Marta Iturriza; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka. Are Cities Developing Climate Change Awareness? Two Case Studies for Assessing and Developing Cities’ Climate Awareness Through a Framework. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMarta Iturriza, Josune Hernantes, Leire Labaka. Are Cities Developing Climate Change Awareness? Two Case Studies for Assessing and Developing Cities’ Climate Awareness Through a Framework. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Iturriza; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka. 2021. "Are Cities Developing Climate Change Awareness? Two Case Studies for Assessing and Developing Cities’ Climate Awareness Through a Framework." , no. : 1.
Due to the hazardous current cyber environment, cyber resilience is more necessary than ever. Companies are exposed to an often-ignored risk of suffering a cyber incident. This places cyber incidents as one of the main risks for companies in the past few years. On the other hand, the literature meant to aid on the operationalization of cyber resilience is mostly focused on listing the policies required to operationalize it, but is often lacking on how to prioritize these actions and how to strategize their implementation. Therefore, the usage of the current literature in this state is not optimal for companies. Thus, this study proposes a progression model to help companies strategize and prioritize cyber resilience policies by proposing the natural evolution of the policies over time. To develop the model, this study used semi-structured interviews and an analysis of the data obtained from the interviews. Through this methodology, this study found the starting points for each cyber resilience policy and their natural progression over time. These results can help companies in their cyber resilience building process by giving them insights on how to strategize the implementation of the cyber resilience policies.
Juan F. Carías; Saioa Arrizabalaga; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. Cyber Resilience Progression Model. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7393 .
AMA StyleJuan F. Carías, Saioa Arrizabalaga, Leire Labaka, Josune Hernantes. Cyber Resilience Progression Model. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan F. Carías; Saioa Arrizabalaga; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. 2020. "Cyber Resilience Progression Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7393.
Cyber resilience can help companies today thrive despite the adverse cyber threat environment. This discipline adds to cybersecurity the mindset of preparing for the unexpected and prioritizing business continuity over simply protecting systems and assets. However, cyber resilience operationalization requires knowledge and investing into its multiple domains and policies. Moreover, the only aids companies have for the operationalization of cyber resilience are frameworks that list the domains and policies, but do not guide them on an effective order in which to implement them. These aids will often require companies to select the set of policies that suits them and decide the order of implementation on their own. This selection process will require resources for acquiring the required knowledge on top of the resources for the implementation of the policies. Since most companies have limited resources and to minimize the investment required for cyber resilience operationalization, this study proposes an implementation order for cyber resilience policies based on the current literature and the iterative evaluation by six experts. This implementation order could potentially help companies operationalize cyber resilience effectively and diminish the investment needed to do so.
Juan Francisco Carias; Marcos R. S. Borges; Leire Labaka; Saioa Arrizabalaga; Josune Hernantes. The Order of the Factors DOES Alter the Product: Cyber Resilience Policies’ Implementation Order. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology 2020, 306 -315.
AMA StyleJuan Francisco Carias, Marcos R. S. Borges, Leire Labaka, Saioa Arrizabalaga, Josune Hernantes. The Order of the Factors DOES Alter the Product: Cyber Resilience Policies’ Implementation Order. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology. 2020; ():306-315.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Francisco Carias; Marcos R. S. Borges; Leire Labaka; Saioa Arrizabalaga; Josune Hernantes. 2020. "The Order of the Factors DOES Alter the Product: Cyber Resilience Policies’ Implementation Order." Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology , no. : 306-315.
Climate change (CC) is one of the most urgent threats to modern societies, having direct and indirect consequences on the rapid growth of urban areas. Cities are attempting to both reduce their impact on the environment and build resilience to be able to face the irreversible effects of CC through plans and strategies. However, barriers, such as the fact that cities are complex systems and the uncertainty posed by CC have led to less engaged and committed city stakeholders, which have hampered the operationalisation of city resilience. In this context, developing city stakeholders awareness has been demonstrated to be an effective way to put an end to passive behaviour and help transform cities so they are more climate-resilient. Thus, we posit that developing city stakeholder awareness leads to more effective implementation of CC resilience-building plans. To that end, this paper presents a framework that defines the awareness-development process and combines it with an educational simulation tool that facilitates understanding of the theory presented in the framework. Finally, the paper presents a pilot test in the city of Kristiansand, Norway, to show the contribution of the simulation tool in improving city stakeholder awareness.
Marta Iturriza; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes; Ahmed Abdeltawad. Shifting to climate change aware cities to facilitate the city resilience implementation. Cities 2020, 101, 102688 .
AMA StyleMarta Iturriza, Leire Labaka, Josune Hernantes, Ahmed Abdeltawad. Shifting to climate change aware cities to facilitate the city resilience implementation. Cities. 2020; 101 ():102688.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Iturriza; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes; Ahmed Abdeltawad. 2020. "Shifting to climate change aware cities to facilitate the city resilience implementation." Cities 101, no. : 102688.
Existing resilience-building plans and strategies for addressing climate change in urban areas are not as effective as they were intended to be due to city stakeholders' fragmented efforts and adopted passive behaviour. Developing awareness about climate change have proven to be key in the climate change resilience-building process, as it encourages partnership and a transformation in behaviour. This paper presents a framework for developing city stakeholders' awareness in urban areas. The conducted triangulation approach composed by a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews and a case study results with the framework that defines the ideal process for developing awareness in urban areas. The resulting framework encapsulates three main elements: awareness-development mechanisms (experience, attention and knowledge), awareness-development over time graphs and a learning ladder. The three mechanisms explain the behaviour of the awareness-development process, the awareness-development over time graphs illustrate the evolution of the mechanisms and their effect over time, and the learning ladder specifies the gradual process of developing awareness. After presenting the ideal path for developing awareness, we further discuss the contribution of the conducted triangulation approach to the framework.
M. Iturriza; L. Labaka; M. Ormazabal; M. Borges. Awareness-development in the context of climate change resilience. Urban Climate 2020, 32, 100613 .
AMA StyleM. Iturriza, L. Labaka, M. Ormazabal, M. Borges. Awareness-development in the context of climate change resilience. Urban Climate. 2020; 32 ():100613.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Iturriza; L. Labaka; M. Ormazabal; M. Borges. 2020. "Awareness-development in the context of climate change resilience." Urban Climate 32, no. : 100613.
Cities are growing and becoming more complex, and as they continue to do so, their capacity to deal with foreseen and unforeseen challenges derived from climate change has to adapt accordingly. In the last decade, an effort has been made to build city resilience and improve cities’ capacity to respond to, recover from and adapt to climate change. However, certain city stakeholders’ lack of proactive behavior has resulted in less effective city resilience-building strategies. In this sense, the importance of developing stakeholders’ awareness of climate change in order to ensure proactivity is documented in the literature. However, there is a lack of studies that define how, when and what should be done to develop stakeholders’ climate change awareness at a city scale. This paper presents a framework to develop stakeholders climate change awareness as a result of a systematic literature review and a co-creation process with the participation of 47 experts through a focus group and a Delphi study. The framework defines a four-step process and includes nine policies that seek to develop stakeholders’ climate change awareness. The framework concludes determining the responsibilities of each stakeholder by defining the policies they should implement, and the effect one policy might cause on other stakeholders and among policies.
Marta Iturriza; Josune Hernantes; Ahmed A. Abdelgawad; Leire Labaka. Are Cities Aware Enough? A Framework for Developing City Awareness to Climate Change. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2168 .
AMA StyleMarta Iturriza, Josune Hernantes, Ahmed A. Abdelgawad, Leire Labaka. Are Cities Aware Enough? A Framework for Developing City Awareness to Climate Change. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Iturriza; Josune Hernantes; Ahmed A. Abdelgawad; Leire Labaka. 2020. "Are Cities Aware Enough? A Framework for Developing City Awareness to Climate Change." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2168.
Nowadays, cities and citizens are under pressure to cope with a wide range of challenges like climate change, shifting social dynamics and dependence on critical infrastructure. Increasing cities’ resilience level is considered a priority; however, efforts so far have been made in a fragmented way, which prevents available resources being used in the most effective manner. The contribution of all city stakeholders, including public entities, private companies and citizens, to the resilience building process increases the effectiveness of the process. Therefore, developing effective mechanisms for fostering collaboration among city stakeholders such as public private people partnership (4Ps) is a promising way for addressing this need. This paper presents a Delphi study that validated the final version of a 4P development framework. This framework is composed of 16 successful characteristics classified within three dimensions that need to be implemented to develop 4Ps, the three development stages that 4Ps should go through and an implementation methodology that defines the order for implementing the characteristics based on the three development stages. One of the main conclusions obtained is that first, the characteristics classified in the stakeholder relationship and information flow dimensions should be implemented and afterwards, the characteristics of the conflict resolution dimension.
Patricia Maraña; Leire Labaka; Jose Mari Sarriegi. We need them all: development of a public private people partnership to support a city resilience building process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2020, 154, 119954 .
AMA StylePatricia Maraña, Leire Labaka, Jose Mari Sarriegi. We need them all: development of a public private people partnership to support a city resilience building process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020; 154 ():119954.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia Maraña; Leire Labaka; Jose Mari Sarriegi. 2020. "We need them all: development of a public private people partnership to support a city resilience building process." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 154, no. : 119954.
Climate change (CC) is one of the most challenging issues ever faced, as it affects every system worldwide at any scale. Urban areas are not an exception. Extreme weather-related events have seriously affected urban areas in recent years, and they have a significant impact on the welfare of people. According to UN projections, by 2050 more than 68% of the world’s population could be concentrated in urban areas. Additionally, daily life in urban areas is highly dependent on certain critical services and products provided by critical infrastructures (CIs). Therefore, it is especially relevant to understand how CC affects urban CIs in order to develop mechanisms to improve their capacity to handle crises derived from CC. In this context, resilience-based strategies provide a holistic approach, considering both predictable and unpredictable threats. This paper proposes a guide for assessing and enhancing the resilience level of cities against CC, considering urban CIs as key agents in improving the city’s capacity to face and recover from CC-related crises. The guide was developed through a co-creation process in which two cities in the Basque Country (Spain) worked together with CI providers and other relevant stakeholders in the resilience-building process. The resulting guide is to be used by city stakeholders at a strategic level, providing them with: (1) a qualitative assessment of the city’s current resilience level in the CC context; (2) better knowledge about urban CI sectors, their interdependency relationships and the chain of impacts due to cascading effects in the short, medium and in the long term and; (3) a set of policies that enhance city resilience.
Cinta Lomba-Fernández; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka. Guide for Climate-Resilient Cities: An Urban Critical Infrastructures Approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4727 .
AMA StyleCinta Lomba-Fernández, Josune Hernantes, Leire Labaka. Guide for Climate-Resilient Cities: An Urban Critical Infrastructures Approach. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4727.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCinta Lomba-Fernández; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka. 2019. "Guide for Climate-Resilient Cities: An Urban Critical Infrastructures Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4727.
A growing majority of the world's population lives in cities, and the concentration of people and critical services in cities increases their exposure to acute shocks and long-term stresses. Therefore, building resilient cities that are able to resist and absorb threats and are capable of adapting to and recovering from shocks and stresses is vital for the wellbeing of society. Although the literature offers several studies on how city resilience can be improved, operationalizing resilience is still a challenge. This article describes the different phases of the co-creation process followed in the development of a maturity model that can guide cities in assessing and future improving their resilience level. This co-creation process was conducted using different methodologies involving an interdisciplinary group of international experts who contributed their knowledge and experience to the development process of the maturity model. The outcome of this process is the final version of a maturity model that operationalizes the steps that should be taken to build city resilience.
Leire Labaka; Patricia Maraña; Raquel Giménez; Josune Hernantes. Defining the roadmap towards city resilience. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2019, 146, 281 -296.
AMA StyleLeire Labaka, Patricia Maraña, Raquel Giménez, Josune Hernantes. Defining the roadmap towards city resilience. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2019; 146 ():281-296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeire Labaka; Patricia Maraña; Raquel Giménez; Josune Hernantes. 2019. "Defining the roadmap towards city resilience." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 146, no. : 281-296.
There is an urgent need to build city resilience in order to face upcoming foreseen and unforeseen disasters more holistically, economically and collaboratively. Population trends mean that people are moving to urban areas and the traditional approach to crisis management is becoming obsolete as it is no longer able to deal with the new challenges that are emerging such as social dynamics or climate change. In this context, there are numerous studies and strategies that define how to build city resilience and consequently sustainable cities. However, decision-makers have trouble putting the knowledge in the studies and strategies into practice, as they find this information to be too abstract or far from their daily activities. More practical tools are needed to facilitate the operationalization of city resilience and familiarize decision makers with the concept. To that end, this paper presents both a qualitative and quantitative toolkit that enables decision makers to study, understand and train themselves to operationalize city resilience properly. This toolkit is composed of two complementary tools, namely the Resilience Maturity Model (RMM) and a serious game called City Resilience Dynamics (CRD). The paper also discusses the key points that led to a useful, trustworthy and flexible toolkit that decision-makers can use in building city resilience.
Marta Iturriza; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka. Coming to Action: Operationalizing City Resilience. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3054 .
AMA StyleMarta Iturriza, Josune Hernantes, Leire Labaka. Coming to Action: Operationalizing City Resilience. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Iturriza; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka. 2019. "Coming to Action: Operationalizing City Resilience." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3054.
Unexpected crises and risks affect the urban population. Critical infrastructure dependency, climate change and social dynamics have captured the attention of city decision makers across different disciplines, sectors, and scales. Addressing these challenges mandates an increase in resilience. This article presents the development of the novel European Resilience Management Guideline (ERMG) developed by the European H2020 Smart Mature Resilience (SMR) project. It encompasses five supporting tools for city resilience. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, it describes the extensive co-creation methods used to establish, validate and test the five ERMG tools as collaborations among seven city stakeholders and researchers in Europe. Second, it explains concisely the features of each tool and its use cases and applicability in the city resilience building process. Third, it shows how EMRG supports strategic management in encouraging the visibility of risk dependencies, identifying vicious loops and potential cascading effects, and promoting collaboration between stakeholders to share resources. The article concludes with a discussion of SMR standardization activities to support the transfer of this research results to wider audiences. It covers guidance on local resilience planning and supporting efforts in building and operationalization resilience at the city level.
Patricia Marana; Colin Eden; Henrik Eriksson; Clara Grimes; Josune Hernantes; Susan Howick; Leire Labaka; Vasileios Latinos; Rene Lindner; Tim A. Majchrzak; Igor Pyrko; Jaziar Radianti; Amy Rankin; Mihoko Sakurai; Jose M. Sarriegi; Nicolas Serrano. Towards a resilience management guideline — Cities as a starting point for societal resilience. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019, 48, 101531 .
AMA StylePatricia Marana, Colin Eden, Henrik Eriksson, Clara Grimes, Josune Hernantes, Susan Howick, Leire Labaka, Vasileios Latinos, Rene Lindner, Tim A. Majchrzak, Igor Pyrko, Jaziar Radianti, Amy Rankin, Mihoko Sakurai, Jose M. Sarriegi, Nicolas Serrano. Towards a resilience management guideline — Cities as a starting point for societal resilience. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 48 ():101531.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia Marana; Colin Eden; Henrik Eriksson; Clara Grimes; Josune Hernantes; Susan Howick; Leire Labaka; Vasileios Latinos; Rene Lindner; Tim A. Majchrzak; Igor Pyrko; Jaziar Radianti; Amy Rankin; Mihoko Sakurai; Jose M. Sarriegi; Nicolas Serrano. 2019. "Towards a resilience management guideline — Cities as a starting point for societal resilience." Sustainable Cities and Society 48, no. : 101531.
The fourth industrial revolution has brought several risks to factories along with its plethora of benefits. The convergence of new technologies, legacy technologies, information technologies and operational technologies in the same network generates a wide attack surface. At the same time, factories need continuous production to meet their customers’ demand, so any stopped production can have harsh effects on a factory’s economy. This makes cyber resilience a key requirement in factories nowadays. However, it is difficult for managers to define effective cyber resilience strategies, especially considering the difficulty of estimating adequate investment in cyber resilience policies before the company has suffered cyber incidents. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to define and model an effective cyber resilience strategy. To achieve this, the system dynamics methodology was followed in order to get five experts’ opinions on the best strategy to invest in cyber resilience. Interviews were conducted with these experts; their reasoning was put into behavior over time graphs and a system dynamics model was built from these findings. The main conclusion is that a cyber resilience investment strategy should be dynamic, investing in both technical security and personnel training, but at first with an emphasis on technical security and later shifting to have an emphasis on training.
Juan Francisco Carías; Leire Labaka; José María Sarriegi; Josune Hernantes. Defining a Cyber Resilience Investment Strategy in an Industrial Internet of Things Context. Sensors 2019, 19, 138 .
AMA StyleJuan Francisco Carías, Leire Labaka, José María Sarriegi, Josune Hernantes. Defining a Cyber Resilience Investment Strategy in an Industrial Internet of Things Context. Sensors. 2019; 19 (1):138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Francisco Carías; Leire Labaka; José María Sarriegi; Josune Hernantes. 2019. "Defining a Cyber Resilience Investment Strategy in an Industrial Internet of Things Context." Sensors 19, no. 1: 138.
Citizens living in cities where public entities are committed to the development of city resilience are increasingly aware that the entire responsibility for preventing, responding to and recovering from crises cannot fully fall on public entities and private companies. In fact, citizens are more and more required to prepare for, respond to and recover from crises. To that end, there is an emerging need to involve not only public entities and private companies but also citizens in the process of building a city’s resilience in order to understand the different perspectives on the same reality. This research paper is based on a systematic literature review to develop a framework that defines and describes the successful characteristics of public-private-people partnerships (4Ps) in the city resilience-building process. The framework revolves around two criteria for classification: the dimension of the characteristics (stakeholder relationship, information flow and conflict resolution), and the attributes of the partnership. A preliminary list of relationships among the characteristics found in the literature is also presented. The aim throughout is to define which characteristics need to be developed in order to better ensure successful cooperation among the three main stakeholders: public entities, private companies and citizens.
Patricia Marana; Leire Labaka; Jose Mari Sarriegi. A framework for public-private-people partnerships in the city resilience-building process. Safety Science 2018, 110, 39 -50.
AMA StylePatricia Marana, Leire Labaka, Jose Mari Sarriegi. A framework for public-private-people partnerships in the city resilience-building process. Safety Science. 2018; 110 ():39-50.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia Marana; Leire Labaka; Jose Mari Sarriegi. 2018. "A framework for public-private-people partnerships in the city resilience-building process." Safety Science 110, no. : 39-50.
A growing majority of the world's population lives in cities. This rapid urbanization increases the concentration of people and critical services in cities, which also upscale their exposure to acute shocks and long-term stresses such as floods, earthquakes, climate change or social dynamics. While all of these challenges are complex in themselves, in most cases, cities must face a combination of them. Resilience thinking demands cities plan holistically so that they are prepared for whatever shocks and stresses may arise. Although there is a set of frameworks aimed at building city resilience, frameworks specifically aimed at operationalizing the resilience-building process within cities remain undeveloped. This research begins to fill this gap by developing a Resilience Maturity Model (RMM) that provides cities with a roadmap for operationalizing the resilience-building process. For that purpose, the RMM defines a sequence of maturity stages and a set of policies that help cities to assess their current maturity stage and identify the policies that need to be implemented to improve their resilience level.
Josune Hernantes; Patricia Maraña; Raquel Gimenez; Jose Mari Sarriegi; Leire Labaka. Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience. Cities 2018, 84, 96 -103.
AMA StyleJosune Hernantes, Patricia Maraña, Raquel Gimenez, Jose Mari Sarriegi, Leire Labaka. Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience. Cities. 2018; 84 ():96-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosune Hernantes; Patricia Maraña; Raquel Gimenez; Jose Mari Sarriegi; Leire Labaka. 2018. "Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience." Cities 84, no. : 96-103.
Marta Iturriza; Leire Labaka; Jose M. Sarriegi; Josune Hernantes. Modelling methodologies for analysing critical infrastructures. Journal of Simulation 2018, 12, 128 -143.
AMA StyleMarta Iturriza, Leire Labaka, Jose M. Sarriegi, Josune Hernantes. Modelling methodologies for analysing critical infrastructures. Journal of Simulation. 2018; 12 (2):128-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Iturriza; Leire Labaka; Jose M. Sarriegi; Josune Hernantes. 2018. "Modelling methodologies for analysing critical infrastructures." Journal of Simulation 12, no. 2: 128-143.
Marta Iturriza; Ahmed AbdelGawad; Leire Labaka; Jaziar Radianti; Jose M. Sarriegi; Jose J. Gonzalez. Smart mature resilience, system dynamics based interactive learning environment: A beta version. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 2017, 7, 367 -379.
AMA StyleMarta Iturriza, Ahmed AbdelGawad, Leire Labaka, Jaziar Radianti, Jose M. Sarriegi, Jose J. Gonzalez. Smart mature resilience, system dynamics based interactive learning environment: A beta version. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering. 2017; 7 (3):367-379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Iturriza; Ahmed AbdelGawad; Leire Labaka; Jaziar Radianti; Jose M. Sarriegi; Jose J. Gonzalez. 2017. "Smart mature resilience, system dynamics based interactive learning environment: A beta version." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 7, no. 3: 367-379.
A resilience-focused approach requires the collaboration of a variety of stakeholders including the local government, emergency services, citizens, and companies in adapting to disasters. Currently however, governments fail to encourage stakeholders to take part in the resilience-building process. To address this challenge, this study presents a maturity model (MM) that provides local governments with a sequence of stages and policies to improve the collaboration with stakeholders. The MM was developed in close collaboration with six European cities and was put into practice through a case study in a UK city. The MM made it possible to assess the current stage of the city under study and to implement policies for engaging stakeholders in the resilience-building process. Finally, challenges associated with the involvement of stakeholders encountered in the city under study are discussed.
Raquel Gimenez; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. Union means strength: Building city resilience through multistakeholder collaboration. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 2017, 26, 385 -393.
AMA StyleRaquel Gimenez, Leire Labaka, Josune Hernantes. Union means strength: Building city resilience through multistakeholder collaboration. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 2017; 26 (3):385-393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Gimenez; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. 2017. "Union means strength: Building city resilience through multistakeholder collaboration." Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 26, no. 3: 385-393.
A resilience-focused approach leads organizations to improve the management of disasters through being aware, flexible, trained, and prepared, having committed top managers and staff, and being part of a wider network of stakeholders. Based on the organizational resilience principles identified in the literature, this article analyses the potential for improvement of the organizational resilience of disaster management organizations through their involvement in virtual communities of practice (VCoPs). VCoPs are groups of stakeholders from different organizations with a common interest that collaborate and exchange knowledge on a regular basis. This article presents a Delphi study that was conducted with a multidisciplinary group of international experts that work in disaster management organizations to evaluate the contribution of VCoPs. The results of the Delphi show that VCoPs help organizations to improve the organizational resilience principles. Nevertheless, there is still a series of barriers that organizations need to face in terms of collaboration and information sharing. This article classifies the existing barriers that hinder participation in VCoPs and suggests solutions to overcome them.
Raquel Gimenez; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka; Starr Roxanne Hiltz; Murray Turoff. Improving the resilience of disaster management organizations through virtual communities of practice: A Delphi study. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 2017, 25, 160 -170.
AMA StyleRaquel Gimenez, Josune Hernantes, Leire Labaka, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, Murray Turoff. Improving the resilience of disaster management organizations through virtual communities of practice: A Delphi study. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 2017; 25 (3):160-170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Gimenez; Josune Hernantes; Leire Labaka; Starr Roxanne Hiltz; Murray Turoff. 2017. "Improving the resilience of disaster management organizations through virtual communities of practice: A Delphi study." Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 25, no. 3: 160-170.
Raquel Gimenez; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. A maturity model for the involvement of stakeholders in the city resilience building process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2017, 121, 7 -16.
AMA StyleRaquel Gimenez, Leire Labaka, Josune Hernantes. A maturity model for the involvement of stakeholders in the city resilience building process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2017; 121 ():7-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Gimenez; Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes. 2017. "A maturity model for the involvement of stakeholders in the city resilience building process." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 121, no. : 7-16.